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{{Short description|Historical place (village)}} | {{Short description|Historical place (village)}} | ||
'''Zaur'''{{efn|{{lang-inh|Заур-ков|Zaur-kov}};{{efn|See ] section to see other names}} {{lang-ru|Заур, Заурово|Zaur, Zaurovo}}{{indent}}{{*}}Sometimes mentioned as '''Zaurovo''', '''Zaurova''', '''Saur''', '''Saurowa''', '''Saukqua'''}} was a medieval ] village, which was located on the right bank of the ] and in the ]. According to most sources on its territory the fortress ] was founded in 1784,{{efn|{{harvnb|Бутков|1869|page=}}; {{harvnb|Терскія вѣдомости|1911a}}; {{harvnb|Ракович|1911|page=3}}; {{harvnb|Кавказский горец|1924|page=}}; {{harvnb|Ильин|1928|p=6}}; {{harvnb|Крупнов|1971|page=166}}; {{harvnb|Некрич|1978|p=125}}; {{harvnb|Ахмадов|2001|p=370}}; {{harvnb|Гюльденштедт|2002|page=388|loc=note 17}}}} while according to other sources Vladikavkaz was built near Zaur.{{efn|{{harvnb|Бутков|1869|page=}}; {{harvnb|Сборникъ свѣдѣній о Терской области|1878|p=}}; {{harvnb|Терскій календарь|1895|page=14}}; {{harvnb|Раисов|1897|loc=}}; {{harvnb|Терскія вѣдомости|1911b}}; {{harvnb|Кавказъ|1912}}; {{harvnb|Поспелов|2008|page=141}}}} | '''Zaur'''{{efn|{{lang-inh|Заур-ков|Zaur-kov}};{{efn|See ] section to see other names}} {{lang-ru|Заур, Заурово|Zaur, Zaurovo}}{{indent}}{{*}}Sometimes mentioned as '''Zaurovo''', '''Zaurova''', '''Saur''', '''Saurowa''', '''Saukqua'''}} was a medieval ] village, which was located on the right bank of the ] and in the ]. According to most sources on its territory the fortress ] was founded in 1784,{{efn|{{harvnb|Бутков|1869|page=}}; {{harvnb|Терскія вѣдомости|1911a}}; {{harvnb|Ракович|1911|page=3}}; {{harvnb|Кавказский горец|1924|page=}}; {{harvnb|Ильин|1928|p=6}}; {{harvnb|Крупнов|1971|page=166}}; {{harvnb|Некрич|1978|p=125}}; {{harvnb|Ахмадов|2001|p=370}}; {{harvnb|Гюльденштедт|2002|page=388|loc=note 17}}}} while according to other sources Vladikavkaz was built near Zaur.{{efn|{{harvnb|Бутков|1869|page=}}; {{harvnb|Сборникъ свѣдѣній о Терской области|1878|p=}}; {{harvnb|Терскій календарь|1895|page=14}}; {{harvnb|Раисов|1897|loc=}}; {{harvnb|Терскія вѣдомости|1911b}}; {{harvnb|Кавказъ|1912}}; {{harvnb|Карпов|1990}}; {{harvnb|Поспелов|2008|page=141}}}} | ||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == |
Revision as of 10:05, 23 August 2023
Historical place (village)Zaur was a medieval Ingush village, which was located on the right bank of the Terek and in the Tarskoy Valley. According to most sources on its territory the fortress Vladikavkaz was founded in 1784, while according to other sources Vladikavkaz was built near Zaur.
Etymology
Zaur-kov translates from the Ingush as "the yard/settlement of Zaur". Russian historian Pyotr Butkov [ru] described the Ingush village as a settlement that occupied a terrain from which the surroundings to distant space were visible. The village laid on the path leading across the Caucasus from north to south, and according to Butkov, was called by the Armenians Zura, by the Byzantines Tzur, and by Arab writers Suariag and Saul.
History
Foundation
Reportedly the village was built by Zaur, a representative from either the Malsagov branch of the Thargimkhoy clan (teip) or the Dolgiyev branch of the Thumkhoy clan. The village was founded in the period of 30-60s of the 18th century and the exact date of foundation isn't known. Though, according to some authors like the Russian historian Pëtr Butkov [ru], the village was ancient and was known by Armenians as Zura, by the Byzantines as Tzur, and by Arab writers as Suariag and Saul.
Overall, the village was indicated by many travelers and researchers like Johann Anton Güldenstädt (1770s), Shteder (1781), Julius Klaproth (1807–1808). In 1780, the "inventory" (опись) of the Kishtinskiy uezd included Zaur (mentioned in the document as Zaugova) which at the time had 30 households. The Historian of Caucasus, Semyon Bronevsky [ru] in 1823 stated:
"By the names of their principal villages, Russians call them Zaurovtsy and Dzheirakhi, and in general Kistins, separately from the name Ingushi; but by the same Ingush mountain people, they are all called Galgai."
Notes
- See Etymology section to see other names
- Template:Lang-inh; Template:Lang-ru
• Sometimes mentioned as Zaurovo, Zaurova, Saur, Saurowa, Saukqua - Бутков 1869, p. 131; Терскія вѣдомости 1911a; Ракович 1911, p. 3; Кавказский горец 1924, p. 49; Ильин 1928, p. 6; Крупнов 1971, p. 166; Некрич 1978, p. 125; Ахмадов 2001, p. 370; Гюльденштедт 2002, p. 388, note 17
- Бутков 1869, p. 165; Сборникъ свѣдѣній о Терской области 1878, p. 59; Терскій календарь 1895, p. 14; Раисов 1897, Владикавказъ; Терскія вѣдомости 1911b; Кавказъ 1912; Карпов 1990 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFКарпов1990 (help); Поспелов 2008, p. 141
- Второй съезд ингушского народа 1990, p. 17 gives a different variant of the word Zaur-kov: Zaur-kou
References
- Второй съезд ингушского народа 1990, p. 17.
- ^ Бутков 1837, p. 8.
- Крупнов 1971, p. 166.
- Волкова 1974, p. 161.
- Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 202.
- Гюльденштедт 2002, pp. 45, 204, 221: "Нижний Чим, по имеющимся измерениям полковника фон Ливена, находится от Моздока на юг через Кургокин кабак 31 верста 320 саженей) и Заур-кабак 51 верста 220 саженей (...) то мы еще сегодня поехали обратно к селу Заур, которого мы достигли через 1½ часа. (...) Низкие осетинские горы перед селами Заур, Барукма, Флумирсина и Кубатер".
- Штедер 2010, p. 171: "Наконец я оставил ингушей, пошел по Кумбелею на запад под горами трех рек, текущих в узких берегах, и через 7 верст пришел в деревню Зауров. Она лежит на более высоком правом берегу Терека, в 2 верстах под предгорьями. Старшина Гетта, родственник моего хозяина Сайку, считается здесь самым знатным; он принял меня наилучшим образом. У него только одна башня и дом из камня, другие постройки деревянные, а двор обнесен забором.".
- Klaproth 1814, pp. 656-657: "On the 24th of December we continued our route along the right bank of the Terek. We left Vladikavkaz with a far smaller escort than had attended us thither, being accompanied by no more than 30 Cossacks and 12 Jägers. After proceeding four versts we had the Ingush village of Saukqua, now called by the Russians Ssaurowa, on our left. It is seated on the steep bank of the Terek, about two versts from the first range of the Caucasus. No part of this village is to be seen from the valley, except a lofty conical tower built of very white calcareous stone. I rode up the hill to it, in order to examine it more closely. It had no door at the bottom, but a large oblong aperture at the height of about 12 feet, to which it was impossible to ascend without a ladder.".
- Сборник документов 1984, p. 392.
- Броневскій 1823, p. 160.
Bibliography
English sources
Russian sources
- Ахмадов, Я. З. (2001). История Чечни с древнейших времен до конца XVIII века: пособие для изучающих историю родного края [The history of Chechnya from ancient times to the end of the 18th century: a guide for students of the history of their native land] (in Russian). М.: Мир дому твоему. pp. 1–424. ISBN 9785875530333.
- "Будет-ли обойденъ Владикавказъ?" [Will Vladikavkaz be bypassed?]. Кавказъ (in Russian). No. 137. Тифлисъ. 16 June 1912.
- Благовѣщенскій, Н., ed. (1878). "Сборникъ свѣдѣній о Терской области: Вып. 1" [Collection of information about the Terek region] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Тип. Терскаго Областнаго Правленія: 1–381, I–V.
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(help) - Блиев, М. М. (1984). Русско-осетинские отношения в XVIII веке: сборник документов [Russian-Ossetian relations in the 18th century: collection of documents] (in Russian). Vol. 2: 1764–1784 гг. Орджоникидзе: Ир. pp. 1–456.
- Броневскій, С. М. (1823). "Кисты (глава третья)" [Kists (chapter three)]. Новѣйшія географическія и историческія извѣстія о Кавказѣ (часть вторая) [The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus (part two)] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: Типографія С. Селивановскаго. pp. 151–186.
- Бутков, П. Г. (1837). "Мнѣніе о книгѣ: Славянскія древности" [Opinion about the book: Slavic antiquities]. Три древніе договора руссовъ съ норвежцами и шведами [Three ancient treaties of the Russians with the Norwegians and the Swedes] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Типографія Министерства внутреннихъ дѣлъ. pp. 1–66 (311–378 as PDF).
- Бутков, П. Г. (1869). Матеріалы для новой истории, съ 1722 по 1803 годъ [Materials for the new history of the Caucasus, from 1722 to 1803] (in Russian). Vol. 2. СПб.: Типографія Императорской Академіи Наукъ. pp. 1–602.
- Волкова, Н. Г. (1974). Гарданов, В. К. (ed.). Этнический состав населения Северного Кавказа в XVIII — начале XX века [Ethnic composition of the population of the North Caucasus in the 18th - early 20th centuries] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–276.
- Гюльденштедт, И. А. (2002). Карпов, Ю. Ю. (ed.). Путешествие по Кавказу в 1770–1773 гг. [Journey through the Caucasus in 1770–1773.] (in Russian). Translated by Шафроновской, Т. К. Санкт-Петербург: Петербургское Востоковедение. pp. 1–508. ISBN 5-85803-213-3.
- Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4nd ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. pp. 1–600. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
- Ильин, Л. (1928). Пожидаева, В. П. (ed.). Военно-Грузинская, Военно-осетинская дороги, Ингушетия, Северная Осетия: Путеводитель-Справочник [Military-Georgian, Military-Ossetian roads, Ingushetia, North Ossetia: Guide-Handbook] (in Russian). Владикавказ: Типо-Фото-Цинкография из-ва „Раетдзинад“. pp. 1–93.
- Klaproth, Heinrich Julius (1814). Travels in the Caucasus and Georgia: Performed in the Years 1807 and 1808, by Command of the Russian Government. Translated by Shoberl, Frederic. London: Henry Colburn. pp. 1–421.
- Костоев, Б. У.; Плиев, М.-Р. А. (1990). Костоев, А. У. (ed.). Второй съезд ингушского народа [Second Congress of the Ingush people] (in Russian). Грозный: «Книга». pp. 1–235. ISBN 5-7666-0396-7.
- Крупнов, Е. И. (1971). Средневековая Ингушетия [Medieval Ingushetia] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–211.
- Некрич, А. М. (1978). Наказанные народы [Punished peoples] (in Russian). Нью-Йорк: Хроника. pp. 1–170.
- Поспелов, Е. М. (2008). Географические названия России. Топонимический словарь [Geographical names of Russia. Toponymic Dictionary] (in Russian). Москва: АСТ, Астрель. pp. 1–523. ISBN 978-5-17-054966-5.
- Раисов, И. (1897). Новѣйшій иллюстрированный путеводитель по Крыму и Кавказу на 1897/8 г. [The latest illustrated guide to the Crimea and the Caucasus for 1897/8] (in Russian) (Р. Рашковекой и А. Евгеньева ed.). Одесса: Типографія Исаковичъ и Бейленсонъ.
- Ракович, Д. В. (1911). Прошлое Владикавказа. Краткая историческая справка ко дню пятидесятилетнего юбилея города. 1861 г. [The past of Vladikavkaz. Brief historical background to the fiftieth anniversary of the city. 1861] (in Russian) (3rd ed.). Владикавказ: Электропеч. Р. Сегаль и С-вья. pp. 1–28.
- Союз горцев Кавказа в ЧСР (1924). "Кавказский горец" [Caucasian highlander] (in Russian) (1). Прага: Издание Союза горцев Кавказа в ЧСР: 3–79.
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(help) - Терскій областной статистическій комитет (1895). Вертепов, Г. А. (ed.). Терскій календарь. Вып. 5 [Tersky Calendar] (in Russian). Владикавказъ: Типографія Терскаго областнаго правленія. pp. 1–426.
- "Владикавказъ" [Vladikavkaz]. Терскія вѣдомости (in Russian). No. 71. Владикавказъ. 31 March 1911.
- "Торжество празднованія 50-летия основанія г. Владикавказа" [The celebration of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the city of Vladikavkaz]. Терскія вѣдомости (in Russian). No. 75. Владикавказъ. 5 April 1911.
- Штедер (2010) . "Дневник путешествия в 1781 году от пограничной крепости Моздок во внутренние области Кавказа" [Diary of a journey in 1781 from the border fortress of Mozdok to the interior regions of the Caucasus]. Кавказ: Европейские дневники XIII—XVIII веков [Caucasus: European Diaries of the 13th-18th Centuries] (in Russian). Translated by Аталиков, В. Нальчик: Изд-во М. и В. Котляровых. pp. 155–171.