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The names of societies mainly came from the names of the area of their localization, that is, they were based on the geographical principle.{{sfn|Горепекин|2006|page=23}}{{sfn|Долгиева|Картоев|Кодзоев|Матиев|2013|page=147}} Despite the fact that during this period the Ingush lived in relatively closed conditions of mountain gorges, which contributed to more demarcation in terms of territoriality than rallying around a single center, they retained the self-consciousness of a single ethnic group based on a common culture and a single language.{{sfn|Долгиева|Картоев|Кодзоев|Матиев|2013|page=151}} The names of societies mainly came from the names of the area of their localization, that is, they were based on the geographical principle.{{sfn|Горепекин|2006|page=23}}{{sfn|Долгиева|Картоев|Кодзоев|Матиев|2013|page=147}} Despite the fact that during this period the Ingush lived in relatively closed conditions of mountain gorges, which contributed to more demarcation in terms of territoriality than rallying around a single center, they retained the self-consciousness of a single ethnic group based on a common culture and a single language.{{sfn|Долгиева|Картоев|Кодзоев|Матиев|2013|page=151}}


Ingush societies in the literature are sometimes called ''shahars''{{CN|date=August 2023}} ({{lang-inh|шахьар|šæx́ær|lit=society, district|link=no}}{{sfn|Бекова|Дударов|Илиева|Мальсагова|2009|page=861}}) The term "shahar" meant in the ancient states of Western Asia the destinies into which they were administratively and territorially divided. Societies (shahars) of medieval Ingushetia were also territorial units.{{sfn|К ингушской терминологии|1999}}{{efn|For example, in ] of ], ], the provinces were known as ''šahr''.{{sfn|Widengren|1987}}}} Ingush societies in the literature are sometimes called ''shahars''{{sfn|Харадзе|Робакидзе|1968|page=88}} ({{lang-inh|шахьар|šæx́ær|lit=society, district|link=no}}{{sfn|Бекова|Дударов|Илиева|Мальсагова|2009|page=861}}{{sfn|Кодзоев|2021|page=467}}) The term "shahar" meant in the ancient states of Western Asia the destinies into which they were administratively and territorially divided. Societies (shahars) of medieval Ingushetia were also territorial units.{{sfn|К ингушской терминологии|1999}}{{efn|For example, in ] of ], ], the provinces were known as ''šahr''.{{sfn|Widengren|1987}}}}


== History == == History ==
Line 20: Line 20:
- ] - ]


- ]{{efn|«Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840»,<ref name="Obzor1"> ЦГВИА Ф. ВУА, Д.6164, Ч.93, лл. 1-23.{{Cquote|"V. Племя ингуш: 1) Назрановцы, 2) Галаши, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Галгаи, 5) Кистины или Кисты Ближние, 6) Джерахи, 7) Цори, 8) Дальние Кисты"}}</ref> Caucasian Territory // "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",<ref name="Obozrenie1">{{harvnb|Кавказский край // Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи|1851|page=137}}: {{Cquote|"Къ племени Ингушей, занимающих плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7) Галашевцы, 8) Дальніе Кисты…"}}</ref> Volkonsky,<ref name="Volkonsky">{{harvnb|Волконский|1886|page=54}}:{{Cquote|«Ингушевское племя состояло из следующих обществ: кистинского, джераховского, назрановского, карабулакского (впоследствии назвавшегося галашевским), галгаевского, цоринского, акинского и мереджинского; все эти общества вместе имели свыше тридцати тысяч душ.»}}</ref> Pantyukhov,{{sfn|Пантюхов|1901|page=2}} Kovalevsky,<ref name="Kovalevsky">{{harvnb|Ковалевский|1914|page=150}}: {{Cquote|"Ингуши длятся на пять обществъ: джираховцы, кистины, галгаевцы, назрановцы и галашевцы"}}</ref> Martirosian,{{CN|date=August 2023}} Krupnov,{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=37}} Volkova,{{sfn|Волкова|1974| page=153}} Zhdanov.{{CN|date=August 2023}}}} - ]{{efn|«Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840»,<ref name="Obzor1"> ЦГВИА Ф. ВУА, Д.6164, Ч.93, лл. 1-23.{{Cquote|"V. Племя ингуш: 1) Назрановцы, 2) Галаши, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Галгаи, 5) Кистины или Кисты Ближние, 6) Джерахи, 7) Цори, 8) Дальние Кисты"}}</ref> Caucasian Territory // "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",<ref name="Obozrenie1">{{harvnb|Кавказский край // Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи|1851|page=137}}: {{Cquote|"Къ племени Ингушей, занимающих плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7) Галашевцы, 8) Дальніе Кисты…"}}</ref> Volkonsky,<ref name="Volkonsky">{{harvnb|Волконский|1886|page=54}}:{{Cquote|«Ингушевское племя состояло из следующих обществ: кистинского, джераховского, назрановского, карабулакского (впоследствии назвавшегося галашевским), галгаевского, цоринского, акинского и мереджинского; все эти общества вместе имели свыше тридцати тысяч душ.»}}</ref> Pantyukhov,{{sfn|Пантюхов|1901|page=2}} Kovalevsky,<ref name="Kovalevsky">{{harvnb|Ковалевский|1914|page=150}}: {{Cquote|"Ингуши длятся на пять обществъ: джираховцы, кистины, галгаевцы, назрановцы и галашевцы"}}</ref> Martirosian,{{sfn|Мартиросиан|1928|page=12}} Krupnov,{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=37}} Volkova,{{sfn|Волкова|1974| page=153}} Zhdanov.{{sfn|Жданов|2005|page=71}}}}


- ] - ]
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- ] - ]


- ]{{efn|"Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",<ref name="Obzor1"/> "Caucasian Territory // Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",<ref name="Obozrenie1"/> Volkonsky,<ref name="Volkonsky"/> Pantyukhov,{{sfn|Пантюхов|1901|page=2}} Kovalevsky,<ref name="Kovalevsky"/> Martirosian,{{CN|date=August 2023}} Krupnov.{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=37}}}} - ]{{efn|"Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",<ref name="Obzor1"/> "Caucasian Territory // Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851",<ref name="Obozrenie1"/> Volkonsky,<ref name="Volkonsky"/> Pantyukhov,{{sfn|Пантюхов|1901|page=2}} Kovalevsky,<ref name="Kovalevsky"/> Martirosian,{{sfn|Мартиросиан|1928|page=12}} Krupnov.{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=37}}}}


- Akkin society{{efn|Bulletin of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiLVAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B&pg=PA102|last=|first=|year=1885|title=Извѣстія Кавказскаго отдѣла Императорскаго русскаго географическаго общества. Томъ IX. Часть I|location=|publisher=Отдѣл|language=ru|trans-title=|page=102|isbn=}}</ref> Volkonsky,<ref name="Volkonsky"/> Terskiy Sbornik,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PzUAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B&pg=RA1-PA100|author=Терскій областный статистическій комитет|year=1893|title=Терскій сборник. Выпускъ Третій. Книга Вторая|location=Владикавказъ|publisher=Типографія Терскаго Областнаго Правленія|language=ru|trans-title=|page=100|isbn=}}</ref> Martirosian,{{CN|date=August 2023}} Kusheva,{{sfn|Кушева|1963|page=69}} ],{{sfn|Hakluyt Society|1970|p=}} Krupnov.{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=37}}}} - Akkin society{{efn|Bulletin of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TiLVAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B&pg=PA102|last=|first=|year=1885|title=Извѣстія Кавказскаго отдѣла Императорскаго русскаго географическаго общества. Томъ IX. Часть I|location=|publisher=Отдѣл|language=ru|trans-title=|page=102|isbn=}}</ref> Volkonsky,<ref name="Volkonsky"/> Terskiy Sbornik,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-PzUAAAAMAAJ&q=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B&pg=RA1-PA100|author=Терскій областный статистическій комитет|year=1893|title=Терскій сборник. Выпускъ Третій. Книга Вторая|location=Владикавказъ|publisher=Типографія Терскаго Областнаго Правленія|language=ru|trans-title=|page=100|isbn=}}</ref> Martirosian,{{sfn|Мартиросиан|1928|page=12}} Kusheva,{{sfn|Кушева|1963|page=69}} ],{{sfn|Hakluyt Society|1970|p=}} Krupnov.{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=37}}}}


- Malkhin society{{efn|Malkhins as an Ingush society is indicated in the "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, published by the highest order at the 1st branch of the Department of the General Staff".<ref name="Obozrenie1"/> Malkhins in the literature of the 19th-20th centuries also were known under name "Distant Kists". Under this name, they are also indicated as an Ingush society: "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",<ref name="Obzor1"/> I. I. Pantyukhov,{{sfn|Пантюхов|1901|page=2}} G. K. Martirosian,{{CN|date=August 2023}} Kusheva,{{sfn|Кушева|1963|page=65}} E. I. Krupnov.{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=37}}}}{{sfn|Долгиева|Картоев|Кодзоев|Матиев|2013|pages=192–193}} - Malkhin society{{efn|Malkhins as an Ingush society is indicated in the "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, published by the highest order at the 1st branch of the Department of the General Staff".<ref name="Obozrenie1"/> Malkhins in the literature of the 19th-20th centuries also were known under name "Distant Kists". Under this name, they are also indicated as an Ingush society: "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840",<ref name="Obzor1"/> I. I. Pantyukhov,{{sfn|Пантюхов|1901|page=2}} G. K. Martirosian,{{sfn|Мартиросиан|1928|page=12}} Kusheva,{{sfn|Кушева|1963|page=65}} E. I. Krupnov.{{sfn|Крупнов|1971|page=37}}}}{{sfn|Долгиева|Картоев|Кодзоев|Матиев|2013|pages=192–193}}


==Notes== ==Notes==
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* {{Cite Ethnic composition of the population of the North Caucasus in the 18th - early 20th centuries}} * {{Cite Ethnic composition of the population of the North Caucasus in the 18th - early 20th centuries}}
* {{Cite book|last=Волконский|first=Н. А.|year=1886|editor-last=Чернявский|editor-first=И. С.|chapter-url={{Google books|c12CCoPLsegC|page=1|plainurl=yes}}|chapter=Война на Восточном Кавказе с 1824 по 1834 годы в связи с мюридизмом|trans-chapter=War in the Eastern Caucasus from 1824 to 1834 in connection with Muridism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c12CCoPLsegC |title=Кавказский сборник|trans-title=Caucasian collection|language=ru|volume=10|location=Тифлис |publisher=Тип. Окружного штаба Кавказского военного округа|pages=1–224}} * {{Cite book|last=Волконский|first=Н. А.|year=1886|editor-last=Чернявский|editor-first=И. С.|chapter-url={{Google books|c12CCoPLsegC|page=1|plainurl=yes}}|chapter=Война на Восточном Кавказе с 1824 по 1834 годы в связи с мюридизмом|trans-chapter=War in the Eastern Caucasus from 1824 to 1834 in connection with Muridism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c12CCoPLsegC |title=Кавказский сборник|trans-title=Caucasian collection|language=ru|volume=10|location=Тифлис |publisher=Тип. Окружного штаба Кавказского военного округа|pages=1–224}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Газиков|first1=Б.|last2=Тутаев|first2=А.|year=1997|title=Князь|trans-title=Knyaz<!--|work=Сердало-->|language=ru|location=Магас|publisher=Изд-во Сердало|issue=83, 85–89}} * {{Cite book|last1=Газиков|first1=Б.|last2=Тутаев|first2=А.|year=1997|title=Князь|trans-title=Knyaz|work=Сердало|language=ru|location=Магас|publisher=Изд-во Сердало|issue=83, 85–89}}
* {{Cite book|last=Горепекин|first=Ф. И.|year=2006|chapter=Краткие сведения о народе «ингуши»|trans-chapter=Brief information about the people "Ingush"|editor-last1=Албогачиева|editor-first1=М.С-Г.|editor-last2=Мартазанов|editor-first2=А. А.|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/trudy-f-i-gorepekina-sost-albogachieva-m-s-g-2006/|title=Труды Фомы Ивановича Горепекина|trans-title=Works of Foma Ivanovich Gorepekin|language=ru|location=СПб.|publisher=Ладога|pages=1–204|isbn=5-98635-011-1}} * {{Cite book|last=Горепекин|first=Ф. И.|year=2006|chapter=Краткие сведения о народе «ингуши»|trans-chapter=Brief information about the people "Ingush"|editor-last1=Албогачиева|editor-first1=М.С-Г.|editor-last2=Мартазанов|editor-first2=А. А.|url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/trudy-f-i-gorepekina-sost-albogachieva-m-s-g-2006/|title=Труды Фомы Ивановича Горепекина|trans-title=Works of Foma Ivanovich Gorepekin|language=ru|location=СПб.|publisher=Ладога|pages=1–204|isbn=5-98635-011-1}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Долгиева|first1=М. Б. |last2=Картоев|first2=М. М.|last3=Кодзоев|first3=Н. Д.|last4=Матиев|first4=Т. Х. |year=2013|editor-last=Кодзоев|editor-first=Н. Д. |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/istoriya-ingushetii-otv-red-kodzoev-n-d-2013/ |title=История Ингушетии|trans-title=History of Ingushetia|edition=4th|location=Ростов-на-Дону|publisher=Южный издательский дом |pages=1–600|isbn=978-5-98864-056-1}} * {{Cite book|last1=Долгиева|first1=М. Б. |last2=Картоев|first2=М. М.|last3=Кодзоев|first3=Н. Д.|last4=Матиев|first4=Т. Х. |year=2013|editor-last=Кодзоев|editor-first=Н. Д. |url=https://dzurdzuki.com/download/istoriya-ingushetii-otv-red-kodzoev-n-d-2013/ |title=История Ингушетии|trans-title=History of Ingushetia|edition=4th|location=Ростов-на-Дону|publisher=Южный издательский дом |pages=1–600|isbn=978-5-98864-056-1}}

Revision as of 15:24, 13 August 2023

Plains and mountain communities of the Ingush.

Ingush societies or shahars (Template:Lang-inh) were ethnoterritorial associations of the Ingush based on the geographical association of several villages and intended for conditional administrative-territorial delimitation of the Ingush ethnic group. The formation and functioning of most of them dates back to the late Middle Ages (16th – 19th centuries). During this period, their boundaries, number and names changed.

The names of societies mainly came from the names of the area of their localization, that is, they were based on the geographical principle. Despite the fact that during this period the Ingush lived in relatively closed conditions of mountain gorges, which contributed to more demarcation in terms of territoriality than rallying around a single center, they retained the self-consciousness of a single ethnic group based on a common culture and a single language.

Ingush societies in the literature are sometimes called shahars (Template:Lang-inh) The term "shahar" meant in the ancient states of Western Asia the destinies into which they were administratively and territorially divided. Societies (shahars) of medieval Ingushetia were also territorial units.

History

Map from the book "The assertion of Russian rule in the Caucasus" showing Ingush societies - Karabulaks, Galashians, Galgai etc.

The collapse of the Alanian state in the 13th century and the outflow of its population to the mountains, entrenched to the east and west of the Darial by building fortresses, served as the basis for the formation of new ethno-territorial communities. Villages located in the mountainous zone were grouped mainly along local gorges, which contributed to their ethnopolitical consolidation into separate territorial societies/regions (Template:Lang-inh). By the end of the 16th century, apparently, the main territorial societies of the Ingush had already formed. Based on the data of Russian sources of the 16th-17th centuries, naming several territorial communities of the Ingush, it is concluded that in Ingushetia and in the XV century. there were approximately the same number of territorial societies, each of which united several villages.

Over time, the number and boundaries of societies changed, this happened as a result of migration processes of the Ingush population, including those associated with the return of the Ingush to the plane (plain). They began quite early, soon after Timur left the North Caucasus. At a very early stage, they were in the nature of individual military-political actions undertaken by the Ingush on the flat lands in order to counteract the consolidation of alien nomadic peoples on them.

The change in the names and number of societies also occurred due to the transfer of rural governments from one village to another. So, for example, the Kist (Fyappin) society began to be called the Metskhal society, and the Ghalghaï society was divided into two - Tsorin and Khamkhin.

List of societies

- Small Ingush

- Dzherakh society

- Fyappiy society

- Khamkhin society

- Tsorin society

- Galashian society

- Nazranian society

- Orstkhoy society

- Akkin society

- Malkhin society

Notes

  1. For example, in Province of Sassanid Empire, Asoristan, the provinces were known as šahr.
  2. «Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840», Caucasian Territory // "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851", Volkonsky, Pantyukhov, Kovalevsky, Martirosian, Krupnov, Volkova, Zhdanov.
  3. "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840", "Caucasian Territory // Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, 1851", Volkonsky, Pantyukhov, Kovalevsky, Martirosian, Krupnov.
  4. Bulletin of the Caucasian Department of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, Volkonsky, Terskiy Sbornik, Martirosian, Kusheva, Hakluyt Society, Krupnov.
  5. Malkhins as an Ingush society is indicated in the "Military Statistical Review of the Russian Empire, published by the highest order at the 1st branch of the Department of the General Staff". Malkhins in the literature of the 19th-20th centuries also were known under name "Distant Kists". Under this name, they are also indicated as an Ingush society: "Overview of the political state of the Caucasus in 1840", I. I. Pantyukhov, G. K. Martirosian, Kusheva, E. I. Krupnov.

References

  1. Кодзоев 2002.
  2. Горепекин 2006, p. 23.
  3. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 147.
  4. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 151.
  5. Харадзе & Робакидзе 1968, p. 88. sfn error: no target: CITEREFХарадзеРобакидзе1968 (help)
  6. Бекова et al. 2009, p. 861.
  7. Кодзоев 2021, p. 467. sfn error: no target: CITEREFКодзоев2021 (help)
  8. К ингушской терминологии 1999.
  9. Widengren 1987.
  10. ^ Пиотровский & Нарочницкий 1988.
  11. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 146.
  12. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 142.
  13. Вертепов 1892, p. 75.
  14. ^ Обзор политического состояния Кавказа 1840 года ЦГВИА Ф. ВУА, Д.6164, Ч.93, лл. 1-23.

    "V. Племя ингуш: 1) Назрановцы, 2) Галаши, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Галгаи, 5) Кистины или Кисты Ближние, 6) Джерахи, 7) Цори, 8) Дальние Кисты"

  15. ^ Кавказский край // Военно-статистическое обозрение Российской империи 1851, p. 137:

    "Къ племени Ингушей, занимающих плоскость и котловины Кавказских горъ съ правой стороны Терека до верхних частей Аргуна и до теченія Фартанги, принадлежатъ: 1) Назрановцы с Комбулейскимъ обществомъ, 2) Джераховцы, 3) Карабулаки, 4) Цоринцы, 5) Ближніе Кистинцы с небольшимъ обществомъ Малхинцевъ вновь покорившимся, 6) Галгай, 7) Галашевцы, 8) Дальніе Кисты…"

  16. ^ Волконский 1886, p. 54:

    «Ингушевское племя состояло из следующих обществ: кистинского, джераховского, назрановского, карабулакского (впоследствии назвавшегося галашевским), галгаевского, цоринского, акинского и мереджинского; все эти общества вместе имели свыше тридцати тысяч душ.»

  17. ^ Пантюхов 1901, p. 2.
  18. ^ Ковалевский 1914, p. 150:

    "Ингуши длятся на пять обществъ: джираховцы, кистины, галгаевцы, назрановцы и галашевцы"

  19. ^ Мартиросиан 1928, p. 12. sfn error: no target: CITEREFМартиросиан1928 (help)
  20. ^ Крупнов 1971, p. 37.
  21. Волкова 1974, p. 153.
  22. Жданов 2005, p. 71. sfn error: no target: CITEREFЖданов2005 (help)
  23. Извѣстія Кавказскаго отдѣла Императорскаго русскаго географическаго общества. Томъ IX. Часть I (in Russian). Отдѣл. 1885. p. 102.
  24. Терскій областный статистическій комитет (1893). Терскій сборник. Выпускъ Третій. Книга Вторая (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Типографія Терскаго Областнаго Правленія. p. 100.
  25. Кушева 1963, p. 69.
  26. Hakluyt Society 1970, p. 23.
  27. Кушева 1963, p. 65.
  28. Долгиева et al. 2013, pp. 192–193.

Bibliography

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