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Ghalghai (Template:Lang-inh, Template:IPA-cau) is the self-name (endonym) of the Ingush, a Caucasian people, that is most often associated with the word "ghalā" (гIала) – meaning "tower" or "fortress" and the plural form of the suffix of person – "gha" (гIа), thus, translated as "people/inhabitants of towers", though according to some researchers the ethnonym has a more ancient origin.

The ethnonym is associated by some scholars with the ancient Gargareans and Gelae mentioned in the classical sources. In Georgian sources, the ethnonym is mentioned in the form of Gligvi as a ethnonym during the reign of Mirian I, as well as the ruler of Kakheti Kvirike III. In Russian sources, "Ghalghai" first becomes known in the second half of the 16th century, in the form of "Kalkans/Kolkans", "Kalkan people".

Morphology

The Chechen linguist, dr. of philological sciences Katy Chokaev [ru], analyzed the internal structure of the ethnonym. According to the linguist:

"In both the Chechen and Ingush languages, the ethnonym is divided into two parts: ghal+gha in the singular form and ghal+ghai in the plural form. The initial sound (gh) is an aspirated, back-lingual consonant, reminiscent of the Ukrainian fricative (g)¹. The same sound is present in the second syllable. The first syllable is stressed with a short middle . The second is long. The sonorant non-syllabic in the outcome of the plural form is a plural formant."

Orthography

The ethnonym is spelled and pronounced in Ingush in it's plural form as ghalghai (гӀалгӀай, Template:IPA-cau), written and spelled in it's singular form as ghalgha (гӀалгӀа, Template:IPA-cau); in declension by cases: ghalghacho/ghalghaicho (гӀалгӀачо/гӀалгӀайчо; ergative case), ghalghachuntsa/ghalghaichuntsa (гӀалгӀачунца/гӀалгӀайчунца; genitive case), ghalghachuntsa/ghalghaichuntsa (гӀалгӀачунна/гӀалгӀайчунна; dative case).

Variants of the ethnonym ghalghai in the languages that neighbor Ingush language:

Etymology

There's no consensus among scholars on the etymology of the ethnonym, therefore different theories and speculations exist on its etymology. Some scholars (e.g Yunus Desheriev [ru], Ibragim Aliroev [ru]) consider that "ghalghai" means "people/inhabitants of towers", while others (e.g. Evgeny Krupnov [ru], Adrienne Mayor) connect the ethnonym to either Gargareans or to Gelae (Ivane Javakhishvili, Arnold Chikobava). Versions connecting ghalghai to the legendary figure Gha/Galga or to the God of Sun/Sky Gal [ru] in Vainakh religion are also found.

"Inhabitants of Towers"

It's most often associated with the word "ghalā" (гIала), meaning "tower" or "fortress" and the plural form of the suffix of person, "gha" (гIа), thus, translated as "people/inhabitants of towers", though according to some researchers the ethnonym has a more ancient origin.

Ancestor Gha/Galga

The Nakh legends recorded in the 19th century are often interpreted by researchers in a historical context, however, such use requires special source study methods and does not allow establishing an exact chronology to describe any events from the life of the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush. In such legends, ethnonym ghalghai is connected to the legendary ancestor Gha (Template:Lang-inh).

Legends recorded by Dargin ethnographer Bashir Dalgat [ru] in mountainous villages (auls) of Erzi and Falkhan mention how once upon a time there lived three brothers, Ga, Orshtkho/Arshtkho and Nakhcho, from whom the Galgai (Ingush), Orstkhoi and Nokhchi (Chechens) descended. The brothers arrived in the mountains from the east and settled in the area of Galga, from where they began to settle throughout the territories of modern Chechnya and Ingushetia. In Chechen legends about the origin of the Vainakhs, other combinations of the brothers' names were also found, for example, Ako/Akho and Shoto (eponyms for the Akkins and Shatois) could be added.

History

Mention in classical sources

The ancient Gargareans and Gelae mentioned in the 1st century in the work of the ancient historian and geographer Strabo, Geographica, are associated by some scholars with the ethnonym Ghalghai. and Gelae

Gligvi

In Georgian sources, in the form of Gligvi, it is mentioned as an ethnonym that existed during the reign of Mirian I, as well as the ruler of Kakheti Kvirike III.

Kalkans

In the Russian sources of 16th–17th centuries, "Ghalghai" was known in the form of "Kalkans/Kolkans", "Kalkan people". Ethnonym "Kalkan" was first mentioned in the article list of Semyon Zvenigorodskiy [ru] and Diyak Torkh in 1589–1590. They were sent by Alexis of Russia to Georgia, when it so happened on their way back they were ambushed and attacked by the Kalkans. Later on, Kalkans become reported in many Russian sources of the 16th century, one of which

Toponymy

• Ghalghai Mokhk (Гӏалгӏай Мохк) or Ghalghaiche (ГӀалгӏайче) — official native name of the Republic of Ingushetia.
• Ghalghai Niqh (ГIалгIай Никъ) — native name for the Darial Pass, also known as the Ghalghai Military Road or Georgian Military Road; also, the name of the medieval trade and transportation route that passed through the territory of mountainous Ingushetia (including Galanchozh).
• Ghalghai Koashke (ГIалгIай Коашке) — ancient outposts (stone towers), located in the Terek Gorge, Tarskoye Valley and the Assa Gorge. The outposts in the Assa Gorge of Ingushetia are also known as the Ghalghai Na'arge or Durdzuk Gates.
• Ghalghai Ārē (ГIалгIай Аре), Ingush lowland, located between Shaami-Yurt and Valerik in modern day Achkhoy-Martan.
• Ghalghai-Yurt (ГIалгIай-Юрт), a village that was located near modern day Valerik; also, the original name of modern day Kamvileevskoye [ru] in the Prigorodny District.
• Ghalghai-Ch'ozh (ГIалгIай-ЧIож), a mountain corridor connecting Tsey-Loam to the Targim Basin. In some sources, also refers to the Assa Gorge.
• Ghalghai River (Georgian: ღლიღვის-წყალი, romanized: ghlighvis-ts'q'ali), medieval Georgian hydronym for the Assa River.

See also

• Gligvi
• Kalkans

Notes

1. According to Ibragim Aliroev [ru], the spelling ghalghaai is present in the literary Chechen dialect, while in dialects like Cheberloi, it's spelled ghalghai.

References

1. ^ Chokaev 1992, p. 31.
2. Kurkiev 2005, p. 117.
3. ^ Ghalghai-ērsiy doshlorg/Ingushsko-russkiy slovar 2009, p. 219.
4. Barakhoeva, Ilieva & Khayrova 2020, p. 38.
5. Marr 1922, p. 33.
6. Avar-ghurus slovar/Avarsko-russkiy slovar 2006, p. 403.
7. ^ Aliroev 1975, p. 315.
8. Qumuqcha-oruscha cëzlyuk/Kumyksko-russkiy slovar 2011, p. 132.
9. Styr uyryssag-iron dzyrduat/Bolshoy russko-ossetinskiy slovar 2011, p. 237.
10. Куркиев 1979, p. 181.
11. ^ Крупнов 1971, p. 26.
12. Kusheva 1963, p. 59.
13. Dalgat 1972, p. 42. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDalgat1972 (help)
14. Dalgat 1972, p. 113. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDalgat1972 (help)
15. Латышев 1947, pp. 222, 281.
16. Anchabadze 2001, p. 33.
17. Mayor 2016, p. 361.
18. Javakhishvili 1937, p. 97: “In ancient times, Greek and Roman geographers called the native inhabitants of the middle and eastern parts of the North Caucasus «Geli» and «Legi». The name Geli (Gelae) is the equivalent of the modern «Ghalgha», as pronounced in their own language and in the Tushin language; and the equivalent of Legi is the Georgian «Lekebi» (Leks, Avars). In Georgian, the first corresponds to «Ghilghvi» (singular) and «Ghilghvelebi» (plural), which are often found in old Tushin folk poems. And in other regions of Georgia, it is customary to designate them as «Ghlighvi».”.
19. Chikobava 2010, p. 31: “The terms «Sindian», «Gligvian», «Legian», «Albanian» correspond to the names of peoples mentioned in historical Greek sources: Sindi — are one of the Adyghe peoples; Γιλγ- — the old Georgian name of for Nakh peoples, in particular the Ingush, Γαλγα- — the self-name of the Ingush people is close to Ancient Greek 𝐠𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐢, and 𝐥𝐞𝐠 is close to Ancient Greek 𝐥𝐞́𝐠𝐨𝐢 (cf. Georgian «leḳ-i» — the collective name of the peoples of Dagestan)”.
20. Бердзенешвили et al. 1962, p. 25.
21. Джанашвили 1897, p. 31.
22. Volkova 1973, p. 158.
23. Volkova 1973, pp. 154, 200.
24. Volkova 1973, p. 154.
25. Сулейманов 1978, p. 8.
26. Яндаров А.Д. (1975). "Чах Ахриев. Жизнь и творчество (к 125-летию со дня рождения)". Вопросы философии. № 4 (in Russian). pp. 138–141.
27. "Magas: The Silk Roads". UNESCO.
28. Сулейманов 1978, p. 67.
29. Д.Д. Мальсагов (1959). "О некоторых непонятных местах в «Слове о полку Игореве»". Известия Чечено-Ингушского научно-исследовательского института истории, языка и литературы. Т.1. № 2 (in Russian). Грозный. p. 152.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
30. Проект «Открытый Кавказ». "Карта" (in Russian).
31. Genko 1930, p. 712.
32. Сулейманов 1980, p. 47.
33. Сулейманов 1980, p. 51.
34. "Военно-топографическая пятиверстная карта Кавказского края 1926 года" [Military topographic map of Caucasus region, 1926].
35. Цагаева 1971, p. 132.
36. Робакидзе 1968, p. 161.
37. Проект «Открытый Кавказ». "Карта" (in Russian).
38. Яковлев 1925, pp. 102–103.
39. Джанашвили 1897, p. 79.

Bibliography

English sources

• Anchabadze, George (2001). Vainakhs (The Chechen and Ingush). Tbilisi: Caucasian House. pp. 1–76.
• Mayor, Adrienne (2016). The Amazons: Lives and Legends of Warrior Women across the Ancient World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 1–544. ISBN 978-0691170275.

Russian sources

• Aliroev, I. Yu. (1975). Kurkiev, A. S.; et al. (eds.). Сравнительно-сопоставительный словарь отраслевой лексики чеченского и ингушского языков и диалектов [Comparative and comparative dictionary of industrial vocabulary of the Chechen and Ingush languages and dialects] (in Russian). Grozny: Chech.-Ing. kn. izd-vo. pp. 1–383.
• Aliroev, I. Yu. (1990). Iriskhanov, I. A. (ed.). Язык, история и культура вайнахов [Language, history and culture of the Vainakhs] (in Russian). Grozny: Kniga. pp. 1–368. ISBN 5-766-0102-06.
• Bammatov, B. G.; Gajiakhmedov, N. Ē. (2011). Bammatov, B. G. (ed.). Къумукъча-орусча сёзлюк: 30 мингден артыкъ сёз бар/Кумыкско-русский словарь: более 30 тыс. слов [Kumyk-Russian dictionary: more than 30 thousand words] (PDF) (in Kumyk and Russian). Makhachkala: IYALI DNTS RAN. pp. 1–406.
• Barakhoeva, N. M.; Ilieva, F. M.; Khayrova, R. R. (2020). Ilieva, F. M. (ed.). Современный ингушский язык. Морфемика. Словообразование [Modern Ingush language. Morphemics. Word formation] (PDF) (in Ingush and Russian). Magas: Kep. pp. 1–368. ISBN 978-5-4482-0072-4.
• Bekova, A. I.; Dudarov, U. B.; Ilieva, F. M.; Malsagova, L. D.; Tarieva, L. U. (2009). Barkinkhoeva, Z. M.; Bekova, A. I.; Dakhkilgov, I. A.; Zyazikov, R. M.; Ilieva, R. M.; Malsagova, L. D.; Nakastoev, Kh. A.; Tarieva, L. U.; Tumgoeva, Z. M.; Khayrova, R. R.; Khayrova, Kh. R.; Shadiev, S. A. (eds.). ГӀалгӀай-эрсий дошлорг: 24 000 дош/Ингушско-русский словарь: 24 000 слов [Ingush-Russian Dictionary: 24 000 words] (in Ingush and Russian). Nalchik: GP KBR "Respublikanskiy poligrafkombinat im. Revolyutsii 1905 g. pp. 1–990. ISBN 978-5-88195-965-4.
• Бердзенешвили, Н. А.; Дондуа, В. Д.; Думбадзе, М. К.; Меликишвили, Г. А.; Месхиа, Ш. А. (1962). История Грузии: с древнейших времён до 60-х годов XIX века [History of Georgia: from ancient times to the 60s of the XIX century] (in Russian). Тбилиси: Издательство учебно-педагогической литературы. pp. 1–254.
• Броневский, С. М. (1823). "Кисты (глава третья)" [Kists (chapter three)]. Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе (часть вторая) [The latest geographical and historical news about the Caucasus (part two)] (PDF) (in Russian). Москва: Типография С. Селивановского. pp. 151–186.
• Dakhkilgov, I. A. (1978). Zyazikov, A. A. (ed.). Исторический фольклор чеченцев и ингушей [Historical folklore of the Chechens and Ingush] (in Russian). Grozny: Che.-Ing. gos. un-t. pp. 1–135.
• Desheriev, Yu. D. (1963). Kuzmenkova, N. T.; Zakharova, S. P. (eds.). Сравнительно-историческая грамматика нахских языков и проблемы происхождения и исторического развития горских кавказских народов [Comparative-Historical Grammar of the Nakh Languages and Problems of the Origin and Historical Development of the Mountain Caucasian Peoples] (in Russian). Grozny: Che.-Ing. kn. izd-vo. pp. 1–554.
• Gatsalova, L. B.; Parsieva, L. K. (2011). Стыр уырыссаг-ирон дзырдуат/Большой русско-осетинский словарь [Great Russian-Ossetian dictionary] (in Ossetic and Russian). Vladikavkaz: SOIGSI. pp. 1–688. ISBN 978-5-905691-19-5.
• Gimbatov, M. M.; Isakov, I. A.; Magomedkhanov, M. M.; Khalilov, M. Sh. (2006). Gimbatov, M. M.; Abdullaev, I. Kh.; Bammatov, B. G.; Gyulmagomedov, A. G.; Jidalaev, N. S.; Zagirov, Z. M.; Isaev, M.-Sh. A.; Kurbanov, K. K.; Magomedov, A. G.; Musaev, M.-S. M.; Samedov, J. S.; Khalilov, M. Sh. (eds.). Авар-гӀурус словарь: 36-азаргогIанасеб рагIи/Аварско-русский словарь: Около 36 000 слов [Avar-Russian dictionary: around 36 000 words]. Natsionalno-russiie slovari: Literaturnye yazyki Dagestana (in Avaric and Russian). Makhachkala: DNTS RAN. pp. 1–970, 1–588.
• Volkova, N. G. (1973). Этнонимы и племенные названия Северного Кавказа [Ethnonyms and tribal names of the North Caucasus] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–210.
• Genko, A. N. (1930). "Из культурного прошлого ингушей" [From the cultural past of the Ingush] (PDF). Записки коллегии востоковедов при Азиатском музее [Notes of the College of Orientalists at the Asian Museum] (PDF) (in Russian). Vol. 5. Leningrad: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR. pp. 681–761.
• Гюльденштедт, И. А. (2002). Карпов, Ю. Ю. (ed.). Путешествие по Кавказу в 1770-1773 гг. [Journey through the Caucasus in 1770-1773.] (in Russian). Translated by Шафроновской, Т. К. СПб.: Петербургское востоковедение. pp. 238–243. ISBN 5-85803-213-3.
• Джанашвили, М. Г. (1897). Известия грузинских летописей и историков о Северном Кавказе и России [Bulletin of Georgian chronicles and historians about the North Caucasus and Russia] (in Russian). Тифлис: Типография К.П. Козловского. Головинский пр.. № 12. pp. 1–209.
• Крупнов, Е. И. (1971). Средневековая Ингушетия [Medieval Ingushetia] (in Russian). Москва: Наука. pp. 1–211.
• Куркиев, А. С. (1979). Основные вопросы лексикологии ингушского языка [The main questions of the lexicology of the Ingush language] (in Russian). Грозный: Чеч.-Инг. кн. изд-во. pp. 1–254.
• Kurkiev, A. S. (2005). Murgustov, M. S.; Akhrieva, M. S.; Gagiev, K. A.; Kurkieva, S. Kh.; Sultygova, Z. N. (eds.). Ингушско-русский словарь: 11142 слова [Ingush-Russian dictionary: 11142 words] (in Russian). Magas: Serdalo. pp. 1–545. ISBN 5-94452-054-X.
• Kusheva, E. N. (1963). Народы Северного Кавказа и их связи с Россией (вторая половина XVI — 30-е годы XVII века) [The peoples of the North Caucasus and their relations with Russia (the second half of the 16th - 30s of the 17th century)] (in Russian). Москва: Izd-vo Akademii nauk SSSR. pp. 1–370.
• Латышев, В. В. (1947). "Известия древних писателей о Скифии и Кавказе" [News of ancient writers about Scythia and the Caucasus]. Вестник древней истории [Bulletin of ancient history] (in Russian). Москва-Ленинград: Издательство Академии Наук СССР.
• Marr, N. Ya. (1922). Кавказские племенные названия и местные параллели [Caucasian tribal names and local parallels]. Rossiyskaya akademiya nauk. Trudy komissio oi izucheniyu plemennogo sostava naseleniya Rossii (in Russian). Petrograd: Ros. gos. Akadem. tip. pp. 1–39.
• Робакидзе, А. И., ed. (1968). Кавказский этнографический сборник. Очерки этнографии Горной Ингушетии [Caucasian ethnographic collection. Essays on the ethnography of Mountainous Ingushetia] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Тбилиси: Мецниереба. pp. 1–333.
• Сулейманов, А.С. (1978). Топонимия Чечено-Ингушетии. II часть: Горная Ингушетия (юго-западная часть), Горная Чечня (центральная и юго-восточная части). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское книжное изд-во. pp. 1–289.
• Сулейманов, А.С. (1980). Топонимия Чечено-Ингушетии. III часть: Предгорная равнина). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское книжное изд-во. pp. 1–209.
• Цагаева, А. Д. (1971). Топонимия Северной Осетии [Toponymy of North Ossetia] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Орджоникидзе. pp. 1–240.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Chikobava, A. S. (2010). Введение в иберийско-кавказское языкознание [Introduction to Iberian-Caucasian Linguistics] (in Russian). Тбилиси: Тбилисский Гос. Университет им. И. Джаважишвили. Изд. «Универсал».
• Chokaev, K. Z. (1992). Нахские языки: Историко-филологические разыскания [Nakh languages: historical and philological research] (in Russian). Grozny: Kniga. pp. 1–128.
• Яковлев, Н.Ф. (1925). Ингуши [The Ingush] (in Russian). Москва: Тип. Госиздата „Красный Пролетарий“. pp. 1–134.

Georgian sources

• Javakhishvili, I. (1937). ქართული ერის ისტორიის შესავალი [Introduction to the history of the Georgian nation] (PDF) (in Georgian). Vol. 2: kartuli da k'avk'asiuri enebis tavdap'irveli buneba da natesaoba. Tbilisi: Ssrk' metsnierebata ak'ademia - sakartvelos piliali. pp. 1–754.

• Ethnonyms
• Nakh peoples
• Ethnonyms of the Ingush