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Ghalghai (Template:Lang-inh, Template:IPA-cau) is the self-name (endonym) of the Ingush, a Caucasian people, that is most often associated with the word "ghalā" (гIала) – meaning "tower" or "fortress" and the plural form of the suffix of person – "gha" (гIа), thus, translated as "people/inhabitants of towers", though according to some researchers the ethnonym has a more ancient origin.

The ethnonym is associated by some scholars with the ancient Gargareans and Gelae mentioned in the classical sources. In Georgian sources, the ethnonym is mentioned in the form of Gligvi as a ethnonym during the reign of Mirian I, as well as the ruler of Kakheti Kvirike III. In Russian sources, "Ghalghai" first becomes known in the second half of the 16th century, in the form of "Kalkans/Kolkans", "Kalkan people".

Morphology

The Chechen linguist, dr. of philological sciences Katy Chokaev [ru], analyzed the internal structure of the ethnonym. According to the linguist:

"In both the Chechen and Ingush languages, the ethnonym is divided into two parts: ghal+gha in the singular form and ghal+ghai in the plural form. The initial sound (gh) is an aspirated, back-lingual consonant, reminiscent of the Ukrainian fricative (g)¹. The same sound is present in the second syllable. The first syllable is stressed with a short middle . The second is long. The sonorant non-syllabic in the outcome of the plural form is a plural formant."

Orthography

The ethnonym is spelled and written in Ingush in it's plural form as Ghalghai (written "ГӀалгӀай" if Cyrillic writing system used and "Ghalghaj" if the Latin writing system used), written in it's singular form as Ghalgha (written "ГӀалгӀа" in Cyrillic and "Ghalghaj" in Latin); in declension by cases:

Etymology

There's no consensus among scholars on the etymology of the ethnonym. It's most often associated with the word "ghalā" (гIала), meaning "tower" or "fortress" and the plural form of the suffix of person, "gha" (гIа), thus, translated as "people/inhabitants of towers", though according to some researchers the ethnonym has a more ancient origin.

History

Mention in classical sources

The ancient Gargareans and Gelae mentioned in the 1st century in the work of the ancient historian and geographer Strabo, Geographica, are associated by some scholars with the ethnonym Ghalghai. and Gelae

Gligvi

In Georgian sources, in the form of Gligvi, it is mentioned as an ethnonym that existed during the reign of Mirian I, as well as the ruler of Kakheti Kvirike III.

Kalkans

In the Russian sources of 16th–17th centuries, "Ghalghai" was known in the form of "Kalkans/Kolkans", "Kalkan people". Ethnonym "Kalkan" was first mentioned in the article list of Semyon Zvenigorodskiy [ru] and Diyak Torkh in 1589–1590. They were sent by Alexis of Russia to Georgia, when it so happened on their way back they were ambushed and attacked by the Kalkans. Later on, Kalkans become reported in many Russian sources of the 16th century, one of which

Toponymy

• Ghalghai Mokhk (Гӏалгӏай Мохк) or Ghalghaiche (ГӀалгӏайче) — official native name of the Republic of Ingushetia.
• Ghalghai Niqh (ГIалгIай Никъ) — native name for the Darial Pass, also known as the Ghalghai Military Road or Georgian Military Road; also, the name of the medieval trade and transportation route that passed through the territory of mountainous Ingushetia (including Galanchozh).
• Ghalghai Koashke (ГIалгIай Коашке) — ancient outposts (stone towers), located in the Terek Gorge, Tarskoye Valley and the Assa Gorge. The outposts in the Assa Gorge of Ingushetia are also known as the Ghalghai Na'arge or Durdzuk Gates.
• Ghalghai Ārē (ГIалгIай Аре), Ingush lowland, located between Shaami-Yurt and Valerik in modern day Achkhoy-Martan.
• Ghalghai-Yurt (ГIалгIай-Юрт), a village that was located near modern day Valerik; also, the original name of modern day Kamvileevskoye [ru] in the Prigorodny District.
• Ghalghai-Ch'ozh (ГIалгIай-ЧIож), a mountain corridor connecting Tsey-Loam to the Targim Basin. In some sources, also refers to the Assa Gorge.
• Ghalghai River (Georgian: ღლიღვის-წყალი, romanized: ghlighvis-ts'q'ali), medieval Georgian hydronym for the Assa River.

See also

• Gligvi
• Kalkans

References

1. Chokaev 1992, p. 31.
2. ^ Kurkiev 2005, p. 117. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKurkiev2005 (help)
3. Genko 1930, p. 701. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGenko1930 (help)
4. Genko 1930, p. 703. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGenko1930 (help)
5. Куркиев 1979, p. 181.
6. ^ Крупнов 1971, p. 26.
7. Латышев 1947, pp. 222, 281.
8. Anchabadze 2001, p. 33.
9. Mayor 2016, p. 361.
10. ჯავახიშვილი 1937, p. 97: “In ancient times, Greek and Roman geographers called the native inhabitants of the middle and eastern parts of the North Caucasus «Geli» and «Legi». The name Geli (Gelae) is the equivalent of the modern «Ghalgha», as pronounced in their own language and in the Tushin language; and the equivalent of Legi is the Georgian «Lekebi» (Leks, Avars). In Georgian, the first corresponds to «Ghilghvi» (singular) and «Ghilghvelebi» (plural), which are often found in old Tushin folk poems. And in other regions of Georgia, it is customary to designate them as «Ghlighvi».”.
11. Чикобава 2010, p. 31: “The terms «Sindian», «Gligvian», «Legian», «Albanian» correspond to the names of peoples mentioned in historical Greek sources: Sindi — are one of the Adyghe peoples; Γιλγ- — the old Georgian name of for Nakh peoples, in particular the Ingush, Γαλγα- — the self-name of the Ingush people is close to Ancient Greek 𝐠𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐢, and 𝐥𝐞𝐠 is close to Ancient Greek 𝐥𝐞́𝐠𝐨𝐢 (cf. Georgian «leḳ-i» — the collective name of the peoples of Dagestan)”.
12. Бердзенешвили et al. 1962, p. 25.
13. Джанашвили 1897, p. 31.
14. Волкова 1973, p. 158.
15. Волкова 1973, pp. 154, 200.
16. Волкова 1973, p. 154.
17. Сулейманов 1978, p. 8.
18. Яндаров А.Д. (1975). "Чах Ахриев. Жизнь и творчество (к 125-летию со дня рождения)". Вопросы философии. № 4 (in Russian). pp. 138–141.
19. "Magas: The Silk Roads". UNESCO.
20. Сулейманов 1978, p. 67.
21. Д.Д. Мальсагов (1959). "О некоторых непонятных местах в «Слове о полку Игореве»". Известия Чечено-Ингушского научно-исследовательского института истории, языка и литературы. Т.1. № 2 (in Russian). Грозный. p. 152.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
22. Проект «Открытый Кавказ». "Карта" (in Russian).
23. Генко 1930, p. 712.
24. Сулейманов 1980, p. 47.
25. Сулейманов 1980, p. 51.
26. "Военно-топографическая пятиверстная карта Кавказского края 1926 года" [Military topographic map of Caucasus region, 1926].
27. Цагаева 1971, p. 132.
28. Робакидзе 1968, p. 161.
29. Проект «Открытый Кавказ». "Карта" (in Russian).
30. Яковлев 1925, pp. 102–103.
31. Джанашвили 1897, p. 79.

Bibliography

English sources

• Anchabadze, George (2001). Vainakhs (The Chechen and Ingush). Tbilisi: Caucasian House. pp. 1–76.
• Mayor, Adrienne (2016). The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 1–544. ISBN 978-0691170275.

German sources

• Pallas, Peter Simon (1811). Second voyage de Pallas, ou, Voyages entrepris dans les gouvernemens méridionaux de l'empire de Russie pendant les années 1793 et 1794 [Second Journey of Pallas, or, Journeys undertaken in governments of the Russian Empire during the years 1793 and 1794] (in French). Vol. 2. Paris: chez Guillaume. pp. 1–387.
• Klaproth, Heinrich Julius (1814). Geographisch-historische Beschreibung des östlichen Kaukasus, zwischen den Flüssen Terek, Aragwi, Kur und dem Kaspischen Meere [Geographical-historical description of the Eastern Caucasus, between the rivers Terek, Aragvi, Kur and the Caspian Sea] (in German). Vol. 50. Part 2. Weimar: Verlag des Landes-Industrie-Comptoirs. pp. 1–218.

Russian sources

• Бердзенешвили, Н. А.; Дондуа, В. Д.; Думбадзе, М. К.; Меликишвили, Г. А.; Месхиа, Ш. А. (1962). История Грузии: с древнейших времён до 60-х годов XIX века [History of Georgia: from ancient times to the 60s of the XIX century] (in Russian). Тбилиси: Издательство учебно-педагогической литературы. pp. 1–254.
• Богуславский, В. В. (2004). Славянская энциклопедия: XVII век [Slavic Encyclopedia: XVII century] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Москва: Олма-Пресс. pp. 1–782. ISBN 5224036593.
• Броневский, С. М. (1823). "Кисты (глава третья)" [Kists (chapter three)]. Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе (часть вторая) [The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus (part two)] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: Типография С. Селивановского. pp. 151–186.
• Волкова, Н. Г. (1973). Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа [Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–210.
• Генко, А.Н. (1930). "Из культурного прошлого ингушей" [From the cultural past of the Ingush]. Записки коллегии востоковедов при Азиатском музее [Notes of the College of Orientalists at the Asian Museum] (in Russian). Vol. 5. Ленинград: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 681–761.
• Гюльденштедт, И. А. (2002). Карпов, Ю. Ю. (ed.). Путешествие по Кавказу в 1770-1773 гг. [Journey through the Caucasus in 1770-1773.] (in Russian). Translated by Шафроновской, Т. К. СПб.: Петербургское востоковедение. pp. 238–243. ISBN 5-85803-213-3.
• Джанашвили, М. Г. (1897). Известия грузинских летописей и историков о Северном Кавказе и России [Bulletin of Georgian chronicles and historians about the North Caucasus and Russia] (in Russian). Тифлис: Типография К.П. Козловского. Головинский пр.. № 12. pp. 1–209.
• Крупнов, Е. И. (1971). Средневековая Ингушетия [Medieval Ingushetia] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–211.
• Куркиев, А. С. (1979). Основные вопросы лексикологии ингушского языка [The main questions of the lexicology of the Ingush language] (in Russian). Грозный: Чеч.-Инг. кн. изд-во. pp. 1–254.
• Кушева, Е. Н. (1963). Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией (вторая половина XVI — 30-е годы XVII века) [The peoples of the North Caucasus and their relations with Russia (the second half of the 16th - 30s of the 17th century)] (in Russian). Москва: Издательство Академии наук СССР. pp. 1–370.
• Латышев, В. В. (1947). "Известия древних писателей о Скифии и Кавказе" [News of ancient writers about Scythia and the Caucasus]. Вестник древней истории [Bulletin of ancient history] (in Russian). Москва-Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР.
• Робакидзе, А. И., ed. (1968). Кавказский этнографический сборник. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии [Caucasian ethnographic collection. Essays on the ethnography of Mountainous Ingushetia] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Тбилиси: Мецниереба. pp. 1–333.
• Сулейманов, А.С. (1978). Топонимия Чечено-Ингушетии. II часть: Горная Ингушетия (юго-западная часть), Горная Чечня (центральная и юго-восточная части). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское книжное изд-во. pp. 1–289.
• Сулейманов, А.С. (1980). Топонимия Чечено-Ингушетии. III часть: Предгорная равнина). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское книжное изд-во. pp. 1–209.
• Цагаева, А. Д. (1971). Топонимия Северной Осетии [Toponymy of North Ossetia] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Орджоникидзе. pp. 1–240.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Чикобава, А.С. (2010). Введение в иберийско-кавказское языкознание [Introduction to Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics] (in Russian). Тбилиси: Тбилисский Гос. Университет им. И. Джаважишвили. Изд. «Универсал».
• Chokaev, K. Z. (1992). Нахские языки: Историко-филологические разыскания [Nakh languages: historical and philological research] (in Russian). Grozny: Kniga. pp. 1–128.
• Яковлев, Н.Ф. (1925). Ингуши [The Ingush] (in Russian). Москва: Тип. Госиздата „Красный Пролетарий“. pp. 1–134.

Georgian sources

• ჯავახიშვილი, ივანე (1937). ქართული ერის ისტორიის შესავალი [Introduction to the history of the Georgian nation] (PDF) (in Georgian). Vol. 2: ქართული და კავკასიური ენების თავდაპირველი ბუნება და ნათესაობა. თბილისი: სსრკ მეცნიერებათა აკადემია - საქართველოს ფილიალი. pp. 1–754.

• Ethnonyms
• Nakh peoples
• Ethnonyms of the Ingush