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Nazran uprising
Part of Caucasian War
Date June-July of 1858 Location Nazran, Ingushetia Result Uprising suppressed Leaders of the uprising executed or exiled
Belligerents
Russian Empire	Ingush rebels Limited support: Caucasian Imamate
Commanders and leaders
Pavel Zotov [ru] Nikolay Yevdokimov	Chandyr Archakov Mohammed Mazurov Jagostuko Bekhoev Urusbi Mugaev Bashir Ashiev Imam Shamil
Strength
Unknown	5000–6000 First invasion: 8000 Second invasion: 4000
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown Leaders executed or exiled

The Nazran uprising was an uprising by Ingush rebels in 1858 due to the harsh policies of the tsarist authorities to forcibly enlarge settlements and deprive the Ingush highlanders of the right to carry knives. Being the largest and the last uprising of Ingush in the Caucasian War, it is widely viewed as their last resistance against the expansion of Russian Empire in region which marked the annexation of Ingushetia to Russia.

Names

The uprising is known under various names such as Nazran rebellion, Nazran outrage, Nazran riot. Sometimes the uprising was simply referred as the Nazran incident, or uprising of Ingush. However, the uprising is most commonly known as Nazran uprising.

Origins

The Ingush who in the beginning of 19th century settled on the plains, usually formed small auls with several families in each aul. This however didn't meet with Russian Empire's tsarist authorities' plans as they planned on forcibly merging small settlements into larger ones, with the requirements being that every village should have at least 300 households. The reason for the forcibly merging of small settlements into larger ones was that it would make easier for Russian authorities to control and oversee the local populations. This new policy alongside the ban on carrying knives distressed the Ingush people which gave a start to the uprising.

"The main reason for the Nazran uprising was the impossibility of having proper supervision of the inhabitants during scattered settlement in separate farms, and therefore I recognized it necessary to settle them in large auls in the places we had chosen ... At the same time, completely independently of this, the Committee established in Vladikavkaz to analyze personal and land rights of the natives demanded from the Nazran deputies information on the population. Opponents of public order took advantage of the clash of these two circumstances and angered the people"

— Commander-in-Chief of the Caucasian Army and General Aleksandr Baryatinsky

Uprising

On May 1858, on the eve of the uprising, Ingush (Nazranians, Galashians and Karabulaks) sent a letter to Imam Shamil requesting help from him, to which he sent an appeal calling them to join his army.

The discontent of the population resulted in an open armed uprising, led by the Chandyr Archakov, Magomet Mazurov (Sultygov) and Dzhagostuko Bekhoev. To suppress the uprising, large Russian military formations were assembled from Vladikavkaz, led by Colonel Pavel Zotov [ru], acting chief of staff of the troops of the left wing of the Caucasian line. On 24 May, the military formations arrived on the scene and Zotov ordered the local Nazranian foremen to calm the people, but they no longer controlled the situation.

On May 25, the rebels sent a delegation of 16 people to Zotov for negotiations. Zotov took four people from among them as hostages and demanded an end to the unrest. The rebels numbering about 5 thousand people attempted to storm the Nazran fortress once they had learned about the capture of parliamentarians, but the storm was unsuccessful. The attackers were repulsed by artillery and rifle fire of Russian troops.

In June-July, Shamil began gathering a massive army numbering 8000 soldiers. In response to Shamil mobilizing troops, The Russian forces gathered two divisions, six battalions, fourteen companies, sixteen Cossack ten, twenty-two cavalry, foot and mountain guns. These Russian forces were located in strategically important points: in Assinovskaya Stanitsa, Achkhoy, in the Tarskaya Valley [ru] and lastly in front of Vladikavkaz fortress.

On June 9, Shamil tried to break through Russian lines to the plane in the area of Achkhoy, but having suffered heavy losses, he was forced to retreat. Shamil then moved to river Fortanga and occupied the villages of Alkun and Muzhichi in the Assinovskoye Gorge. From there Shamil tried to go to Vladikavkaz along the Ahki-Yurt gorge. On June 13, Shamil's forces camped in the upper reaches of the river Sunzha, the Russian forces on the other hand once again reinforced the troops with six hundred Alagirskaya, Kurtatinskaya and the Ossetian militia and two hundred of the mountain Cossack regiment, which were moved by forced march to Vladikavkaz.

Shamil, realizing that he would not be able to break through to the plane, gave the order to retreat and on June 15, the Murid troops moved towards Meredzhi and Dattykh. While the Shamil forces were retreating, the Russian troops simultaneously occupied the subject territories from the retreating Shamil's forces. After Shamil passed through Akkin and Shubut societies and crossed both currents of river Argun, he dissolved part of the army and retreated to the Imamate's capital – Vedeno.

On August of 1858, Shamil together with a force of 4000 tried once again to break through to the Nazran area, but in the Sunzha valley Shamil's forces were immediately attacked by Russian forces led by Colonel Mishchenko and were completely destroyed leaving no choice for Shamil but to retreat. Whilst Shamil lost 370 of his men and 1700 different weapons, the Russians had only 16 men dead and 24 wounded. According to Shamil himself, he was called by Mussa Kundukhov [ru], the commander of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug, promising to act in cooperation.

Aftermath

The Nazran uprising ended as a defeat for the rebels and the leaders of the uprising: Chandyr Archakov, Magomed Mazurov, Dzhogast Bekhoev, mullahs Bashir Ashiev (ethnic Kumyk) and Urusbi Mugaev were sentenced to hanging. Only Bekhoev managed to escape, the others were hanged on June 25, 1858. 32 people were sentenced to 1000 blows with gauntlets each, 30 to hard labor, five to indefinite work in mines, 25 to work in factories for 8 years.

Although the uprising ended tragically for the rebels, it may have saved them from more serious events. At that time, the Russian authorities were discussing the project to increase Russian population in the Caucasus while the local populations would be settled from there to the Don river. After the uprising, the leadership of Russia concluded:

"...if only the offer to peaceful Nazranians to concentrate in large villages, on the plot of land they occupied, served as a pretext for an uprising, then the offer to the mountaineers, who have to express humility, to leave their homeland and go to the Don will serve as a pretext for a fierce war, and, therefore, will lead to extermination, and not the obedience of the highlanders."

— Adjutant General Vasilchikov

Notes

1. ^ According to most sources the Ingush had force of about 5000. According to Pavel Zotov [ru], however, the Ingush had a force up to 6000.
2. See the section about names below.
3. Template:Lang-ru; Template:Lang-inh.
    • Also known as the Nazran outrage or Nazran rebellion.

References

1. Анчабадзе 2001: "В 1858 г. вспыхнуло восстание ингушей, вызванное произволом царской администрации, насильственно переселявшей их из мелких населенных пунктов в укрупненные аулы, с целью облегчить полицейский контроль над населением, а освободившиеся земли использовать для колониальных нужд. До 5 тысяч повстанцев атаковали укрепление Назрань, но были отбиты.",
2. Кодзоев 2002: "Протестуя против действий властей, ингуши (около 5000 человек) бросились на укрепление. Артиллерийским и ружейным огнем нападавшие были отбиты."
3. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 264: "Это задержание депутатов спровоцировало нападение ингушей на крепость. Собравшиеся, по данным полковника Зотова, около 5000 человек бросились на укрепление."
4. Милютин 2004, p. 240: "Собравшаяся толпа мятежников в числе до 6 тыс. вооруженных, не внимая никаким увещаниям местного начальства, угрожала разгромом форштадта Назрановского укрепления. Находившийся в то время во Владикавказе начальник штаба полковник Зотов поспешил на место происшествия и наскоро принял меры к обороне форштадта с имевшимися у него четырьмя слабыми ротами. 25 мая выдержал он настоящий штурм разъяренной толпы. Мятежники были отбиты, причем несколько человек ранено."
5. Цезарскій 1881, p. 9.
6. Албогачиева, Мартазанов & Соловьева 2013, p. 59.
7. Генко 1930, p. 690.
8. Милютин 2004, p. 240.
9. ^ Анчабадзе 2001.
10. Шнирельман 2006, p. 185. sfn error: no target: CITEREFШнирельман2006 (help)
11. Гриценко 1971, p. 45.
12. ^ Кодзоев 2002.
13. ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 264.
14. Цезарскій 1881, p. 9.
15. Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссіею 1904, p. 1082.
16. Baddeley 1908, p. 468.
17. Цуциев 1998 (whilst referring to Скитский 1930): "Политика сселения небольших хуторов в крупные аулы, где население легче контролировалось властями, спровоцировала так называемое Назрановское возмущение (...)"
18. Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссіею 1904, p. 1083.
19. ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 265.
20. Милютин 2004, pp. 240–241.
21. ^ Baddeley 1908, p. 469.
22. ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 266.
23. Мартиросиан 1933, pp. 70–71.
24. Албогачиева, Мартазанов & Соловьева 2013, p. 59.
25. Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссіею 1904, p. 1106.

Bibliography

English sources

• Baddeley, John F. (1908). The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus: with maps, plans, and illustrations. Harlow: Longsmans, Greens and Co. pp. 1–518.

Russian sources

• Албогачиева, М.С.-Г.; Мартазанов, А. М.; Соловьева, Л. Т., eds. (2013). Ингуши [The Ingush] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–512.
• Анчабадзе, Г. З. (2001). Гелашвили, Н. В. (ed.). Вайнахи [Vainakhs] (in Russian). Тбилиси: Кавказский дом.
• Генко, А. Н. (1930). "Из культурного прошлого ингушей" [From the cultural past of the Ingush]. Записки коллегии востоковедов при Азиатском музее [Notes of the College of Orientalists at the Asian Museum] (in Russian). Vol. 5. Ленинград: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 681–761.
• Гриценко, Н. П. (1971). Классовая борьба крестьян в чечено-ингушетии на рубеже XIX-XX веков [The class struggle of peasants in Chechen-Ingushetia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries] (in Russian). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское книжное издательство. pp. 1–108.
• Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4nd ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–600. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
• Кобяков, Д. А., ed. (1904). Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссіею [Acts collected by the Caucasian Archaeographic Commission] (in Russian). Vol. 12. Тифлисъ: Типографія Главнаго Управленія Намѣстника Кавказскаго. pp. 1–1552.
• Кодзоев, Н. Д. (2002). История Ингушского народа: Глава 5 [The History of the Ingush people: Chapter 5] (in Russian). Магас: Сердало. Archived from the original on 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2019-07-12.
• Кодзоев, Н. Д. (2020). О 'добровольном вхождении' Ингушетии в состав Российской империи [On the 'voluntary entry' of Ingushetia into the Russian Empire] (in Russian). Назрань: ООО «Кеп». pp. 1–64.
• Мартиросиан, Г. К. (1933). История Ингушии [History of Ingushiya] (in Russian). Орджоникидзе: Сердало. pp. 1–314.
• Милютин, Д. А. (2004). Захарова, Л. Г. (ed.). Воспоминания 1856-1860 [Memorials 1856-1860] (in Russian). Москва: РОССПЭН. pp. 1–560. ISBN 5-8243-0350-9.
• Покровский, Н. И. (2000) . Гаджиев, В. Г.; Покровский, Н. Н. (eds.). Кавказские войны и имамат Шамиля [Caucasian Wars and Shamil's Imamate] (in Russian). М.: РОССПЭН. pp. 1–511.
• Скитский, Б. В. (1930). Назрановское возмущение 1858 г. (страница из истории ингушского народа) (in Russian). Владикавказ: Типо-фото-цинк. Из-ва „Растдзиннад”. pp. 1–16.
• Цезарскій, А. С. (1881). Описанiе боевой жизни 3-го Кавказскаго стрѣлковаго баталiона [Description of the combat life of the 3rd Caucasian rifle battalion] (in Russian). Тифлисъ: Типографія Штаба Кавказскаго военнаго округа. pp. 1–148.
• Цуциев, А. А. (1998). Осетино-ингушский конфликт (1992—...): его предыстория и факторы развития: историко-социологический очерк [Ossetian-Ingush conflict (1992–...): its prehistory and factors of development: a historical and sociological essay] (in Russian). Москва: Российская политическая энциклопедия.

• History of Ingushetia
• Battles involving Ingushetia
• Conflicts in 1858
• Caucasian War