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| '''Kraków pogrom''' or '''Cracow pogrom''' refers to the events that occurred on ], ], in the town of ] (Poland), when up to five ] were murdered |
'''Kraków pogrom''' or '''Cracow pogrom''' refers to the events that occurred on ], ], in the town of ] (Poland), when up to five ] were murdered,<ref name="Szaynok">{{cite book | author = Bozena Szaynok | coauthors = | title =Antisemitism And Its Opponents In Modern Poland | year =2005 | editor = Robert Blobaum | pages = | chapter =The Role of Antisemitism in Postwar Polish-Jewish Relations | chapterurl =| publisher =Cornell University Press| location = | id = | url = http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0801489695&id=gXisr7fgDjwC&pg=RA1-PA272&lpg=RA1-PA272&ots=HPSPknvwSF&dq=Krakow+pogrom+five&sig=3tGbUO6rYakMosfm4faQLAHjA7g| format = | accessdate = 21 March 2007}}p. 272</ref><ref name="Onet"/> | ||
| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| More than 68,000 Jews were living in Kraków before Nazi German invasion, but only 500 of them remained there in January 1945, immediately after liberation of Kraków by Red Army |
More than 68,000 Jews were living in Kraków before Nazi German invasion, but only 500 of them remained there in January 1945, immediately after liberation of Kraków by Red Army.<ref name="Cichopek87"/> However this number gradually increased because Holocaust survivors were returning home and Jewish refugees were repatriating from Soviet Union. Many Jews came to Kraków from neighbouring villages and towns. By May 1945 number of Jews in the entire Kraków voivodeship reached about 6415.<ref name="Cichopek223">], p. 223.</ref>. | ||
| Such process was not welcomed by anti-semitic elements in society. Safety of Jewish community in Kraków was becoming very serious problem. In June 1945 voivode of Kraków described growing tension in his report: | Such process was not welcomed by anti-semitic elements in society. Safety of Jewish community in Kraków was becoming very serious problem. In June 1945 voivode of Kraków described growing tension in his report: | ||
| :In regard to the attitudes of the Polish population towards the Jews, the remains of the Nazi influences grafted during the occupation still linger... Robberies combined with murdering Jews occur: their motives and perpetrators are usually not found. Nevertheless, their anti-Semitic background is apparent...In the previous month there were no serious anti-Jewish events in the voivodeship, yet there is no evidence that society's attitude towards the the Jews has changed ... An utterly insignificant event, or the most improbable rumour can trigger serious riots. The society's attitude towards the Jews is a serious problem requiring a constant vigilance on the side of the authorities, and a proper work with lover level offices |
:In regard to the attitudes of the Polish population towards the Jews, the remains of the Nazi influences grafted during the occupation still linger... Robberies combined with murdering Jews occur: their motives and perpetrators are usually not found. Nevertheless, their anti-Semitic background is apparent...In the previous month there were no serious anti-Jewish events in the voivodeship, yet there is no evidence that society's attitude towards the the Jews has changed ... An utterly insignificant event, or the most improbable rumour can trigger serious riots. The society's attitude towards the Jews is a serious problem requiring a constant vigilance on the side of the authorities, and a proper work with lover level offices.<ref name="Cichopek223"/> | ||
| ==Unrest== | ==Unrest== | ||
| The first sign of real danger to Jewish community were the events of 27 June 1945 when a Jewish woman was brought to ] station under false accusations of intention to abduct a child. Despite that the investigation revealed that the mother had left the child in suspect's care, rumour started to spread that a Jewish woman abducted the child in order to kill it. |
The first sign of real danger to Jewish community were the events of 27 June 1945 when a Jewish woman was brought to ] station under false accusations of intention to abduct a child. Despite that the investigation revealed that the mother had left the child in suspect's care, rumour started to spread that a Jewish woman abducted the child in order to kill it.<ref name="Cichopek224"> Cichopek, p. 224.</ref>. Mob shouting anti-Jewish slogans gathered at Kleparski square, but Milicja detachment brought situation under control. ] rumours continued to spread. False claims that thirteen corpses of Christian children allegedly had been discovered were repeated. By 11 August, number of rumoured "victims" has grown to eighty.<ref name="Cichopek224"/> Groups of hooligans who gathered at the Kleparski Square were throwing stones at ] on weekly basis.<ref name="Cichopek224"/> On 11 August when attempt to seize one boy who was throwing stones at synagogue was made, he managed to escape and rushed to nearby market screaming "Help me, Jews have tried to kill me".<ref name="Onet">. Onet.pl</ref> The riots broke out, Jewish people, women and children including, were beaten up on the streets; their homes were broken into and robbed.<ref name="Onet"/> Some Poles, mistaken for Jews, were also attacked.<ref name="Cichopek_ZIH">Anna Cichopek, Pogrom Żydów w Krakowie, 11 sierpnia 1945 r., Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, 2000, str. 10.</ref> The epicentre of these events were Miodowa, Starowislna, Przemyska, and Jozefa Streets in the ].<ref name="Cichopek233"> Cichopek, p. 233.</ref> The riots were most intense between 11 AM and 1 PM, calming down around 2 PM, only to gain strength in late afternoon when Kupa synagogue was set on fire.<ref name="Cichopek233"/> Polish milicjamen and soldiers actively participated in these events<ref name="Cichopek230"> Cichopek, p. 230.</ref> Among 25 accused of inciting racial hatred, robberies, and violence against Jews, 12 were officers<ref name="Cichopek230"> Cichopek, p. 230.</ref> | ||
| ==Casualties== | ==Casualties== | ||
| ], a Polish historian, notes that all sources confirm only the death of one person (] surivor ]),<ref name="Cichopek87">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author = Anna Cichopek | coauthors = | title =Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath| year =2003 | editor = Joshua D. Zimmerman | pages = 87 | chapter =The Cracow pogrom of August1945 | chapterurl =| publisher =Rutgers University Press| location = | id = | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref> however based on archival photo of a funeral with five coffins she notes that there might have been five fatalities; she further notes that ] in 1946 noted a death of a man (Anszel Zucker), and ] noted a death of another unknown woman (in addition to Róża Berger) and five wounded.<ref name="Cichopek87"/>. Two other Polish historians, ] and ], note that since only one death is confirmed beyond all doubt, it is questionable whether this event falls under the definition of a ]. |
], a Polish historian, notes that all sources confirm only the death of one person (] surivor ]),<ref name="Cichopek87">{{pl icon}} {{cite book | author = Anna Cichopek | coauthors = | title =Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath| year =2003 | editor = Joshua D. Zimmerman | pages = 87 | chapter =The Cracow pogrom of August1945 | chapterurl =| publisher =Rutgers University Press| location = | id = | url = | format = | accessdate = }}</ref> however based on archival photo of a funeral with five coffins she notes that there might have been five fatalities; she further notes that ] in 1946 noted a death of a man (Anszel Zucker), and ] noted a death of another unknown woman (in addition to Róża Berger) and five wounded.<ref name="Cichopek87"/>. Two other Polish historians, ] and ], note that since only one death is confirmed beyond all doubt, it is questionable whether this event falls under the definition of a ].<ref name="Kwiek1">{{pl icon}} Julian Kwiek, ''Wydarzenia antyżydowskie 11 sierpnia 1945 r. w Krakowie: dokumenty'', Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego, nr 1/2000 str. 77–89.</ref><ref name="Kwiek2">Translation of Magdalena Tytuła, ''Kielce na Kazimierzu'', ] (local 'Gazeta w Krakowie'), August 11 2000, </ref><ref name="Libionka">{{pl icon}} Darisz Libionka, "Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość", nr 1/2002 str. 179-182 .</ref> | ||
| Kraków pogrom was not an isolated incident in the history of postwar Poland. Acts of anti-Jewish violence were recorded in other Polish towns. Most notorious of them is ] of July 4, 1946. Altogether in 1944-1946 in 130 recorded incidents 300-1000 Jews were murdered in Poland.{{ |
Kraków pogrom was not an isolated incident in the history of postwar Poland. Acts of anti-Jewish violence were recorded in other Polish towns. Most notorious of them is ] of July 4, 1946. Altogether in 1944-1946 in 130 recorded incidents 300-1000 Jews were murdered in Poland.{{Fact|date=March 2007}} | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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| <references/> | <references/> | ||
| </div> | </div> | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 11:23, 21 March 2007
Kraków pogrom or Cracow pogrom refers to the events that occurred on August 11, 1945, in the town of Kraków (Poland), when up to five Jews were murdered,
Background
More than 68,000 Jews were living in Kraków before Nazi German invasion, but only 500 of them remained there in January 1945, immediately after liberation of Kraków by Red Army. However this number gradually increased because Holocaust survivors were returning home and Jewish refugees were repatriating from Soviet Union. Many Jews came to Kraków from neighbouring villages and towns. By May 1945 number of Jews in the entire Kraków voivodeship reached about 6415.. Such process was not welcomed by anti-semitic elements in society. Safety of Jewish community in Kraków was becoming very serious problem. In June 1945 voivode of Kraków described growing tension in his report:
- In regard to the attitudes of the Polish population towards the Jews, the remains of the Nazi influences grafted during the occupation still linger... Robberies combined with murdering Jews occur: their motives and perpetrators are usually not found. Nevertheless, their anti-Semitic background is apparent...In the previous month there were no serious anti-Jewish events in the voivodeship, yet there is no evidence that society's attitude towards the the Jews has changed ... An utterly insignificant event, or the most improbable rumour can trigger serious riots. The society's attitude towards the Jews is a serious problem requiring a constant vigilance on the side of the authorities, and a proper work with lover level offices.
Unrest
The first sign of real danger to Jewish community were the events of 27 June 1945 when a Jewish woman was brought to Milicja station under false accusations of intention to abduct a child. Despite that the investigation revealed that the mother had left the child in suspect's care, rumour started to spread that a Jewish woman abducted the child in order to kill it.. Mob shouting anti-Jewish slogans gathered at Kleparski square, but Milicja detachment brought situation under control. Blood libel rumours continued to spread. False claims that thirteen corpses of Christian children allegedly had been discovered were repeated. By 11 August, number of rumoured "victims" has grown to eighty. Groups of hooligans who gathered at the Kleparski Square were throwing stones at Kupa Synagogue on weekly basis. On 11 August when attempt to seize one boy who was throwing stones at synagogue was made, he managed to escape and rushed to nearby market screaming "Help me, Jews have tried to kill me". The riots broke out, Jewish people, women and children including, were beaten up on the streets; their homes were broken into and robbed. Some Poles, mistaken for Jews, were also attacked. The epicentre of these events were Miodowa, Starowislna, Przemyska, and Jozefa Streets in the Kazimierz quarter. The riots were most intense between 11 AM and 1 PM, calming down around 2 PM, only to gain strength in late afternoon when Kupa synagogue was set on fire. Polish milicjamen and soldiers actively participated in these events Among 25 accused of inciting racial hatred, robberies, and violence against Jews, 12 were officers
Casualties
Anna Cichopek, a Polish historian, notes that all sources confirm only the death of one person (Auschwitz surivor Róża Berger), however based on archival photo of a funeral with five coffins she notes that there might have been five fatalities; she further notes that New York Times in 1946 noted a death of a man (Anszel Zucker), and Polska Agencja Prasowa noted a death of another unknown woman (in addition to Róża Berger) and five wounded.. Two other Polish historians, Józef Kwiek and Darisz Libionka, note that since only one death is confirmed beyond all doubt, it is questionable whether this event falls under the definition of a pogrom.
Kraków pogrom was not an isolated incident in the history of postwar Poland. Acts of anti-Jewish violence were recorded in other Polish towns. Most notorious of them is Kielce pogrom of July 4, 1946. Altogether in 1944-1946 in 130 recorded incidents 300-1000 Jews were murdered in Poland.
See also
References
- In-line:
- Bozena Szaynok (2005). "The Role of Antisemitism in Postwar Polish-Jewish Relations". In Robert Blobaum (ed.). Antisemitism And Its Opponents In Modern Poland. Cornell University Press. Retrieved 21 March 2007.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help)p. 272 - ^ Psychoza we krwi. Onet.pl
- ^ Template:Pl icon Anna Cichopek (2003). "The Cracow pogrom of August1945". In Joshua D. Zimmerman (ed.). Contested Memories: Poles and Jews During the Holocaust and Its Aftermath. Rutgers University Press. p. 87.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters:|chapterurl=and|coauthors=(help) - ^ Anna Cichopek, p. 223.
- ^ Cichopek, p. 224.
- Anna Cichopek, Pogrom Żydów w Krakowie, 11 sierpnia 1945 r., Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, 2000, str. 10.
- ^ Cichopek, p. 233.
- ^ Cichopek, p. 230.
- Template:Pl icon Julian Kwiek, Wydarzenia antyżydowskie 11 sierpnia 1945 r. w Krakowie: dokumenty, Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego, nr 1/2000 str. 77–89.
- Translation of Magdalena Tytuła, Kielce na Kazimierzu, Gazeta Wyborcza (local 'Gazeta w Krakowie'), August 11 2000, (English)
- Template:Pl icon Darisz Libionka, "Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość", nr 1/2002 str. 179-182 .