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Fyappiy
Fäppiy
Фаьппий

Total population
See § Demographics
Regions with significant populations
Russia	?
Ingushetia	?
Dagestan	?
Languages
Ingush
Religion
Sunni Islam
Related ethnic groups
Bats people

The Fyappins were an Ingush subgroup (society) that mostly inhabited the mountainous region of Ingushetia, Fappi. Historically they bordered on the west with Dzherakh, on the east with Khamkhins, on the north with Nazranians, and lastly in the south with Gudomakarians. The centre of the society was the fortified village (aul) of Erzi or Metskhal.

Approximately during the 16–17th centuries, part of the Fyappins migrated to Georgia, Tusheti, due to a lack of land. The descendants of the migrants are known as Bats people. In the 17–18th centuries, another wave of migration accured, to the region of Aukh (modern day Dagestan).

In 1733, due to the worry of expansion of Ottoman Turks in the region, Fyappins tried to establish ties with Kingdom of Kartli. As the Russian Empire started expanding its territories in the Caucasus Region 18–19th centuries, Caucasian War broke out. During the war, Fyappin Society was a subject to 2 Tsarist punitive expeditions, which devasted it.

After the end of Caucasian War, Fyappins became part of various okrugs of the Terek Oblast, which in turn was part of Caucasus Viceroyalty. Namely the okrugs: Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug, Ingushskiy Okrug, Vladikavkazsky Okrug, Sunzhensky Otdel and lastly the Nazranovskiy Okrug.

Etymology

Endonyms

The endonym Fyappiy in their native Ingush language is "Фаьппий", written as "Fäppij" in old Ingush latin writing system. According to some sources, the Ossetians also called Fyappins as "Fappi". Albert Starchevsky recorded in his work Kavkazskiy tolmach (Template:Lang-ru, lit. 'Caucasian Translator') the Ingush name for Fyappiy as "Halha" (Hалhьа), corresponding to the endonym of all Ingush people, Ghalghai.

F. I. Gorepekin [ru] explained the meaning of the ethnonym in Ingush language as "settlers marching in a discordant crowd". Similarly, R. L. Kharadze and A. I. Robakidze made a hypothesis that the ethnonym might be connected with term "alien"/"new settler" (but not as in ethnically different from the main mass of Ingush). According to linguist I. Yu. Desheriyev [ru], the ethnonym has no etymological explanation. A. I. Genko [ru] connected the name in the form of Veppiy with the Khazar king Uobos in the Georgian Chronicles. Thus elevating the name to the 10th century AD.

Exonyms

Historically the Fyappins were known by the exonym of Georgian origin Kists or Kistins and its other variants such as Nearby Kists or Nearby Kists. The terms later appeared later in Russian literature. Eventually the meaning of this ethnonym expanded and covered all Nakh peoples, despite originally being the ethnonym of Fyappins. The Kist ethnonym was replaced by the ethnonym "Metskhalins" in the 19th century and the Kistin society became known as the "Metskhalin society" respectively, after the chancellery of the society was transferred to Metskhal.

The Ossetians called the Fyappiy as Maqqal (Мæхъхъæл), thus subsequently calling the river Armkhi on which the society sat on, Maqqaldon (Мæхъхъæлдон). In the Russian terminology Armkhi river was also sometimes referred as Makaldon after the Ossetian name of it. The ethnonym Maqqal was also infrequently used to mark Fyappiy in some maps. A. N. Genko connects this ethnonym with the Kites, explaining that the Ossetians got this name from the name of the aul of Erzi and its inhabitants, the Erzians. Of the same opinion is V. B. Vinogradov [ru] who translates the ethnonym from Ossetian as "Kite people". German academic J. A. Güldenstädt reported that Circassians called the Armkhi river Makal, while J. Klaproth reported that the Circassians called Southern Ingush Makkal.

History

Early history

One of the mountainous Ingush subgroup (society) which inhabited the historical region of Fappi, all of the villages and settlements of the Fyappin society were descended from the inhabitants of a single mountainous fortified village (aul), Falkhan.

Historically the Fyappins were known by the exonym of Georgian origin Kists or Kistins and its other variants such as Nearby Kists or Nearby Kistins. The historical area where they lived, on the other hand, was called "Kistetia", as well as "Kistia" or "Kistinia". The first mention of Kists dates back to the 7th century, in the work Ashkharhatsuyts in the form Kusts, although in the context it was used to generally describe the Ingush people, not just the Fyappins.

Migration to Georgia and Aukh

Approximately during the 16–17th centuries, part of the Fyappins migrated to Georgia, Tusheti, due to a lack of land. Today the descendants of these Fyappins are known as Bats people.

A new wave of migration of Fyappins took place in the 17–18th centuries. This time, to the region of Aukh (modern day Dagestan). Today they're known as the Vyappiy and refer to Tyarsh as their ancestral aul as can be attested by their family teptar:

"Their fathers left the village of Tyarsh in the Vabo District on a high mountain near the Buruv fortress. Tyarsh is the name of their eldest father."

Contacts with Georgia

In 1733 fearing the expansion of Ottoman Turks, Kists (Fyappiy) wrote Vakhtang VI a letter requesting for alliance, in which 16 Fyappin representatives from different surnames signed the letter.

Contacts with Russia

In January 8 1811, foremen of 13 Kistin (Fyappiy) villages made act of oath for the Russian Empire. However it is worth saying that even after the oath of individual Ingush society or clans, the former Russian-Ingush relations remained the same. In fact, both sides took these type of oaths as a conclusion union treaties. P. P. Zubov [ru] even wrote in 1835, that the:

" obey superficially, in any case, they are ready to forget promises and oaths".

Caucasian War

During the Caucasian War, Fyappiy were also the subject of the Russian Expansion. So in July 1830, two Russian columns under the command of Major General Abkhazov set out on a punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia. The Russian troops went through the Darial and Assa Gorges. Especially the inhabitants of Eban put up a fierce resistance. As a result of this expedition, Fyappins were briefly subdued by Russian Empire, while their auls were devasted. For the first time, district courts were established and a civil system was introduced to mountainous Ingushetia.

In July 1832, due to the murder of pristav Konstantinov by the inhabitants of the aul of Guli, Russian troops (consisting also of Ossetian and Georgian highlanders) made another punitive expedition to mountainous Ingushetia, this time under the command of Baron Georg Rosen. As a result of the expedition, many Ingush auls were devasted, arable lands were spoiled and a large number of livestock was stolen.

After the general uprising of Chechnya on March of 1840, Chechens joined Caucasian Imamate. Relating to this incident, General Pavel Grabbe reported in March 30, 1840, that Kists are either in great agitation or they openly participate on the side of Caucasian Imamate:

"Whole Greater Chechnya was transferred to him, as well as the Michik and Ichkerin residents and many Aukhites; the Kachkalyks are kept in obedience only by the presence of our detachment. Some of the Karabulak and Ingush villages, all the Galgai and Kists are also in great agitation and are secretly or openly assisting the rebel."

Within the Russian Empire

After the conclusion of the Caucasian War, the Kist (Fyappiy) society, as part of Ingushetia, was part of the Ossetian-Military Okrug, Ingushskiy Okrug, Vladikavkazsky Okrug, Sunzhensky Otdel and Nazranovskiy Okrug.

Modern

During the Russian Civil War, the self-proclaimed state of Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus emerged in the Caucasus Region, whose finance minister was representative from the Fyappins, V.-G. I. Dzhabagiyev [ru]. He was also a prominent figure in Ingushetia, leading the Ingush National Council.

In 1944, the Ingush people (including Fyappins) were deported to Central Asia and were only allowed to return back in 1957, after Nikita Khrushchev reversed many of Josif Stalin's policies, including the mentioned deportation. Fyappin representatives like the writer and poet Issa Kodzoev were subject to repressions by the Soviet Regime after they wrote about repressions of Stalin. In 1989, he together with other Fyappin representatives like Sulambek Mamilov were part of the committee for revival of Ingush Autonomy within Russian SFSR of Soviet Union. Today, the representatives from Fyappin society live mostly all across Ingushetia.

Composition

Fyappin society consisted of following fortified villages (auls), tribal organisations (teips) and surnames (nyaqhash/vyarash):

Demographics

Aukh Fyappiy

Aukh Fyappiy, referred as the Vyappiy (Template:Lang-ce; Template:Lang-inh) is an Chechen and Ingush clan (teip) inhabiting Aukh, a region in modern day Dagestan. The cultural center of the Vyappiy was Erzi, located in Ingushetia. In the 17–18 centuries, they left Ingushetia and migrated to the Aukh. According to their teptar, they came from the mountainous aul of Tyarsh.

Notable people

• Akhmed Kotiyev [ru], an Ingush employee of the MIA, secretary of the Security Council of the Republic of Ingushetia, hero of the Russian Federation.
• Akhmed Kotiev, an Ingush boxer, Minister of Physical Culture and Sports of the Republic of Ingushetia.
• Amur Amerkhanov, an Ingush artist, director, singer.
• Bersnako Gazikov [inh], an Ingush historian, archivist.
• Dzhemaldin Yandiyev [ru], the first Ingush people's poet, member of the Union of Soviet Writers, chairman of the Union of Writers of the Checheno-Ingushetia.
• Issa Kodzoev, an Ingush writer, poet, teacher.
• Mikhail Gutseriev — high-profile Ingush businessman.
• Mukharbek Didigov, an Ingush politician, statesman, engineer.
• Nazyr Mankiev, an Ingush wrestler, 2008 Olympic gold medalist.
• Nurdin Kodzoyev [inh], Ingush historian, writer.
• Ruslan Mamilov, an Ingush artist, director, sculptor.
• Tamara Yandieva [ru], an Ingush artist, singer.
• Timur Matiyev, an Ingush historian, Ph.D., Head of the Department of History of the Ingush State University.
• Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiyev [ru], Ingush educator, social thinker, major political and public figure, agricultural economist, sociologist, publicist.
• Yunus-bek Yevkurov, politician, former Head of Ingushetia.
• Zaam Yandiyev [ru], Soviet military and political figure. Active participant in the First World War and the Russian Civil War on the side of the Reds, commander of the Ingush cavalry brigade.
• Zarifa Sautieva, Ingush activist.

Notes

1. Template:Lang-inh
    • Historically known by their exonym Kists (from the Georgian kist'ebi (ქისტები)) and its variants such as Kistins, Nearby Kists/Nearby Kistins.
    • During the 2nd half of the 1800s to the beginning of the 1900s, known by the name Metskhalins, while the society was known as Metskhalin society.
2. Fyappins, including under the names of Kists, Nearby Kists and Kistins, were mentioned as an Ingush society by vast majority of Imperial Russian, Soviet, and modern authors and sources.
3. Ghalghai endonym is the ethnic self-designation while Fyappiy is a territorial name.
4. One of the most early mentions of this toponym is found in the work Description of the Kingdom of Georgia of the Georgian eristavi, historian and geographer of the 18th century, Vakhushti Bagrationi. He localized it along the Gorge of the Armkhi river (historical "Kistinka"), that is in mountainous Ingushetia.
5. As N. G. Volkova [ru] notes it, "the resettlement of the Fappians to Tusheti is not chronologically determined." However if the comparison of A. N. Genko [ru] of the Batskiye grebeny mentioned in the Russian documents with the Bats people is correct, then Fyappins were already present in Tusheti in end of 16th century. Overall, N. G. Volkova also mentions different legends of Bats and Ingush peoples. The Bats legends date the migration of Fyappins to the times of Abbas the Great of the Safavid Empire. N. G. Volkova and L. I. Lavrov [ru] in a different work dates the time of the migration not earlier than 16th century.
6. The 13 villages: Arzi (Erzi), with 50 households, Tarsh – 29, Big Ulay (Upper Khuli) – 29, Small Ulay (Lower Khuli) – 20, Khorp (Kharp) – 18, Kashkuye (Koshke) – 15, Morosho (Morch) – 10, Gorokay (Garak) – 28, Mertskhlemi (Metskhal) – 10, Fitkhal (Falkhan) – 30, Bayn (Beyni) – 20, Lazukin (Lyazhgi) – 30, Aratay (Furtoug) – 29.
7. Interestingly, Georg Rosen explained the presence of the Ossetian and Georgian highlanders with his army as follows: "Similar to the highest permission to use the mountain dwellers alone against others to strengthen mutual their hatred, are with my detachment Ossetians living near Vladikavkaz, and militia from mountaineers living in the Military Georgian Road from Lars to Pasanaur, belonging to Georgia, under the name mountain peoples."
8. ^ Dzhabagiyevs are part of the Tochiyevs, a Fyappin surname, native to the mountainous aul of Metskhal.
9. ^ Kodzoyevs are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoyevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi [ru].
10. ^ Mamilovs are part of the Oartskhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Erzi.
11. The information in the table is based on several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859), "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864) and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869). The orthography of the teips and nyaqhash/vyarash was mainly based on the work "Onomasticon of Ingushetia", while the information regarding what auls they inhabit/inhabited is mainly based on the information of Zaurbek Malsagov [ru] and Shukri Dakhilgov. Gveleti is included based on the information of A. K. Vilyams and A. N. Genko [ru].
12. Including Bersanovs (Берсанаькъан), Mestoy (Местой) and Shovkhalovs (Шовхалнаькъан).
13. ^ It's good to mention the opinion of A. N. Genko [ru] regarding Khuli. He stated: "From a recently published archival document, we know that Gerchoch, on which, according to Shteder, the Weppins were located, was considered in 1904 to have belonged "from time immemorial" to the family of the Khulokhoyevs, the inhabitants of the villages Khuli, Khamkhin Society.³ How to explain this contradiction? Villages of the Upper and Lower Khuli, unlike most of the villages of the Khamkhin Society, are located in the basin of the upper reaches of the Armkhi, adjacent directly to the Metskhalin Society inhabited by the Weppins, and perhaps, at the end of the 18th century, belonged to the Metskhalins."
14. Although several archive documents such as: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859), "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864) and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869) indicate the aul as Fyappin, officially from 1870 upwards it's shown as part of the Khamkhin society.
15. For example: "List of populated locations of the Voeynno-Ossetinskiy Okrug" (1859), "List of residents of the Gorsky Uchastok of the Ingushskiy Okrug, with testimony against everyone who, how many have their own arable hay days of land" (1864) and "List of mountain villages of the Kuban and Terek Oblasts" (1869). Later on (1870 upwards) those auls are shown as part of the Khamkhin society, similarly Khuli is shown as part of the Khamkhins.
16. The Chulkhoy itself were indicated as Fyappin for example by Georg Rosen and Shukri Dakhilgov.
17. 952 men and 797 women.
18. 1001 men and 923 women.
19. 468 men and 412 women.
20. ^ Kotiyevs are a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous auls of Metskhal and Falkhan.
21. Amerkhanovs are part of the Matiyevs, a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Kharp.
22. Gelatkhoy are a Fyappin clan (teip) who originated from Oarshtkhoy, a Fyappin clan as well. Native to the mountainous aul of Gveleti.
23. ^ Yandiyevs are part of the Oartskhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Erzi.
24. Gutseriyevs are part of the Kodzoyevs, who in turn, are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoyevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi [ru].
25. Didigovs are part of the Gorokoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Khamishk [ru].
26. Mankiyevs are part of the Loshkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Lyazhgi [ru].
27. Kodzoyevs are part of the Chulkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Kodzoyevs are native to the mountainous aul of Kyazi [ru].
28. Matiyevs are a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Kharp.
29. Yevkurovs are part of the Oartskhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous aul of Olgeti.
30. Sautiyevs are part of the Torshkhoy, a Fyappin clan (teip). Native to the mountainous auls of Tyarsh, Beyni and Falkhan.

References

1. Волкова 1974, p. 159; Klaproth 1814a, p. 350; Броневскій 1823, p. 165; Обзор политического состояния Кавказа 1840 года 1840; Военно-статистическое обозрѣніе Россійской имперіи 1851, p. 137; Россиковъ 1885, p. 102; Волконскій 1886, p. 54; Потто 1889; Чудиновъ 1889, p. 82; Вертепов 1892, p. 75; Пантюхов 1901, p. 2; Ковалевскій 1914, p. 150; Милютин 1919, p. 277; Горепекин 2006, p. 14
2. Мартиросиан 1928, p. 12; Крупнов 1971, p. 37; Волкова 1973, p. 151, 160–161; Волкова 1974, p. 153; Тезисы докладов и сообщений 1989, p. 106
3. Bennigsen & Wimbush 1985, p. 185; Кузнецов 2004, p. 41; Павлова 2012, p. 34
4. Мальсагов 1963, p. 144.
5. Куркиев 2005, p. 413.
6. Барахоева, Кодзоев & Хайров 2016, p. 62.
7. ^ Генко 1930, p. 696.
8. ^ Труды Комиссіи по изслѣдованію современнаго положенія землепользованія и землевладѣнія въ Нагорной полосѣ Терской области 1908, p. 176.
9. Старчевскій 1891, p. 164.
10. Горепекин 2006, p. 16.
11. Робакидзе 1968, p. 37.
12. Дешериев 1963, p. 54.
13. Генко 1930, p. 705.
14. Klaproth 1814b, pp. 357–358: "An feinen oberen Gegenden ist der Misdfhegifche Distriet, ber vonben Georgiern Dsursdsuf’echi genannt wird, und unter benfelben legeihr eigentliches Khißtethi. In beiden liegen vom oben nach unten folgende Dörfer, deren Bewohner ſich ſelbſt Fapi oder Wapi nennen (...) "
15. Engelhardt 1815, p. 226.
16. Усларъ 1888, p. 6, Отд. 2-й.
17. Дирръ 1909, p. 10.
18. ^ Вильямс 1928, p. 101.
19. Робакидзе 1968, p. 17.
20. Далгат 1934, p. 4–5.
21. Вертепов 1892, p. 75.
22. Генко 1930, p. 707.
23. Karte von dem Kaukasischen Isthmus und von Armenien 1850.
24. Karte der Kaukasus-Länder und der angränzenden türkischen und persischen Provinzen Armenien, Kurdistan und Azerbeidjan 1854.
25. Генко 1930, pp. 707, 709.
26. Виноградов 1966, p. 160. sfn error: no target: CITEREFВиноградов1966 (help)
27. Гюльденштедт 2002, pp. 309, 406 (note 262).
28. Klaproth 1814a, p. 39.
29. Волкова 1974, p. 153.
30. Далгат 2008, p. 150.
31. Робакидзе 1968, p. 18; Волкова 1973, p. 137 (referring to Багратіони 1904, p. 151)
32. Крупнов 1971, pp. 25, 28, 29.
33. Волкова 1977, p. 84.
34. Волкова 1974, p. 153–154.
35. Волкова & Лавров 1968, p. 342.
36. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 222.
37. ^ Ибрагимов 2002, p. 464.
38. ^ Чеченская Республика и Чеченцы: история и современность 2006, p. 188.
39. Доклад о границах и территории Ингушетии 2021, p. 70.
40. Гамрекели 1968, p. 122–126, Письма старшин горных провинций Гудамакари, Мтиулети, Кистетии, Тагаури и Хеви к царю Вахтангу VI, с изъявлением своей верноподданности.
41. Доклад о границах и территории Ингушетии 2021, p. 82 (referring to РГВИА Ф. ВУА Д. 6184, Ч. 72, Л. 85; АКАК, Т. IV, Д. 1389, p. 904).
42. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 236.
43. Зубов 1835, p. 164.
44. ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 260.
45. Мартиросиан 1928, p. 48 referring to Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссіею 1881, p. 714
46. ^ Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 277.
47. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 260–261.
48. Кодзоев 2002.
49. Сборник документов и материалов 2014, pp. 484–485 (referring to Список населённых местностей "Военно-осетинского округа 1859 г." (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111)).
50. Сборник документов и материалов 2020, pp. 485–489 (referring to "Список населённых местностей Военно-осетинского округа 1859 г." (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111)).
51. ^ Сборникъ статистическихъ свѣдѣній о Кавказѣ 1869, p. 44.
52. Дубровин 1871, pp. 381, 412.
53. Терская область. Списокъ населенныхъ мѣстъ по свѣдѣніямъ 1874 года 1878, pp. 21–23 (PDF).
54. ^ Списокъ населенныхъ мѣстъ Терской области: По свѣдѣніям къ 1-му января 1883 года 1885, pp. 16–17.
55. ^ Статистическиія таблицы населенныхъ мѣстъ Терской области 1890, pp. 40, 42, 44.
56. ^ Списокъ населенныхъ мѣстъ Терской области: (По даннымъ къ 1-му іюля 1914 года) 1915, pp. 336–339.
57. Кашкаев 1960, p. 126.
58. История Дагестана 1968, p. 76.
59. Алмазов 2015.
60. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 
    8: "В.-Г. Э. Джабагиев — выдающийся общественно-политический и государственный деятель Кавказа, ученый-просветитель и талантливый публицист, видный деятель кавказской эмиграции. Значительный интерес для истории Ингушетии представ-ляет дореволюционная и эмигрантская публицистика В.-Г. Джабагиева."
    416: "Во главе Ингушского национального со-вета стал Васан-Гирей Джабагиев."
    421: "(...) Ингушского национального Совета, возглавлявшегося Васан-Гиреем Джабагиевым, являвшегося одновременно членом и Терско-Дагестанского правительства.".
61. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 543: "Любые попытки поднять публично данную тему заканчивались, как правило, плачевно для их инициаторов. Так, в 1963 г. репрессиям подверглись учитель родного языка Иса Кодзоев и студент историко-филологического факультета чечено-Ингушского педагогического института Али Хашагульгов, рискнувшие написать о сталинских репрессиях.".
62. Второй съезд ингушского народа 1990, p. 216.
63. ^ Дахкильгов 1991.
64. ^ Сборник документов и материалов 2020, pp. 486–487 (РГВИА. Ф. 13454. ОП. 15. Д. 202. Л. 101—111).
65. ^ Сборник документов и материалов 2020, pp. 596–604 (ЦГА РСО-А. Ф. 262. Оп. 1. Д. 77. Л. 76 об—92 об.).
66. Ономастикон Ингушетии 2021, pp. 16–33.
67. Мальсагов 1963, pp. 142–150.
68. Генко 1930, p. 697.
69. Списокъ населенныхъ мѣстъ Терской области: По свѣдѣніям къ 1-му января 1883 года 1885, p. 17.
70. Статистическиія таблицы населенныхъ мѣстъ Терской области 1890, p. 54.
71. Списокъ населенныхъ мѣстъ Терской области: (По даннымъ къ 1-му іюля 1914 года) 1915, p. 340.
72. Акты, собранные Кавказской археографической комиссіею 1881, p. 678: "Изъ четырехъ деревень Кистинцевъ, называющихся Челихойцами (...)".
73. Дахкильгов 1991, Ч.
74. Зубов 1835, p. 163.
75. Сборник документов и материалов 2020, p. 466 (Описание народов обитающих в Кавказских горах разных племен по правую и левую стороны Военно-грузинской дороги, принадлежащих к Владикавказскому округу и зависящих от управления Владикавказского коменданта).
76. Берже 1857, p. 270.
77. Берже 1992, p. 6.
78. Военный Сборникъ 1859, p. 153 (referring to Берже 1857, p. 270)
79. Натаев, С. А. К вопросу об этносоциальной структуре Чечни в XVIII-XIX вв.(по данным этнонимики и фольклора чеченцев) //Теория и практика общественного развития.
80. Зязиков 2004, p. 93.
81. Доклад о границах и территории Ингушетии 2021, p. 68.

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• Общенациональная Комиссия по рассмотрению вопросов, связанных с определением территории и границ Ингушетии (2021). Всемирный конгресс ингушского народа (ed.). Доклад о границах и территории Ингушетии (общие положения) [Report on the borders and territory of Ingushetia (general provisions)] (archival documents, maps, illustrations) (in Russian). Назрань. pp. 1–175.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Павлова, О. С. (2012). Ингушский этнос на современном этапе: черты социально-психологического портрета [The Ingush ethnos at the present stage: features of the socio-psychological portrait] (in Russian). Москва: Форум. pp. 1–384. ISBN 9785911346652. OCLC 798995782.
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• Робакидзе, А. И., ed. (1968). Кавказский этнографический сборник. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии [Caucasian ethnographic collection. Essays on the ethnography of Mountainous Ingushetia] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Тбилиси: Мецниереба. pp. 1–333.
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• Ingush societies
• Ingush people