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==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
Sulumbek was born in 1878 in the village of ], ] of the ], and he was ] by ethnicity.{{efn|name=Ghalgha}} Due to a conflict with a ] officer, the future ''abrek'' ended up in prison.<ref name="leylagee">] (2019-04-01) {{!}} {{YouTube|GZJJ7ewpsHk|«Папаха ингуша: Абрек Сулумбек», Д/ф}}.</ref> | Sulumbek was born in 1878{{sfn|Хамчиев|1995}} in the village of ], ] of the ], and he was ] by ethnicity.{{efn|name=Ghalgha}} Due to a conflict with a ] officer, the future ''abrek'' ended up in prison.<ref name="leylagee">] (2019-04-01) {{!}} {{YouTube|GZJJ7ewpsHk|«Папаха ингуша: Абрек Сулумбек», Д/ф}}.</ref> | ||
==''Abrechestvo''== | ==''Abrechestvo''== |
Revision as of 14:53, 28 July 2023
Ingush abrekSulumbek Gandaloev | |
---|---|
ГӀоандалой Сулумбик | |
Born | 1878 Sagopshi, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire |
Died | 25 August 1911 Vladikavkaz, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire |
Nationality | Ingush |
Other names | Right-hand of Zelimkhan |
Occupation | Abrek |
Years active | 1901—1911 |
Known for | Bank and train robberies |
Sulumbek Gandaloev (1878 – 25 August 1911), better known as Sulumbek Gorovozhev or Sulumbek of Sagopshi, was an Ingush outlaw (abrek) who was known for his spectacular bank, train and shop robberies, made together with his colleague and comrade Zelimkhan as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities. From 1901–1911, Sulumbek kept the tsarist administration of the Groznensky okrug in terror and participated in the most high-profile incidents associated with Zelimkhan. Sulumbek is considered a national hero to the Ingush people, as well as one of the most famous Caucasian abrek.
Early life
Sulumbek was born in 1878 in the village of Sagopshi, Vladikavkazsky okrug of the Terek Oblast, and he was Ingush by ethnicity. Due to a conflict with a Cossack officer, the future abrek ended up in prison.
Abrechestvo
In prison, Sulumbek met Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev (the future Chechen Abrek). Archival documents testify that Zelimkhan and Sulumbek escaped from prison together. Then they became friends, took part in raids together. Sulumbek at the same time chose the most dangerous area. He repeatedly participated in daring raids together with Zelimkhan.
In 1910 Sulumbek with an group consisting of 15 Ingush, together with the Chechen abreks Zelimkhan and Ayub robbed the Kizlyar Bank. During the robbery, they managed to kill 4 Russian officiers and 7 rankers. Prior to his surrender, he also made series of raids in Nalchiksky and Vladikavkazsky okrugs together with his crew, during which he engaged in skirmishes with the Cossacks and Military units.
People described Sulumbek as the fearless and courageous abrek who produced a magical effect on the gang, under which the abreks went almost to certain death, to the very center of the city, surrendering to the hands of the troops. Salambek was also distinguished by extraordinary willpower, the ability not to get lost in moments of danger and, most importantly, ruthlessness. The insane courage of Salambek is an ideal that every abrek would like to achieve. In a word, Zelimkhan and Salambek complemented each other.
Death
After the devastation of the Ingush villages of Kek, Nelkh and Ersh and the repressions against their inhabitants for harboring Zelimkhan, the authorities also demanded the inhabitants of the village of Sagopshi to extradite Sulumbek. Sulumbek was given a choice to either surrender to the Russian authorities or his native village will be destroyed and its inhabitants will be evicted to Siberia. Sulumbek not wanting to endanger people, decided to surrender to the authorities, on the condition that he would be shot and not hanged. He was detained on October 21, 1910, and the authorities did not keep their promise to him. Sulumbek was executed by hanging on August 9, 1911. Eyewitnesses of the execution testified that until the very end he retained a rare outward calmness and self-control and that he himself kicked out the chair on which he stood.
In culture
There's many works which mention Sulumbek, such as the book "Asir-Abrek. Chechen song", published in 1924. In 2011, the Ingush writer Issa Kodzoev wrote a book titled "Sulumbek Sagopshinsky". In 2019, director Leyla Gagieva shot the documentary film "Ingush Papakha", the first part of which is called "Abrek Sulumbek" and, among other things, describes the life and work of the abrek. In the same year, A. Sakharov's published collection "Legends and Tales of the Ingush Mountains" included a poem by the author dedicated to Sulumbek. In 2020, the poet I. Aprelsky dedicated a poem to Sulumbek.
Folksongs about Sulumbek
The Vainakhs have a tradition of composing heroic songs – "illi", dedicated to one or another glorious people of their past. For example, in one of the Ingush heroic illis, Salambek is sung about, like others, sings of the exploits of the Ingush abrek, but at the same time expresses hidden regret that the Ingush still do not have effective laws that make it possible to really judge the deeds of this or that person:
The fearless wolf — Salambek Sagopshinsky … Salambek rode into the heart of the city on a black horse...
Salambek killed the bailiff Boguslavsky. Salambek attacked the Grozny station. Salambek also attacked the Kizlyar bank. Salambek himself came to his death. Fearless wolf — Salambek Sagopshinsky …
…The general promised to shoot Salambek! This does not mean that he will shoot with his own hands. When even a general promises death, he promises it through the court. No matter how great a general is, greater than the greatest general is the royal law, whose books are like seventy-seven Korans.
Legacy
Streets in Nazran and Sagopshi were named in honor of Sulumbek and a commemorative plaque about him was also installed. On September 28, 2019, the All-Russian tournament in professional combat sambo in memory of Sulumbek Sagopshinsky was held in Ingushetia.
Notes
- ^
- «Русское слово» 1910: "Вчера въ селеніи Назранъ арестованъ один из виднѣйшихъ абрековъ — Соламбекъ Горваджіевъ, ингушъ селенія Сагодшъ."
- Багратіонъ 1914, p. 10: " при Зелимханѣ болѣе продолжительное время оставались младшій братъ и два абрека — чеченецъ Аюбъ и ингушъ «безпощадный» Саламбекъ "
- Мартиросиан 1933, p. 166: "В 1910 году Зелимхан с группой абреков произвел, днем, экспроприацию кизлярского казначейства. Группа состояла из чеченцев и ингушей. Ингушская сформирована была в Назрановском округе Соламбеком Гаразоджевым (ингуш), чеченская—в окрестностях Грозного (сел. Большие Атаги) Аюбом Тимаевым."
- Гриценко 1971, p. 92: "Готовясь к походу на Кизляр, Зелимхан создал два отряда — один в селении Новые Атаги под руководством Аюба Томаева, а второй в Назрановском округе во главе со знаменитым ингушским абреком Саламбеком Гороводжиевым."
- Лавровские (среднеазиатско-кавказские) чтения 2002, p. 40: "В связи с этим представляет интерес сравнение позиций двух знаменитых в XIX веке абреков: чеченского Зелимхана и ингушского Суламбека."
- Ботяков 2004, pp. 51, 79: "Сподвижник Зелимхана — ингушский абрек Сулумбек, поставлен перед нравственным выбором: старейшинам его родного селения Сагопши власти предъявили ультиматум — в случае дальнейшего укрывательства абрека все жители селения будут высланы в Сибирь. В аналогичной ситуации, как уже говорилось, оказывается знаменитый ингушский абрек Сулумбек — сподвижник Зелимхана."
- Павлова 2012, p. 36: "Ингушским сподвижником легендарного чеченского абрека Зелимхана был Суламбек Гараводжев (Гандалоев) Сагопшинский."
- Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 372 (referring to «Кавказская копейка» 1911).
References
- ^ «Биржевые ведомости» 1911.
- Большая советская энциклопедия 1926, p. 83 (Collumn): " абречество выражалось в эпизодических набегах на земли пришельцев с целью нанесения им экономического ущерба, будучи в то же время проявлением удали и молодечества. После «замирения» Кавказа, А‑ми стали называть партизан, продолжавших в одиночку или небольшими партиями борьбу с рус. властями и установленной ими бюрократической государственностью Из А. второго периода особой известностью пользовались: Ших (святой), Задэ, Зелимхан Гушмазакаев из Карачая и Саламбек Гараводжев из Сайгоша."
- Павлова 2012, p. 36: "В конце XIX — начале XX века массовый характер приобрела своеобразная форма социального протеста — абречество. В народных массах абречество оценивалось не как бандитизм, а как борьба за справедливость, против царского беспредела. Ингушским сподвижником легендарного чеченского абрека Зелимхана был Суламбек Гараводжев (Гандалоев) Сагопшинский. Его уважали в народе и считали человеком чести. Абреки совершали дерзкие нападения, одним из которых в 1910 году был захват Кизлярского казначейства."
- Мальсагов 1983, p. 363.
- ^ Гатуев 1930, p. 29 (as PDF).
- ^ Гриценко 1971, pp. 92–93.
- ^ Ибрагимов 2008, p. 61.
- Кодзоев 2011, pp. 3–4.
- ^ Апрельский, Игорь (2020-05-22). Легенда об абреке Сулумбеке [The legend of the abrek Sulumbek] (in Russian).
Ингушетия - маленькая страна больших Героев. Об одном из них, чье имя при жизни стало легендой пойдёт рассказ. Сулумбек Горовожев - народный герой-ингуш.
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:|website=
ignored (help) - Греков, Б. Д.; Институт Истории СССР (2001). "Исторические записки" [Historical notes]. Istoricheskie Zapiski (in Russian) (122). Москва: Наука: 183.
- Burbank, Jane; Hagen, Mark von; Anatolyi, Remnev, eds. (2007). Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780253219114.
- Хамчиев 1995. sfn error: no target: CITEREFХамчиев1995 (help)
- ^ Лейла Гагиева (2019-04-01) | «Папаха ингуша: Абрек Сулумбек», Д/ф on YouTube.
- Гойгов, А.Г. Через sумерки прошлого к светлому настоящему.
- ^ Багратіонъ 1914, p. 10.
- Мартиросиан 1933, p. 166.
- Гриценко 1971, p. 92.
- «Русское слово» 1910.
- Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 372.
- Костерин, А. (1924). "Асир-Абрек. Чеченская песня" [Asir-Abrek. Chechen song]. Ровесники: сборник содружества писателей революции «Перевал». Сборник № 1 [Peers: a collection of the community of writers of the revolution "Pass". Collection № 1] (in Russian). Москва: Государственное издательство.
- Кодзоев 2011.
- Сахаров 2019.
- Зязиков 2004, pp. 173–174.
- Сулумбек Сагопшинский on YouTube | 2019-10-08.
- Турнир памяти легендарного война и народного героя Сулумбека Гандалоева on YouTube | 2019–09-28.
Bibliography
English sources
- Bobronikov, V. (August 8, 2007). "Bandits and the State: Designing a "Traditional" Culture of Violence in the North Caucasus". In Burbank, J.; Hagen, M.; Anatolyi, R. (eds.). Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930. Indiana-Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–538. ISBN 9780253219114.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: year (link)
Russian sources
- Багратіонъ, Д. (1914). Подвигъ терскаго казака, нынѣ Дагестанскаго коннаго полка поручика Кибирова, уничтожившаго абрека Зелимхана [The feat of the Terek Cossack, now the Dagestan Cavalry Regiment of Lieutenant Kibirov, who destroyed the abrek Zelimkhan] (in Russian). Петроградъ: Т-во Р. Голике и А. Вильборгъ.
- Мартиросиан, Г. К. (1933). История Ингушии [History of Ingushiya] (in Russian). Орджоникидзе: Сердало.
- Гриценко, Н. П. (1971). Классовая борьба крестьян в чечено-ингушетии на рубеже XIX-XX веков [The class struggle of peasants in Chechen-Ingushetia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries] (in Russian). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское книжное издательство.
- Курылев, В. П.; Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера); Карпов, Ю. Ю (2002). Лавровские (среднеазиатско-кавказские) чтения 2000-2001 гг.: краткое содержание докладов [Lavrov (Central Asian-Caucasian) readings 2000-2001: summary of reports] (in Russian). СПб.: Российская академия наук, Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера). pp. 1–150.
- Ботяков, Ю. М. (2004). Абреки на Кавказе: социо-культурный аспект явления [Abreks in the Caucasus: socio-cultural aspect of the phenomenon] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Петербургское востоковедение. pp. 1–208. ISBN 9785858032830.
- Павлова, О. С. (2012). Ингушский этнос на современном этапе: черты социально-психологического портрета [The Ingush ethnos at the present stage: features of the socio-psychological portrait] (in Russian). Москва: Форум. ISBN 9785911346652. OCLC 798995782.
- Шмидт, О. Ю., ed. (1926). Большая советская энциклопедия [Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Vol. 1: А — Аколла (1st ed.). Москва: Советская энциклопедия. pp. 1–436.
- Мальсагов, А. О. (1983). Алиева, А. И. (ed.). Сказки и легенды ингушей и чеченцев [Tales and legends of the Ingush and Chechens] (in Russian). Москва: Наука.
- Ибрагимов, М. М. (2008). История Чечни с древнейших времен до наших дней: История Чечни ХХ и начала ХХI веков [History of Chechnya from ancient times to the present day: History of Chechnya in the 20th and early 21st centuries] (in Russian). Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Грозный: ГУП "Книжное издательство". ISBN 9785988961017.
- Гатуев, Дзахо (1930). Зелимхан [Zelimkhan] (in Russian). Ростов-на-Дону. pp. 1–94.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Кодзоев, Исса (2011). Сулумбек Сагошинский [Sulumbek of Sagopshi] (PDF) (in Russian). pp. 1–318. ISBN 9785989931866.
- Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4th ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
- Зязиков, М. М. (2004). Традиционная культура ингушей: история и современность [Traditional culture of the Ingush: history and modernity] (in Russian). Ростов-на-Дону: СКНЦ ВШ. pp. 1–312. ISBN 5-87872-302-6.
- Сахаров, А. А. (2019). Легенды и сказания ингушских гор [Legends and tales of the Ingush mountains] (in Russian). Москва: Фест Презент Компани. pp. 1–96. ISBN 978-5-9500432-1-5.
- "Биржевые ведомости" [Exchange statements] (in Russian). No. 12484. Санкт-Петербургъ. 19 August 1911.
- "Арестъ абрека Соламбека Горваджіева" [The arrest of abrek Solambek Gorvadzhiev]. «Русское слово» (in Russian). No. 244. Москва: А. А. Александров. 1910.
- "Казнь «правой руки» Зелимхана" [Execution of Zelimkhan's "right hand"]. «Кавказская копейка» (in Russian). Баку. 25 August 1911. p. 4.