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The Kashmir division is largely Muslim (96.41%) with a small Hindu (2.45%) and Sikh (0.81%) population.<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> Among Muslims, about 10% are Shias, remaining being Sunni. Majority of the population is made up of ethnic ]s, with a significant minority of Gujjars and Bakarwals. | The Kashmir division is largely Muslim (96.41%) with a small Hindu (2.45%) and Sikh (0.81%) population.<ref name="2011 Census">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref> Among Muslims, about 10% are Shias, remaining being Sunni. Majority of the population is made up of ethnic ]s, with a significant minority of Gujjars and Bakarwals. | ||
The ] of around 100,000 ] out of a total Pandit population of around 140,000 following rising violence during the ] since the late 1980s has significantly reduced the ancient Hindu presence in the valley{{refn|group=note|Oxford English Dictionary Online defines exodus as – "The departure or going out, usually of a body of persons from a country for the purpose of settling elsewhere. Cf. 'emigration n. 2': The departure of persons from one country, usually their native land, to settle permanently in another.<ref name="OED-lead"> | |||
{{citation |chapter="Exodus, n." |title=Oxford English Dictionary Online |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2021 |chapter-url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/66307}}</ref>}}<ref name=combined-1-early1990> | |||
*{{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |author-link=Sumantra Bose |title=Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-century conflict |location=New Haven and London |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-25687-1 |year=2021 |page=373 |quote=Some Pandits constituted a privileged class under the princely state (1846–1947). When insurrection engulfed the Valley in early 1990, approximately 120,000 Pandits lived in the Valley, making up about 3 per cent of the Valley’s population. In February–March 1990, the bulk of the Pandits (about 90,000–100,000 people) left the Valley for safety amid incidents of intimidation and sporadic killings of prominent members of the community by Kashmiri Muslim militants; most moved to the southern, Hindu-majority Indian J&K city of Jammu or to Delhi.}} | |||
*{{citation |last=Rai |first=Mridu |chapter=Narratives from exile: Kashmiri Pandits and their construction of the past |title=Kashmir and the Future of South Asia |editor1-last=Bose |editor1-first=Sugata |editor2-last=Jalal |editor2-first=Ayesha |publisher=Routledge |series=Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series |pages=91–115, 106 |year=2021 |isbn=9781000318845 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K20LEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91 |quote=Beginning in January 1990, such large numbers of Kashmiri Pandits – the community of Hindus native to the valley of Kashmir – left their homeland and so precipitously that some have termed their departure an exodus. Indeed, within a few months, nearly 100,000 of the 140,000- strong community had left for neighbouring Jammu, Delhi, and other parts of India and the world.}} | |||
*{{citation |last=Hussain |first=Shahla |title=Kashmir in the Aftermath of the Partition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_URFEAAAQBAJ |pages=320, 321 |year=2021 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108901130 |quote=The Counter-narrative of Aazadi: Kashmiri Hindus and Displacement of the Homeland (p. 320) In March 1990, the majority of Kashmiri Hindus left the Valley for "refugee" camps in and outside the Hindu-dominated region of Jammu.}} | |||
*{{citation |last=Duschinski |first=Haley |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |pages=172–198, 179 |year=2018 |chapter='Survival Is Now Our Politics': Kashmiri Pandit Community Identity and the Politics of Homeland |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108226127 |quote=Although various political stakeholders dispute the number of Kashmiri Pandits who left the Valley at that time, Alexander Evans estimates on the basis of census data and demographic figures that over 1,00,000 left in a few months in early 1990, while 1,60,000 in total left the Valley during the 1990s}} | |||
*{{citation |last1=Gates |first1=Scott |last2=Roy |first2=Kaushik |isbn=9780754629771 | lccn=2011920454 |location=London and New York |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |orig-year=2011 |title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the Present |series=Critical Essays on Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the Present |quote=India’s response has been more brutal than ever before. The government's efforts to roll back the insurgency and the militants’ armed resolve to “liberate” Kashmir have produced daily deaths. The Muslims constitute a majority of those killed, primarily by India’s armed forces but also by armed Muslim militants silencing dissenters in their own community. The number of Hindus killed would have been greater if most of them had not migrated to camps in Jammu and Delhi. Some left after losing kith and kin to Islamic militants, others after receiving death threats, but most departed in utter panic between January and March 1990—simply to preempt death. Of the more than 150,000 Hindus, only a few are left in the valley.}}</ref><ref name=combined-2-early1990> | |||
*{{citation |last=Kapur |first=S. Paul |title=Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-8047-5549-8 |publisher=Stanford University Press |pages=102–103 |quote=When the Kashmir insurgency began, roughly 130,000 to 140,000 Kashmiri Pandits, who are Hindus, lived in Kashmir Valley. By early 1990, in the face of some targeted anti-Pandit attacks and rising overall violence in the region, approximately 100,000 Pandits had fled the valley, many of them ending up in refugee camps in southern Kashmir.}} | |||
*{{citation |last1=Braithwaite |first1=John |author1-link=John Braithwaite (criminologist) |last2=D'Costa |first2=Bina |author2-link=Bina D'Costa |year=2018 |title=Cacades of violence:War, Crime and Peacebuilding Across South Asia |chapter=Recognizing cascades in India and Kashmir |publisher=Australian National University Press |isbn=9781760461898 |quote=... when the violence surged in early 1990, more than 100,000 Hindus of the valley—known as Kashmiri Pandits—fled their homes, with at least 30 killed in the process.}} | |||
*{{citation |last1=Kumar |first1=Radha |last2=Puri |first2=Ellora |chapter=Jammu and Kashmir: Frameworks for a Settlement |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=Radha |title=Negotiation Peace in Deeply Divided Societies: A Set of Simulations |location=New Delhi, Los Angeles and London |publisher=SAGE Publications |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7829-882-5 |page=292 |quote=1990: In January BJP strongman Jagmohan is reappointed Governor. Farooq Abdullah resigns. A large number of unarmed protesters are killed in firing by the Indian troops in separate incidents. 400,000 Kashmiris march to the UN Military Observers Group to demand implementation of the plebiscite resolution. A number of protestors are killed after the police fires at them. A number of prominent Kashmiris are killed by militants, among whom Pandits form a substantial number. Pandits begin to be forced out of the Kashmir valley. The rise of new militant groups, some warnings in anonymous posters and some unexplained killings of innocent members of the community, contribute to an atmosphere of insecurity for the Kashmiri Pandits. Estimated 140,000 Hindus, including the entire Kashmiri Pandit community, flee the valley in March.}} | |||
*{{citation |last=Hussain |first=Shahla |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g09bDwAAQBAJ |pages=89–112, 105 |year=2018 |chapter=Kashmiri Visions of Freedom |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107181977 |quote=In the winter of 1990, the community felt compelled to mass-migrate to Jammu, as the state governor was adamant that in the given circumstances he would not be able to offer protection to the widely dispersed Hindu community. This event created unbridgeable differences between the majority and the minority; each perceived aazadi in a different light.}}</ref><ref> | |||
*{{harvnb|Evans|2002|p=20|ps=(p. 19) The present article is structured as follows. First, it tries to explain what happened to KPs in 1990 and beyond. (p. 20) Examining the fall-out of the mass migration, it then looks at the extremist politics that followed, before concluding with an assessment of the contemporary situation. (p. 22) There is a third possible explanation for what happened in 1990; one that acknowledges the enormity of what took place, but that examines carefully what triggered KP migration: KPs migrated ''en masse'' through legitimate fear. (p. 24) While decennial growth rates rose between 1961 and 2001, the same period saw a degree of migration of KPs from Jammu & Kashmir.}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Zia |first=Ather |title=Resisting Disappearnce: Military Occupation and Women's Activism in Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M6wGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60 |page=60 |year=2020 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=9780295745008 |quote=In the early 1990s the Kashmiri Hindus, known as the Pandits (a 100,000 to 140,000 strong community), migrated en masse from Kashmir to Jammu, Delhi, and other places.}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Hussain |first=Shahla |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g09bDwAAQBAJ |pages=89–112, 105 |year=2018 |chapter=Kashmiri Visions of Freedom |location=Cambridge, UK |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107181977 |quote=The rise of insurgency in the region created a difficult situation for the Kashmiri Hindu community, which had always taken pride in their Indian identity. Self-determination was not only seen as a communal demand but as a secessionist slogan that threatened the security of the Indian state. The community felt threatened when Kashmiri Muslims under the flag of aazadi openly raised anti-India slogans. The 1989 targeted killings of Kashmiri Hindus who the insurgents believed were acting as Indian intelligence agents heightened those insecurities. In the winter of 1990, the community felt compelled to mass-migrate to Jammu, as the state governor was adamant that in the given circumstances he would not be able to offer protection to the widely dispersed Hindu community.}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Duschinski |first=Haley |title=Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans |chapter-url= |year=2014 |chapter=Community Identity of Kashmiri Hindus in the United States |publisher=Rutgers University Press |quote=The mass migration of Kashmiri Hindus from Kashmir Valley began in November 1989 and accelerated in the following months. Every family has its departure story. Many families simply packed their belongings into their cars and left under cover of night, without words of farewell to friends and neighbours. In some cases, wives and children left first, while husbands stayed behind to watch for the situation to improve; in other cases, parents sent their teenage sons away after hearing threats against them, and followed them days or weeks later. Many migrants report that they entrusted their house keys and belongings to the Muslim neighbours or servants and expected to return to their homes after a few weeks. Tens of thousands of Kashmiri Hindus left Kashmir Valley in the span of several months. There are also competing perspectives on the factors that led to the mass migration of Kashmiri Hindus during this period. Kashmiri Hindus describe migration as a forced exodus driven by Islamic fundamendalist elements in Pakistan that spilled across the Line of Control into the Kashmir Valley. They think that Kashmiri Muslims had acted as bystanders to violence by not protecting lives and properties of the vulnerable Hindu community from the militant ... The mass migration, however, was understood differently by the Muslim religious majority in Kashmir. These Kashmiri Muslims, many of whom were committed to the cause of regional independence, believed that Kashmiri Hindus betrayed them by withdrawing their support from the Kashmiri nationalist movement and turning to the government of India for protection at the moment of ... This perspective is supported by claims, articulated by some prominent separatist political leaders, that the Indian government orchestrated the mass migration of the Kashmiri Hindu community in order to have a free hand to crack down on the popular uprising. These competing perspectives gave rise to mutual feelings of suspicion and betrayal—feelings that lingered between Kashmiri Muslims and Kashmiri Hindus and became more entrenched as time continued.}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Bhatia |first=Mohita |title=Rethinking Conflict at the Margins: Dalits and Borderland Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRnxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9 |page=9 |year=2020 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108883467 |quote=Despite witnessing a prolonged spell of insurgency including a few incidents of selective killings, Jammu was still considered to be a relatively safe refuge by the Hindu community of Kashmir, the Pandits. As a minuscule Hindu minority community in the Muslim-majority Kashmir (around 3 per cent of Kashmir's population), they felt more vulnerable and noticeable as insurgency peaked in Kashmir. Lawlessness, uncertainty, political turmoil along with a few target killings of Pandits led to the migration of almost the entire community from the Valley to other parts of the country}} | |||
* {{citation |last1=Bhan |first1=Mona |title=Relating Otherwise: Forging Critical Solidarities Across the Kashmiri Pandit-Muslim Divide. |journal=Biography |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=285–305 |year=2020 |doi=10.1353/bio.2020.0030 |quote=...the everyday modes of relating that existed between Kashmiri Pandits and Muslims in the period leading up to the "Migration," as the Pandit departures have come to be called among Kashmiris, both Pandit and Muslim. |last2=Misri |first2=Deepti |last3=Zia |first3=Ather |s2cid=234917696}} | |||
* {{citation |last=Duschinski |first=Haley |title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CPFKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 |pages=172–198, 178–179 |year=2018 |chapter='Survival Is Now Our Politics': Kashmiri Pandit Community Identity and the Politics of Homeland |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781108226127 |quote='''The Kashmiri Pandit migration''': (p. 178) The onset of the armed phase of the freedom struggle in 1989 was a chaotic and turbulent time in Kashmir (Bose, 2003). Kashmiri Pandits felt an increasing sense of vulnerability}} | |||
*{{Harvnb|Zutshi|2003|p=318}} Quote: "Since a majority of the landlords were Hindu, the (land) reforms (of 1950) led to a mass exodus of Hindus from the state. ... The unsettled nature of Kashmir's accession to India, coupled with the threat of economic and social decline in the face of the land reforms, led to increasing insecurity among the Hindus in Jammu, and among Kashmiri Pandits, 20 per cent of whom had emigrated from the Valley by 1950." | |||
</ref><ref> | |||
* {{citation |last=Bose |first=Sumantra |title=Kashmir at the Crossroads, Inside a 21st-Century Conflict |url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Gq9FEAAAQBAJ&pg= |pages=119–120 |year=2021 |publisher=Yale University Press |quote=As insurrection gripped the Kashmir Valley in early 1990, the bulk – about 100,000 people – of the Pandit population ''fled'' the Valley over a few weeks in February–March 1990 to the southern Indian J&K city of Jammu and further afield to cities such as Delhi. ... The large-scale flight of Kashmiri Pandits during the first months of the insurrection is a controversial episode of the post-1989 Kashmir conflict.}} | |||
* {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |title=The Partition of India |pages=136–137 |year=2009 |series=New Approaches to Asian History |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521672566 |quote=Between 1990 and 1995, 25,000 people were killed in Kashmir, almost two-thirds by Indian armed forces. Kashmiris put the figure at 50,000. In addition, 150,000 Kashmiri Hindus fled the valley to settle in the Hindu-majority region of Jammu. |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal}} | |||
* {{Harvnb |Metcalf |Metcalf |2006 |p=274 |ps=The Hindu Pandits, a small but influential elite community who had secured a favourable position, first under the maharajas, and then under the successive Congress regimes, and proponents of a distinctive Kashmiri culture that linked them to India, felt under siege as the uprising gathered force. Of a population of some 140,000, perhaps 100,000 Pandits fled the state after 1990}} | |||
</ref><ref name=bose2021-exodus/><ref name=rai-bose-jalal-pandit-exodus1990/><ref name=kapur-exodus-numbers/><ref name=braithewaite-dcosta/><ref name=compelled-combined> | |||
*{{citation|last=Brass|first=Paul|author-link=Paul Brass|title=The Politics of India Since Independence|edition=2|series=The New Cambridge History of India|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-45362-2|year=1994|pages=222–223}} | |||
*{{citation|last=Hussain|first=Shahla|title=Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g09bDwAAQBAJ|pages=89–112, 105|year=2018|chapter=Kashmiri Visions of Freedom|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107181977 |quote=In the winter of 1990, the community felt compelled to mass-migrate to Jammu, as the state governor was adamant that in the given circumstances he would not be able to offer protection to the widely dispersed Hindu community. This event created unbridgeable differences between the majority and the minority; each perceived aazadi in a different light.}} | |||
*{{citation|last=Snedden|first=Christopher|title=Independent Kashmir: An Incomplete Aspiration|isbn=978-1-5261-5614-3|page=126|year=2021|location=Manchester|publisher=Manchester University Press|quote=This is because many Pandits have left Kashmir, or felt compelled by militants’ violence and antipathy against them to leave, since Muslim Kashmiris began their anti-India uprising in 1988}} | |||
*{{citation|last=Dabla|first=Bashir Ahmad|isbn=978-81-212-1099-7|location=New Delhi|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|title=Social Impact of Militancy in Kashmir|year=2011|page=98|quote=The third migration from rural-urban areas of one place to urban areas of other places involved people who felt compelled to migrate due to political, religious, ethnic, and other such factors. The migration of ... Kashmiri Pandits from Kashmir to different parts of JK state and India in 1990–91 fit in this type of migration.}} | |||
*{{citation|last=Rajput|first=Sudha G.|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8yGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT65|title=Internal Displacement and Conflict: The Kashmiri Pandits in Comparative Perspective|date=4 February 2019|isbn=9780429764622|quote=The grandfather recalled that the state officials, too, had warned the Pandits that 'not every house could be protected from militants.' In the interest of protecting the family from harm and having reached the 'threshold of tolerance and constant mental abuse inflicted by the militants," the grandfather felt compelled to flee the Valley.}} | |||
*{{citation|page=63|last=Hardy|first=Justine|title=In the Valley of Mist: Kashmir: One Family in a Changing World|location=New York and London|publisher=The Free Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4391-0289-3|quote=Children born in Kashmir since 1989 have not heard that song of symbiosis. Just as the young Pandits in the refugee camps have only their parents' memories to portray the homes they felt forced to leave, so, too, do young Kashmir Valley Muslims have only stories and photograph albums as proof of how it used to be before they were born.}} | |||
*{{citation|last=Sokefeld|first=Martin|chapter=Jammu and Kashmir: Dispute and diversity|editor1-last=Berger|editor1-first=Peter|editor2-last=Heidemann|editor2-first=Frank|title=Anthropology of India: Ethnography, themes, and theory|year=2013|location=London and New York|page=91|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-58723-5|quote=Since the time of Madan’s fieldwork. the situation of the Kashmiri Pandits has changed dramatically. Instead of 5 per cent, they now make up less than 2 per cent of the Valley’s population. After the beginning of the insurgency, in early 1990, most of the Pandit families left Kashmir for Jammu, Delhi or other places in India. It is still disputed whether the Pandits’ exodus was caused by actual intimidation by the (Muslim) militants or whether they were encouraged to leave by the Indian governor Jagmohan, a ‘hardliner’ who was deputed to Kashmir by the government in Delhi in order to counter the insurgency. Alexander Evans concludes that the Pandits left out of fear, even if not explicitly threatened by the insurgents, and that the administration did nothing to keep them in the Valley (Evans 2002). Since then the ethnography of the Kashmiri Pandits has had to be tuned into the ethnography of exile.}}</ref> | |||
===Language=== | ===Language=== |
Revision as of 19:53, 16 July 2023
Administrative division in Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir Administrative division in Jammu and Kashmir, IndiaKashmir division | |
---|---|
Administrative division | |
Kashmir division (bordered orange) shown within the wider Kashmir region | |
Country | India |
Union territory | Jammu and Kashmir |
Districts | Anantnag, Baramulla, Budgam, Bandipore, Ganderbal, Kupwara, Kulgam, Pulwama, Shopian and Srinagar. |
Capital | Srinagar |
Historical divisions |
List
|
Government | |
• Type | Division |
• Divisional Commissioner | Pandurang Kondbarao Pole |
Area | |
• Total | 15,948 km (6,158 sq mi) |
Dimensions | |
• Length | 135 km (83.885 mi) |
• Width | 32 km (19.884 mi) |
Elevation | 1,620 m (5,314 ft) |
Population | |
• Total | 6,888,475 |
• Density | 431.93/km (1,118.7/sq mi) |
Demonym(s) | Kashmiris, Koshur |
Ethnicity and language | |
• Languages | Kashmiri, Urdu, Hindi, English, Pahari-Pothwari, Gojri, Shina |
• Ethnic groups | Kashmiri, Pahari, Gujar, Shina |
• Religion (2011) | 96.41% Islam, 2.45% Hinduism, 0.81% Sikhism, 0.17% Christianity, 0.16% Others |
Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
Vehicle registration | JK |
Highest peak | Machoi Peak (5458 metres) |
Largest lake | Wular lake(260 km (100 sq mi)) |
Longest river | Jhelum river(725 kilometres) |
Website | http://kashmirdivision.nic.in/ |
The Kashmir division is a revenue and administrative division of the Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir in the disputed Kashmir region. It comprises the Kashmir Valley, bordering the Jammu Division to the south and Ladakh to the east. The Line of Control forms its boundary with the Pakistani-administered territories of Gilgit−Baltistan and Azad Jammu and Kashmir to the north and west and west, respectively.
Its main city is Srinagar. Other important cities include Anantnag, Baramulla, Sopore and Kulgam.
Districts
The Indian administrative districts for the Kashmir Valley were reorganised in 1968, and 2006, each time subdividing existing districts. Kashmir Division currently consists of the following ten districts:
Name of district |
HQ | Area | Population | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total (km) |
Total (sq mile) |
Rural (km) |
Urban (km) |
2001 census |
2011 census | |||
Anantnag | Anantnag | 3,574 | 1,380 | 3,475.8 | 98.2 | 778,408 | 1,078,692 | |
Kulgam | Kulgam | 410 | 158 | 360.2 | 49.8 | 394,026 | 424,483 | |
Pulwama | Pulwama | 1,086 | 419 | 1,047.5 | 38.6 | 441,275 | 560,440 | |
Shopian | Shopian | 312 | 120 | 306.6 | 5.4 | 211,332 | 266,215 | |
Budgam | Budgam | 1,361 | 525 | 1,312.0 | 49.1 | 607,181 | 753,745 | |
Srinagar | Srinagar | 1,979 | 764 | 1,684.4 | 294.5 | 1,027,670 | 1,236,829 | |
Ganderbal | Ganderbal | 259 | 100 | 233.6 | 25.4 | 217,907 | 297,446 | |
Bandipore | Bandipore | 345 | 133 | 295.4 | 49.6 | 304,886 | 392,232 | |
Baramulla | Baramulla | 4,243 | 1,638 | 4,179.4 | 63.6 | 843,892 | 1,008,039 | |
Kupwara | Kupwara | 2,379 | 919 | 2,331.7 | 47.3 | 650,393 | 870,354 | |
Total | 15,948 | 6,158 | 15,226.4 | 721.5 | 5,476,970 | 6,888,475 |
Demographics
Religion
Religions in Kashmir Division (2011)
Islam (96.41%) Hinduism (2.45%) Sikhism (0.81%) Christianity (0.17%) Others (0.08%) Not Stated (0.08%)The Kashmir division is largely Muslim (96.41%) with a small Hindu (2.45%) and Sikh (0.81%) population. Among Muslims, about 10% are Shias, remaining being Sunni. Majority of the population is made up of ethnic Kashmiris, with a significant minority of Gujjars and Bakarwals.
The exodus of around 100,000 Kashmiri Pandits out of a total Pandit population of around 140,000 following rising violence during the Kashmiri insurgency since the late 1980s has significantly reduced the ancient Hindu presence in the valley
Language
Kashmir division: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Census.
Kashmiri (85.50%) Gojri (6.27%) Pahari (3.86%) Hindi (1.36%) Others (3.01%)The majority of the population speaks Kashmiri (85.50%), while the remainder speaks either Gujari, Pahari or Hindi.
Urdu is also widely understood as a literary language in Kashmir due to it being a medium of instruction in schools.
References
- ^ "Spoken Kashmiri: A Language Course". Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
- ^ "Vale of Kashmir | valley, India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 4 August 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-08.
- ^ "Demography of Jammu and Kashmir State". J&K; Envis Centre, Department of Ecology Environment and Remote Sensing J&K. Archived from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
This used the Digest of Statistics, 2011-12 for its data source. - "The Jammu and Kashmir Official Languages Act, 2020" (PDF). The Gazette of India. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
- "Parliament passes JK Official Languages Bill, 2020". Rising Kashmir. 23 September 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- Shina, bolbosh
- "Religion Data of Census 2011: XV Jammu and Kashmir", Centre for Policy Studies, India, Chennai and Delhi, 29 February 2016, archived from the original on 24 January 2021, retrieved 6 March 2021
- "Wular Lake | lake, India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
- "Jhelum River | river, Asia". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
- The application of the term "administered" to the various regions of Kashmir and a mention of the Kashmir dispute is supported by the tertiary sources (a) through (d), reflecting due weight in the coverage. Although "controlled" and "held" are also applied neutrally to the names of the disputants or to the regions administered by them, as evidenced in sources (f) through (h) below, "held" is also considered politicized usage, as is the term "occupied," (see (i) below).
(a) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent ... has been the subject of dispute between India and Pakistan since the partition of the Indian subcontinent in 1947. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, the last two being part of a territory called the Northern Areas. Administered by India are the southern and southeastern portions, which constitute the state of Jammu and Kashmir but are slated to be split into two union territories.";
(b) Pletcher, Kenneth, Aksai Chin, Plateau Region, Asia, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 16 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Aksai Chin, Chinese (Pinyin) Aksayqin, portion of the Kashmir region, at the northernmost extent of the Indian subcontinent in south-central Asia. It constitutes nearly all the territory of the Chinese-administered sector of Kashmir that is claimed by India to be part of the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state.";
(c) "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered partlv by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
(d) Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute betw een India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
(e) Talbot, Ian (2016), A History of Modern South Asia: Politics, States, Diasporas, Yale University Press, pp. 28–29, ISBN 978-0-300-19694-8 Quote: "We move from a disputed international border to a dotted line on the map that represents a military border not recognized in international law. The line of control separates the Indian and Pakistani administered areas of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir.";
(f) Kashmir, region Indian subcontinent, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 15 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "... China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region) since 1962.";
(g) Bose, Sumantra (2009), Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace, Harvard University Press, pp. 294, 291, 293, ISBN 978-0-674-02855-5 Quote: "J&K: Jammu and Kashmir. The former princely state that is the subject of the Kashmir dispute. Besides IJK (Indian-controlled Jammu and Kashmir. The larger and more populous part of the former princely state. It has a population of slightly over 10 million, and comprises three regions: Kashmir Valley, Jammu, and Ladakh.) and AJK ('Azad" (Free) Jammu and Kashmir. The more populous part of Pakistani-controlled J&K, with a population of approximately 2.5 million. AJK has six districts: Muzaffarabad, Mirpur, Bagh, Kodi, Rawalakot, and Poonch. Its capital is the town of Muzaffarabad. AJK has its own institutions, but its political life is heavily controlled by Pakistani authorities, especially the military), it includes the sparsely populated "Northern Areas" of Gilgit and Baltistan, remote mountainous regions which are directly administered, unlike AJK, by the Pakistani central authorities, and some high-altitude uninhabitable tracts under Chinese control."
(h) Fisher, Michael H. (2018), An Environmental History of India: From Earliest Times to the Twenty-First Century, Cambridge University Press, p. 166, ISBN 978-1-107-11162-2 Quote: "Kashmir’s identity remains hotly disputed with a UN-supervised “Line of Control” still separating Pakistani-held Azad (“Free”) Kashmir from Indian-held Kashmir.";
(i) Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, p. 10, ISBN 978-1-84904-621-3 Quote:"Some politicised terms also are used to describe parts of J&K. These terms include the words 'occupied' and 'held'." - ^ Behera, Navnita Chadha (2006). Demystifying Kashmir. Pearson Education India. p. 28. ISBN 978-8131708460.
- "Jammu and Kashmir to have eight new districts". Indo-Asian News Service. 6 July 2006.
- ^ Census of India 2011, Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Jammu & Kashmir. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India (Report).
Annexure V, Ranking of Districts by Population Size, 2001 - 2011 (Report). - District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). July 2016. p. 9. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Anantnag, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). July 2016. pp. 12, 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020. - District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). July 2016. p. 10. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Kulgam, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 12, 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
Part B page 12 says the area of the district is 404 km, but page 22 says 410 km. - District Census Handbook Pulwama, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 12, 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. p. 10. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Shupiyan, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 12, 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
Part B pages 12 and 22 say the district area is 312.00 km, but Part A page 10 says 307.42 km. - District Census Handbook Badgam, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). July 2016. pp. 10, 46. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Badgam, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 11, 12, 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
Part A says the district area is 1371 km, Part B says 1371 km (page 11) and 1361 km (page 12s and 22). - District Census Handbook Srinagar, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). July 2016. pp. 11, 48. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
Part A page 48 says the district area was 2228.0 km in 2001 and 1978.95 km in 2011. - District Census Handbook Ganderbal, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). July 2016. pp. 11, 12 and 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
Part B page 11 says the district area is 393.04 km, but pages 12 and 22 say 259.00 km. - District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). July 2016. pp. 10, 47. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Bandipora, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 11, 20. Retrieved 21 November 2020. - District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). July 2016. p. 11. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Baramulla, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. p. 22. Retrieved 21 November 2020. - District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part A (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). July 2016. p. 7. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
District Census Handbook Kupwara, Part B (PDF). Census of India 2011 (Report). 16 June 2014. pp. 11, 12. Retrieved 21 November 2020. - ^ "Population by religion community – 2011". Census of India, 2011. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 25 August 2015.
- ""Exodus, n."", Oxford English Dictionary Online, Oxford University Press, 2021
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- Bose, Sumantra (2021), Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-century conflict, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 373, ISBN 978-0-300-25687-1,
Some Pandits constituted a privileged class under the princely state (1846–1947). When insurrection engulfed the Valley in early 1990, approximately 120,000 Pandits lived in the Valley, making up about 3 per cent of the Valley's population. In February–March 1990, the bulk of the Pandits (about 90,000–100,000 people) left the Valley for safety amid incidents of intimidation and sporadic killings of prominent members of the community by Kashmiri Muslim militants; most moved to the southern, Hindu-majority Indian J&K city of Jammu or to Delhi.
- Rai, Mridu (2021), "Narratives from exile: Kashmiri Pandits and their construction of the past", in Bose, Sugata; Jalal, Ayesha (eds.), Kashmir and the Future of South Asia, Routledge Contemporary South Asia Series, Routledge, pp. 91–115, 106, ISBN 9781000318845,
Beginning in January 1990, such large numbers of Kashmiri Pandits – the community of Hindus native to the valley of Kashmir – left their homeland and so precipitously that some have termed their departure an exodus. Indeed, within a few months, nearly 100,000 of the 140,000- strong community had left for neighbouring Jammu, Delhi, and other parts of India and the world.
- Hussain, Shahla (2021), Kashmir in the Aftermath of the Partition, Cambridge University Press, pp. 320, 321, ISBN 9781108901130,
The Counter-narrative of Aazadi: Kashmiri Hindus and Displacement of the Homeland (p. 320) In March 1990, the majority of Kashmiri Hindus left the Valley for "refugee" camps in and outside the Hindu-dominated region of Jammu.
- Duschinski, Haley (2018), "'Survival Is Now Our Politics': Kashmiri Pandit Community Identity and the Politics of Homeland", Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 172–198, 179, ISBN 9781108226127,
Although various political stakeholders dispute the number of Kashmiri Pandits who left the Valley at that time, Alexander Evans estimates on the basis of census data and demographic figures that over 1,00,000 left in a few months in early 1990, while 1,60,000 in total left the Valley during the 1990s
- Gates, Scott; Roy, Kaushik (2016) , Unconventional Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the Present, Critical Essays on Warfare in South Asia, 1947 to the Present, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780754629771, LCCN 2011920454,
India's response has been more brutal than ever before. The government's efforts to roll back the insurgency and the militants' armed resolve to "liberate" Kashmir have produced daily deaths. The Muslims constitute a majority of those killed, primarily by India's armed forces but also by armed Muslim militants silencing dissenters in their own community. The number of Hindus killed would have been greater if most of them had not migrated to camps in Jammu and Delhi. Some left after losing kith and kin to Islamic militants, others after receiving death threats, but most departed in utter panic between January and March 1990—simply to preempt death. Of the more than 150,000 Hindus, only a few are left in the valley.
- Bose, Sumantra (2021), Kashmir at the Crossroads: Inside a 21st-century conflict, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, p. 373, ISBN 978-0-300-25687-1,
-
- Kapur, S. Paul (2007), Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia, Stanford University Press, pp. 102–103, ISBN 978-0-8047-5549-8,
When the Kashmir insurgency began, roughly 130,000 to 140,000 Kashmiri Pandits, who are Hindus, lived in Kashmir Valley. By early 1990, in the face of some targeted anti-Pandit attacks and rising overall violence in the region, approximately 100,000 Pandits had fled the valley, many of them ending up in refugee camps in southern Kashmir.
- Braithwaite, John; D'Costa, Bina (2018), "Recognizing cascades in India and Kashmir", Cacades of violence:War, Crime and Peacebuilding Across South Asia, Australian National University Press, ISBN 9781760461898,
... when the violence surged in early 1990, more than 100,000 Hindus of the valley—known as Kashmiri Pandits—fled their homes, with at least 30 killed in the process.
- Kumar, Radha; Puri, Ellora (2009), "Jammu and Kashmir: Frameworks for a Settlement", in Kumar, Radha (ed.), Negotiation Peace in Deeply Divided Societies: A Set of Simulations, New Delhi, Los Angeles and London: SAGE Publications, p. 292, ISBN 978-81-7829-882-5,
1990: In January BJP strongman Jagmohan is reappointed Governor. Farooq Abdullah resigns. A large number of unarmed protesters are killed in firing by the Indian troops in separate incidents. 400,000 Kashmiris march to the UN Military Observers Group to demand implementation of the plebiscite resolution. A number of protestors are killed after the police fires at them. A number of prominent Kashmiris are killed by militants, among whom Pandits form a substantial number. Pandits begin to be forced out of the Kashmir valley. The rise of new militant groups, some warnings in anonymous posters and some unexplained killings of innocent members of the community, contribute to an atmosphere of insecurity for the Kashmiri Pandits. Estimated 140,000 Hindus, including the entire Kashmiri Pandit community, flee the valley in March.
- Hussain, Shahla (2018), "Kashmiri Visions of Freedom", Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 89–112, 105, ISBN 9781107181977,
In the winter of 1990, the community felt compelled to mass-migrate to Jammu, as the state governor was adamant that in the given circumstances he would not be able to offer protection to the widely dispersed Hindu community. This event created unbridgeable differences between the majority and the minority; each perceived aazadi in a different light.
- Kapur, S. Paul (2007), Dangerous Deterrent: Nuclear Proliferation and Conflict in South Asia, Stanford University Press, pp. 102–103, ISBN 978-0-8047-5549-8,
-
- Evans 2002, p. 20(p. 19) The present article is structured as follows. First, it tries to explain what happened to KPs in 1990 and beyond. (p. 20) Examining the fall-out of the mass migration, it then looks at the extremist politics that followed, before concluding with an assessment of the contemporary situation. (p. 22) There is a third possible explanation for what happened in 1990; one that acknowledges the enormity of what took place, but that examines carefully what triggered KP migration: KPs migrated en masse through legitimate fear. (p. 24) While decennial growth rates rose between 1961 and 2001, the same period saw a degree of migration of KPs from Jammu & Kashmir. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEvans2002 (help)
- Zia, Ather (2020), Resisting Disappearnce: Military Occupation and Women's Activism in Kashmir, University of Washington Press, p. 60, ISBN 9780295745008,
In the early 1990s the Kashmiri Hindus, known as the Pandits (a 100,000 to 140,000 strong community), migrated en masse from Kashmir to Jammu, Delhi, and other places.
- Hussain, Shahla (2018), "Kashmiri Visions of Freedom", Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 89–112, 105, ISBN 9781107181977,
The rise of insurgency in the region created a difficult situation for the Kashmiri Hindu community, which had always taken pride in their Indian identity. Self-determination was not only seen as a communal demand but as a secessionist slogan that threatened the security of the Indian state. The community felt threatened when Kashmiri Muslims under the flag of aazadi openly raised anti-India slogans. The 1989 targeted killings of Kashmiri Hindus who the insurgents believed were acting as Indian intelligence agents heightened those insecurities. In the winter of 1990, the community felt compelled to mass-migrate to Jammu, as the state governor was adamant that in the given circumstances he would not be able to offer protection to the widely dispersed Hindu community.
- Duschinski, Haley (2014), "Community Identity of Kashmiri Hindus in the United States", Emerging Voices: Experiences of Underrepresented Asian Americans, Rutgers University Press,
The mass migration of Kashmiri Hindus from Kashmir Valley began in November 1989 and accelerated in the following months. Every family has its departure story. Many families simply packed their belongings into their cars and left under cover of night, without words of farewell to friends and neighbours. In some cases, wives and children left first, while husbands stayed behind to watch for the situation to improve; in other cases, parents sent their teenage sons away after hearing threats against them, and followed them days or weeks later. Many migrants report that they entrusted their house keys and belongings to the Muslim neighbours or servants and expected to return to their homes after a few weeks. Tens of thousands of Kashmiri Hindus left Kashmir Valley in the span of several months. There are also competing perspectives on the factors that led to the mass migration of Kashmiri Hindus during this period. Kashmiri Hindus describe migration as a forced exodus driven by Islamic fundamendalist elements in Pakistan that spilled across the Line of Control into the Kashmir Valley. They think that Kashmiri Muslims had acted as bystanders to violence by not protecting lives and properties of the vulnerable Hindu community from the militant ... The mass migration, however, was understood differently by the Muslim religious majority in Kashmir. These Kashmiri Muslims, many of whom were committed to the cause of regional independence, believed that Kashmiri Hindus betrayed them by withdrawing their support from the Kashmiri nationalist movement and turning to the government of India for protection at the moment of ... This perspective is supported by claims, articulated by some prominent separatist political leaders, that the Indian government orchestrated the mass migration of the Kashmiri Hindu community in order to have a free hand to crack down on the popular uprising. These competing perspectives gave rise to mutual feelings of suspicion and betrayal—feelings that lingered between Kashmiri Muslims and Kashmiri Hindus and became more entrenched as time continued.
- Bhatia, Mohita (2020), Rethinking Conflict at the Margins: Dalits and Borderland Hindus in Jammu and Kashmir, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 9, ISBN 9781108883467,
Despite witnessing a prolonged spell of insurgency including a few incidents of selective killings, Jammu was still considered to be a relatively safe refuge by the Hindu community of Kashmir, the Pandits. As a minuscule Hindu minority community in the Muslim-majority Kashmir (around 3 per cent of Kashmir's population), they felt more vulnerable and noticeable as insurgency peaked in Kashmir. Lawlessness, uncertainty, political turmoil along with a few target killings of Pandits led to the migration of almost the entire community from the Valley to other parts of the country
- Bhan, Mona; Misri, Deepti; Zia, Ather (2020), "Relating Otherwise: Forging Critical Solidarities Across the Kashmiri Pandit-Muslim Divide.", Biography, 43 (2): 285–305, doi:10.1353/bio.2020.0030, S2CID 234917696,
...the everyday modes of relating that existed between Kashmiri Pandits and Muslims in the period leading up to the "Migration," as the Pandit departures have come to be called among Kashmiris, both Pandit and Muslim.
- Duschinski, Haley (2018), "'Survival Is Now Our Politics': Kashmiri Pandit Community Identity and the Politics of Homeland", Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 172–198, 178–179, ISBN 9781108226127,
The Kashmiri Pandit migration: (p. 178) The onset of the armed phase of the freedom struggle in 1989 was a chaotic and turbulent time in Kashmir (Bose, 2003). Kashmiri Pandits felt an increasing sense of vulnerability
- Zutshi 2003, p. 318 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFZutshi2003 (help) Quote: "Since a majority of the landlords were Hindu, the (land) reforms (of 1950) led to a mass exodus of Hindus from the state. ... The unsettled nature of Kashmir's accession to India, coupled with the threat of economic and social decline in the face of the land reforms, led to increasing insecurity among the Hindus in Jammu, and among Kashmiri Pandits, 20 per cent of whom had emigrated from the Valley by 1950."
-
- Bose, Sumantra (2021), Kashmir at the Crossroads, Inside a 21st-Century Conflict, Yale University Press, pp. 119–120,
As insurrection gripped the Kashmir Valley in early 1990, the bulk – about 100,000 people – of the Pandit population fled the Valley over a few weeks in February–March 1990 to the southern Indian J&K city of Jammu and further afield to cities such as Delhi. ... The large-scale flight of Kashmiri Pandits during the first months of the insurrection is a controversial episode of the post-1989 Kashmir conflict.
- Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal (2009), The Partition of India, New Approaches to Asian History, Cambridge University Press, pp. 136–137, ISBN 9780521672566,
Between 1990 and 1995, 25,000 people were killed in Kashmir, almost two-thirds by Indian armed forces. Kashmiris put the figure at 50,000. In addition, 150,000 Kashmiri Hindus fled the valley to settle in the Hindu-majority region of Jammu.
- Metcalf & Metcalf 2006, p. 274The Hindu Pandits, a small but influential elite community who had secured a favourable position, first under the maharajas, and then under the successive Congress regimes, and proponents of a distinctive Kashmiri culture that linked them to India, felt under siege as the uprising gathered force. Of a population of some 140,000, perhaps 100,000 Pandits fled the state after 1990 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006 (help)
- Bose, Sumantra (2021), Kashmir at the Crossroads, Inside a 21st-Century Conflict, Yale University Press, pp. 119–120,
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- Brass, Paul (1994), The Politics of India Since Independence, The New Cambridge History of India (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 222–223, ISBN 978-0-521-45362-2
- Hussain, Shahla (2018), "Kashmiri Visions of Freedom", Kashmir: History, Politics, Representation, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 89–112, 105, ISBN 9781107181977,
In the winter of 1990, the community felt compelled to mass-migrate to Jammu, as the state governor was adamant that in the given circumstances he would not be able to offer protection to the widely dispersed Hindu community. This event created unbridgeable differences between the majority and the minority; each perceived aazadi in a different light.
- Snedden, Christopher (2021), Independent Kashmir: An Incomplete Aspiration, Manchester: Manchester University Press, p. 126, ISBN 978-1-5261-5614-3,
This is because many Pandits have left Kashmir, or felt compelled by militants' violence and antipathy against them to leave, since Muslim Kashmiris began their anti-India uprising in 1988
- Dabla, Bashir Ahmad (2011), Social Impact of Militancy in Kashmir, New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, p. 98, ISBN 978-81-212-1099-7,
The third migration from rural-urban areas of one place to urban areas of other places involved people who felt compelled to migrate due to political, religious, ethnic, and other such factors. The migration of ... Kashmiri Pandits from Kashmir to different parts of JK state and India in 1990–91 fit in this type of migration.
- Rajput, Sudha G. (4 February 2019), Internal Displacement and Conflict: The Kashmiri Pandits in Comparative Perspective, London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 9780429764622,
The grandfather recalled that the state officials, too, had warned the Pandits that 'not every house could be protected from militants.' In the interest of protecting the family from harm and having reached the 'threshold of tolerance and constant mental abuse inflicted by the militants," the grandfather felt compelled to flee the Valley.
- Hardy, Justine (2009), In the Valley of Mist: Kashmir: One Family in a Changing World, New York and London: The Free Press, p. 63, ISBN 978-1-4391-0289-3,
Children born in Kashmir since 1989 have not heard that song of symbiosis. Just as the young Pandits in the refugee camps have only their parents' memories to portray the homes they felt forced to leave, so, too, do young Kashmir Valley Muslims have only stories and photograph albums as proof of how it used to be before they were born.
- Sokefeld, Martin (2013), "Jammu and Kashmir: Dispute and diversity", in Berger, Peter; Heidemann, Frank (eds.), Anthropology of India: Ethnography, themes, and theory, London and New York: Routledge, p. 91, ISBN 978-0-415-58723-5,
Since the time of Madan's fieldwork. the situation of the Kashmiri Pandits has changed dramatically. Instead of 5 per cent, they now make up less than 2 per cent of the Valley's population. After the beginning of the insurgency, in early 1990, most of the Pandit families left Kashmir for Jammu, Delhi or other places in India. It is still disputed whether the Pandits' exodus was caused by actual intimidation by the (Muslim) militants or whether they were encouraged to leave by the Indian governor Jagmohan, a 'hardliner' who was deputed to Kashmir by the government in Delhi in order to counter the insurgency. Alexander Evans concludes that the Pandits left out of fear, even if not explicitly threatened by the insurgents, and that the administration did nothing to keep them in the Valley (Evans 2002). Since then the ethnography of the Kashmiri Pandits has had to be tuned into the ethnography of exile.
- C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Jammu & Kashmir (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
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