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{{Short description|Historical place (village)}} {{Short description|Historical place (village)}}
'''Zaur'''{{efn|{{lang-inh|Заур-ков|Zaur-kov}};{{efn|See ] section to see other names}} {{lang-ru|Заур, Заурово|Zaur, Zaurovo}}{{indent}}{{*}}Sometimes mentioned as '''Zaurovo''', '''Zaurova''', '''Saur''', '''Saurowa''', '''Saukqua'''}} was a medieval ] village, which was located on the right bank of the ] and in the ]. According to most sources on its territory the fortress ] was founded in 1784,{{efn|{{harvnb|Бутков|1869|page=}}; {{harvnb|Терскія вѣдомости|1911a}}; {{harvnb|Ракович|1911|page=3}}; {{harvnb|Кавказский горец|1924|page=}}; {{harvnb|Ильин|1928|p=6}}; {{harvnb|Крупнов|1971|page=166}}; {{harvnb|Некрич|1978|p=125}}; {{harvnb|Ахмадов|2001|p=370}}; {{harvnb|Гюльденштедт|2002|page=388|loc=note 17}}}} while according to other sources Vladikavkaz was built near Zaur.{{efn|{{harvnb|Бутков|1869|page=}}; {{harvnb|Сборникъ свѣдѣній о Терской области|1878|p=}}; {{harvnb|Терскій календарь|1895|page=14}}; {{harvnb|Раисов|1897|loc=}}; {{harvnb|Терскія вѣдомости|1911b}}; {{harvnb|Кавказъ|1912}}; {{harvnb|Поспелов|2008|page=141}}}} '''Zaur'''{{efn|{{lang-inh|Заур-ков|Zaur-kov}};{{efn|See ] section to see other names}} {{lang-ru|Заур, Заурово|Zaur, Zaurovo}}{{indent}}{{*}}Sometimes mentioned as '''Zaurovo''', '''Zaurova''', '''Saur''', '''Saurowa''', '''Saukqua'''}} was a medieval ] village, which was located on the right bank of the ] and in the ]. According to most sources on its territory the fortress ] was founded in 1784,{{efn|{{harvnb|Бутков|1869|page=}}; {{harvnb|Терскія вѣдомости|1911a}}; {{harvnb|Ракович|1911|page=3}}; {{harvnb|Кавказский горец|1924|page=}}; {{harvnb|Ильин|1928|p=6}}; {{harvnb|Крупнов|1971|page=166}}; {{harvnb|Некрич|1978|p=125}}; {{harvnb|Ахмадов|2001|p=370}}; {{harvnb|Гюльденштедт|2002|page=388|loc=note 17}}}} while according to other sources Vladikavkaz was built near Zaur.{{efn|{{harvnb|Бутков|1869|page=}}; {{harvnb|Сборникъ свѣдѣній о Терской области|1878|p=}}; {{harvnb|Терскій календарь|1895|page=14}}; {{harvnb|Раисов|1897|loc=}}; {{harvnb|Терскія вѣдомости|1911b}}; {{harvnb|Кавказъ|1912}}; {{harvnb|Карпов|1990}}; {{harvnb|Поспелов|2008|page=141}}}}


== Etymology == == Etymology ==

Revision as of 10:05, 23 August 2023

Historical place (village)

Zaur was a medieval Ingush village, which was located on the right bank of the Terek and in the Tarskoy Valley. According to most sources on its territory the fortress Vladikavkaz was founded in 1784, while according to other sources Vladikavkaz was built near Zaur.

Etymology

Zaur-kov translates from the Ingush as "the yard/settlement of Zaur". Russian historian Pyotr Butkov [ru] described the Ingush village as a settlement that occupied a terrain from which the surroundings to distant space were visible. The village laid on the path leading across the Caucasus from north to south, and according to Butkov, was called by the Armenians Zura, by the Byzantines Tzur, and by Arab writers Suariag and Saul.

History

The Ingush village Zaurovo and the fortress Vladikavkaz on Johann Vogt's map (1784).
Kisty-Ingoschofski (Ingush) on Jacob von Staehlin [de]'s map in 1771, over a decade prior to the establishment of the fortress Vladikavkaz on the right bank of the Terek river.
Деревни Унгушевскïе (Ingush villages) on Trescot's map in 1783, the year before Vladikavkaz was founded.
Burnashev [ru]'s map (1784) illustrates the Ingush village Zaur (Заур) just below the newly built fortress Vladikavkaz.

Foundation

Reportedly the village was built by Zaur, a representative from either the Malsagov branch of the Thargimkhoy clan (teip) or the Dolgiyev branch of the Thumkhoy clan. The village was founded in the period of 30-60s of the 18th century and the exact date of foundation isn't known. Though, according to some authors like the Russian historian Pëtr Butkov [ru], the village was ancient and was known by Armenians as Zura, by the Byzantines as Tzur, and by Arab writers as Suariag and Saul.

Overall, the village was indicated by many travelers and researchers like Johann Anton Güldenstädt (1770s), Shteder (1781), Julius Klaproth (1807–1808). In 1780, the "inventory" (опись) of the Kishtinskiy uezd included Zaur (mentioned in the document as Zaugova) which at the time had 30 households. The Historian of Caucasus, Semyon Bronevsky [ru] in 1823 stated:

"By the names of their principal villages, Russians call them Zaurovtsy and Dzheirakhi, and in general Kistins, separately from the name Ingushi; but by the same Ingush mountain people, they are all called Galgai."

Notes

  1. See Etymology section to see other names
  2. Template:Lang-inh; Template:Lang-ru
     • Sometimes mentioned as Zaurovo, Zaurova, Saur, Saurowa, Saukqua
  3. Бутков 1869, p. 131; Терскія вѣдомости 1911a; Ракович 1911, p. 3; Кавказский горец 1924, p. 49; Ильин 1928, p. 6; Крупнов 1971, p. 166; Некрич 1978, p. 125; Ахмадов 2001, p. 370; Гюльденштедт 2002, p. 388, note 17
  4. Бутков 1869, p. 165; Сборникъ свѣдѣній о Терской области 1878, p. 59; Терскій календарь 1895, p. 14; Раисов 1897, Владикавказъ; Терскія вѣдомости 1911b; Кавказъ 1912; Карпов 1990 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFКарпов1990 (help); Поспелов 2008, p. 141
  5. Второй съезд ингушского народа 1990, p. 17 gives a different variant of the word Zaur-kov: Zaur-kou

References

  1. Второй съезд ингушского народа 1990, p. 17.
  2. ^ Бутков 1837, p. 8.
  3. Крупнов 1971, p. 166.
  4. Волкова 1974, p. 161.
  5. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 202.
  6. Гюльденштедт 2002, pp. 45, 204, 221: "Нижний Чим, по имеющимся измерениям полковника фон Ливена, находится от Моздока на юг через Кургокин кабак 31 верста 320 саженей) и Заур-кабак 51 верста 220 саженей (...) то мы еще сегодня поехали обратно к селу Заур, которого мы достигли через 1½ часа. (...) Низкие осетинские горы перед селами Заур, Барукма, Флумирсина и Кубатер".
  7. Штедер 2010, p. 171: "Наконец я оставил ингушей, пошел по Кумбелею на запад под горами трех рек, текущих в узких берегах, и через 7 верст пришел в деревню Зауров. Она лежит на более высоком правом берегу Терека, в 2 верстах под предгорьями. Старшина Гетта, родственник моего хозяина Сайку, считается здесь самым знатным; он принял меня наилучшим образом. У него только одна башня и дом из камня, другие постройки деревянные, а двор обнесен забором.".
  8. Klaproth 1814, pp. 656-657: "On the 24th of December we continued our route along the right bank of the Terek. We left Vladikavkaz with a far smaller escort than had attended us thither, being accompanied by no more than 30 Cossacks and 12 Jägers. After proceeding four versts we had the Ingush village of Saukqua, now called by the Russians Ssaurowa, on our left. It is seated on the steep bank of the Terek, about two versts from the first range of the Caucasus. No part of this village is to be seen from the valley, except a lofty conical tower built of very white calcareous stone. I rode up the hill to it, in order to examine it more closely. It had no door at the bottom, but a large oblong aperture at the height of about 12 feet, to which it was impossible to ascend without a ladder.".
  9. Сборник документов 1984, p. 392.
  10. Броневскій 1823, p. 160.

Bibliography

English sources

Russian sources

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