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The Sultanate of Jambi (كسلطانن جمبي) was a region ruled by a sultan in northern Sumatra. The Dutch conquered the sultanate and killed the sultan in 1904. The sultanate has since been restored in recent years. The original sultanate was centered in the modern-day province of Jambi in Indonesia.

History

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There was an early reference to a seventh-century realm of Malayu based in Jambi, which was eventually absorbed into the Srivijaya empire as an autonomous trading community or a subject region. An account associated the early history of the sultanate with the Islamization of Sumatra, citing that these two events roughly coincided in the fifteenth century. The sultanate's access to natural resources as well as its strategic location, particularly its proximity to the Strait of Malacca, allowed it to flourish and be involved in international trade.

In 871 and 852-3 Tang dynasty China received diplomatic missions from Jambi. Song and Yuan Chinese porcelain were found in Muara Jambi, near Jambi city (Chan-pei or Zhanbei). In 1095, 1094, 1090, 1088, and 1084 China received diplomatic delegations from Jambi, and the Jambi (Zhanbei) ruler and his daughter sent cloth, camphor and two Chinese language letters to Guangzhou in 1082.

Local Muslim women who dealt in the cloth trade willingly married Han Chinese men in Palembang and Jambi and also local Muslim women in Banten married Han Chinese men. The Han Chinese men converted to Islam to please their Muslim wives. The same Muslim women refused to deal or even meet with Dutch men especially in Palembang since the Dutch were infamous for sexually abusing indigenous Muslim women. Han Chinese merchants were a major rival of the Dutch in colonial Indonesia. Han Chinese interpreters advised the local Muslim king of Jambi to go to war against the Dutch, while the Dutch attacked Chinese ships and Thai ships to stop them from trading with the Muslims in Jambi and make them trade with the Dutch in Batavia. The Chinese continued to violate the Dutch ban on trade with Jambi. The Dutch East India Company was also angered by Thailand trading with the Jambi Sultanate and the Jambi Sultanate sending pepper and flowers as tribute to Thailand. leading to tensions between Thailand the Dutch in 1663-1664 and 1680-1685. The Dutch wanted Chinese banned from Thai junks and were angry when a Thai ambassador in Iran took out a loan from the Dutch in Surat but didn't pay it back after his ship got repaired. The 1682 Dutch invasion of Banten (Bantam) in Indonesia also raised alarms in Thailand, so the Thai King Narai courted the French to counter the Dutch. Dutch East India Company attacked Zheng Zhilong's junks which were trading pepper with Jambi, but while the Dutch transferred 32 Chinese prisoners into the Dutch ship, the remaining Chinese managed to slaughter the 13 Dutch sailors on board the Chinese junk and retake the vessel. Zheng Zhilong demanded the Dutch then release the 32 Chinese in 1636. Dutch East India Company blockaded Thai trade in 1664 and in 1661-1662 seized a Thai junk owned by a Persian official in Thailand. The Dutch tried to impede Thai and Chinese competition with the Dutch in the pepper trade at Jambi. The Jambi Sultan temporarily jailed English merchants during violence between the Dutch and English. The Thai and Jambi Sultanate angrily complained against the Dutch over Dutch attacks and attempts to impede Jambi's trade with Chinese and Thai. Chinese junks regularly traded with Jambi, Patani, Siam and Cambodia.

The title of Shahbandar was held by Han Chinese in Jambi and Japara as Chinese came to those cities and Bantam to trade in pepper. If the 15th century there were Chinese in Surabaya and in the late half of the 14th century there were Chinese in Grise and in the 14th century there were Chinese in Tumasik. Jambi was visited every year by Chinese for pepper that came from the Sumatra Minangkabau highlands. Palembang also exported pepper.

Commerce in Jambi was dominated by Chinese merchants and local Jambi people also benefited from renting out to rubber plantations.

By 1682, Jambi was disputed as a vassal state between the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Kingdom of Siam.

In the late 19th century the sultanate was slowly annexed by the Dutch, with the sultan degraded to a puppet ruler. This culminated in 1883 with the invasion of the Dutch-controlled Palembang by Jambi's Sultan, Mohammad Fakhruddin, which gave the Dutch the pretext to finally gain control of Jambi, forcing the sultan to accede to their authority and provide significant economic concessions. By 1907 the last vestiges of indigenous rule had been abolished.

Society

As a society, Jambi has a history of being an entrepot and a trading center that is open to outsiders. This is demonstrated in the way Jambi families easily incorporate outsiders, particularly men as well as foreigners (e.g. Chinese and Arab traders) through marriage into the Jambi womenfolk. For instance, a Jambi pangeran (prince) adopted a Dutch official as his son, resulting to kinship obligations between the Dutch and the royal family.

• Engraving of the sultan's residence (1893)
• Surrender of the Crown Prince of the Sultanate of "MartaNingrat", Djambi (Jambi), in Sumatra before the Dutch residency official O.L. Helfrich, who takes the insignia in reception (March 26, 1904)
• Coat of arms of the Jambi Sultanate.

References

1. ^ Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth (2018). Sumatran Sultanate and Colonial State: Jambi and the Rise of Dutch Imperialism, 1830–1907. Cornell University Press. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-5017-1938-7.
2. Kozok, Uli (2016). 14th Century Malay Code of Laws. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. ISBN 981-4620-49-1. We are fortunate to have Chinese records of ancient Sumatra, since few Indonesian documents have survived. Was ninth-century Jambi the same place as seventh-century Malayu? Circumstantial evidence suggests that they were closely related ...
3. Miksic, John N. (2020). "14 Srijijaya". In Bang, Peter Fibiger; Bayly, C. A.; Scheidel, Walter (eds.). The Oxford World History of Empire: Volume Two: The History of Empires. Oxford University Press. p. 411. ISBN 0-19-753277-2. Jambi's rise ended 160 years of diplomatic isolation for the people of the Batang Hari; missions from Jambi reached China in 852/853 and 871. In addition to official histories, two other Chinese sources of the ninth century also mention ...
4. Takahito, Mikasa no Miya (1988). Cultural and Economic Relations Between East and West: Sea Routes. Vol. 2 of Chūkintō-bunka-sentā Tōkyō: Bulletin of the Middle Eastern Culture Center in Japan (illustrated ed.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 111. ISBN 3-447-02698-7. ISSN 0177-1647. ABU RIDHO ( National Museum , Jakarta ) THE CHINESE CERAMICS FROM MUARA JAMBI , SUMATRA On the island Sumatra there is a river called Batanghari . That river is big enough for sailing big vessels go inside untill hundreds of KMs far .
5. Miksic, John Norman; Goh, Geok Yian (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Routledge World Archaeology. Taylor & Francis. p. 406. ISBN 1-317-27904-2. and Jambi were jostling for overlordship in the region which China called Sānfóqí, and compromised by sending a joint mission to China. The Chinese, however, may have decided to distinguish between the envoys of the two kingdoms.
6. Ma, Debin (2017). Textiles in the Pacific, 1500–1900. The Pacific World: Lands, Peoples and History of the Pacific, 1500-1900 (reprint ed.). Routledge. p. 244. ISBN 1-351-89561-3. The Chinese, on the other hand, "bought wives" when they arrived, and, as one observer noted in Banten, these women "served them until they returned to China." In Jambi and Palembang most Chinese adopted Islam and married local women, ...
7. Meilink-Roelofsz, M. A. P. (2013). Asian Trade and European Influence: In the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630 (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 262. ISBN 94-015-2835-7. The king of Jambi, however, could not tolerate such highhanded action by the Dutch in Jambi roads since it might lead to the downfall of trade in his kingdom. Moreover, besides Chinese junks the Dutch attacked Siamese as well, ...
8. Meilink-Roelofsz, M. A. P. (2013). Asian Trade and European Influence– In the Indonesian Archipelago between 1500 and about 1630 (illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 261. ISBN 94-015-2835-7. The king of Jambi, however, could not tolerate such highhanded action by the Dutch in Jambi roads since it might lead to the downfall of trade in his kingdom. Moreover, besides Chinese junks the Dutch attacked Siamese as well, ...
9. Blussé, Leonard, ed. (2020). Around and About Formosa. 元華文創. p. 303. ISBN 957-711-150-5. while overlooking the Dutch archival materials, which in fact were more copious and detailed than any other European ... Tension between the Siamese and Dutch increased when the VOC grew suspicious of the Sultan of Jambi sending the ...
10. Cheng, Weichung (2013). War, Trade and Piracy in the China Seas (1622-1683). TANAP Monographs on the History of Asian-European Interaction (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 125. ISBN 90-04-25353-X. The traders around the South China Sea, no matter who they were—the Siamese king, the Portuguese in Malacca and Macau, or the Fukienese merchants—all dealt in ... Consequently, as it left Jambi, Iquan's junk was seized by a Dutch ship.
11. Kathirithamby-Wells, J. (1990). Kathirithamby-Wells, J.; Villiers, John (eds.). The Southeast Asian Port and Polity– Rise and Demise. Singapore University Press, National University of Singapore. p. 137. ISBN 9971-69-141-8. The Siamese grievance in 1661-62 was the V.O.C.'s seizure of a Siamese crown junk fitted out by one of the king's Persian ... The Siamese crown maintained that it had no intention of entering into competition with the Dutch in the Jambi ...
12. Calendar of state papers– 1625/29. H.M. Stationery Office. 1884. p. 150. ... and the ship's boat ; captured a Chinese junk , which was retaken by a Dutch freemen to Siam , killing two English and the junk sent to Batavia . The King of Jambi exasperated against our people , imprisoned our merchants and seized ...
13. Great Britain. Public Record Office (1884). Calendar of State Papers– Preserved in the State Paper Department of Her Majesty's Record Office. Colonial series, volume 6. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 150. Letter received from factory at Jambi to Geo . ... taking muskets , swords , provisions , and the ship's boat ; captured a Chinese junk , which was retaken by a Dutch freemen to Siam , killing two English and the junk sent to Batavia .
14. Calendar of state papers: Colonial series. ... p. 62.
15. Roelofsen, C.G. (1989). "Chapter 4 The Freedom of the Seas: an Asian Inspiration for Mare Liberum?". In Watkin, Thomas G. (ed.). LEGAL RECORD & HISTORICAL REALITY– Proceedings of the Eighth British Legal History Conference. A&C Black. p. 64. ISBN 1-85285-028-0. The Dutch retaliated by the means they had used before, arresting Asian shipping, in the main Chinese junks, ... but I will maintain an open market'.68 Energetic protests by Jambi and Siam against Dutch arrests of shipping should also ...
16. Roelofsen, C.G. (1989). "The sources of Mare Liberum; the contested origins of the doctrine of the freedom of the seas". In Heere, Wybo P.; Bos, Maarten (eds.). International Law and Its Sources– Liber Amicorum Maarten Bos. Brill Archive. p. 115. ISBN 90-6544-392-4. The Dutch retaliated by the means they had used before , arresting Asian shipping , in the main Chinese junks , and unloading ... but I will maintain an open market : 7 ° Energetic protests by Jambi and Siam against Dutch arrests 67.
17. Prakash, Om, ed. (2020). European Commercial Expansion in Early Modern Asia. An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 to 1800. Routledge. ISBN 1-351-93871-1. ... Leur' estimate China sent out four junks to Batavia, four to Cambodia, three to Siam, one to Patani, one to Jambi, ... However, the Dutch established some control over the Chinese trade only after the destruction of Macassar in 1667 ...
18. Adshead, S. A. M. (2016). China In World History (illustrated ed.). Springer. p. 210. ISBN 1-349-23785-X. imports and exports shifted from the simple to the complex; China's from the complex to the simple. Europe, breaking out of its medieval confines, ... At Japara and Jambi, Chinese held the office of shahbandar or consular doyen.
19. Adshead, S. (2016). China in World History (3 ed.). Springer. p. 210. ISBN 1-137-11812-1. imports and exports shifted from the simple to the complex; China's from the complex to the simple. Europe, breaking out of its medieval confines, ... At Japara and Jambi, Chinese held the office of shahbandar or consular doyen.
20. Prakash, Om, ed. (2020). European Commercial Expansion in Early Modern Asia. An Expanding World: The European Impact on World History, 1450 to 1800 (reprint ed.). Routledge. ISBN 1-351-93871-1. The Chinese came every year to buy pepper from Jambi. In the sixteenth century the Portuguese began to exchange Indian cloth for Jambi pepper. Beside the Chinese and the Portuguese, the Javanese too visited Jambi.
21. Kerlogue, Fiona G. Kerlogue (2004). Ooi, Keat Gin (ed.). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor (illustrated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 678. ISBN 1-57607-770-5. Local landowners were compensated financially for the use of their land for rubber plantations, heralding a period of prosperity for the people of Jambi. Chinese traders gradually took over the commercial center.
22. Gentle Janus, Merchant Prince at Google Books
23. Brown, Iem (2009). The Territories of Indonesia. London: Routledge. p. 268. ISBN 978-1-85743-215-2.
24. ^ Janowski, Monica; Kerlogue, Fiona (2007). Kinship and Food in South East Asia. Copenhagen: NIAS Press. p. 68. ISBN 978-87-91114-93-9.

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