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Chakh Elmurzievich Akhriev
Chakh Akhriev sitting c. 1873.
Born	22 May 1850 Furtoug, Terek Oblast
Died	12 May Vladikavkaz
Children	Rashid-bek Akhriev
Academic background
Alma mater	Stavropol classical men's gymnasium(1868) Nezhinsky legal lyceum(1874)
Academic work
Discipline	Ethnography and local history

Chakh Elmurzievich Akhriev (22 May [O.S. 10 May] 1850 – 12 May [O.S. 29 April] 1914) was the first Ingush ethnographer and also a lawyer by education. Chakh dedicated his scholarly work to recording Ingush folklore, mythology, and culture as a whole.

Background

Chakh was born on May 10, 1850, in the village of Furtoug, Vladikavkazsky okrug of the Terek Oblast. Chakh's father was Elmurza Akhriev, the headman of the Dzherakh society, while his mother was Dzali Ozieva. Chakh himself was an ethnic Ingush of the Akhriev family, which in turn was part of the Dzherakh clan (teip). In the family he had four older sisters; his cousin was Assadula Akhriev (1853 – 1933), a prominent Ingush researcher and revolutionary.

Childhood

In 1857, during the last period of the Caucasian War, Russian troops made a military expedition to "pacify" the mountainous village (aul) of Furtoug. As a result of the expedition, 7-year-old Chakh Akhriev, along with other Ingush boys of the Akhievs and Lyanovs, was captured by a detachment of Russian troops and ended up in amanats. He was brought to the Vladikavkaz fortress, where he was adopted by a Russian colonel who had no children himself. Chakh's uncle, Temurko Akhriev, sent Chakh to a military cantonist school (1857–1862). Thanks to the assistance of his uncle Temurko Akhriev, an officer in the Russian army, his position in Vladikavkaz was somewhat better than other hostage children, he was respected by the Russian authorities and had more freedom.

From 1862 to 1868, Chakh studied at the Stavropol gymnasium, at which many Caucasian intellectuals began their creative and scientific career. Many people from the Caucasus graduated from it, including the Ingush: Asaadula Akhriev, Aslanbek Bazorkin, Adil-Girey Dolgiev [ru], Inal Bekbuzarov, Pshemakho Dakhkilgov, Kuraz Malsagov and others. During the 1860s to the 1870s, the historical and ethnographic study of the North Caucasus and Caucasian studies were encouraged in the Russian Empire, branches of All-Russian scientific societies were opened. During these years, fundamental studies of scientists Adolf Berge, Pyotr Butkov [ru], Nikolay Dubrovin [ru] and others began to be published. Chakh Akhriev plunged into the world of Russian culture and was among the leading people of his time.

Early collecting period

After graduating from high school in 1868, due to illness, he spent two years in Furtoug. During this period, he collected folklore and ethnographic materials which marked the beginning of his literary activity. He published some of the ethnographic works in "Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders [ru]" and the newspaper "Terskie vedomosti [ru]".

His works, mainly of an ethnographic nature, present the testimonies of the elders of the mountain villages of Ingushetia who not only personally witnessed the events and ceremonies of the Ingush culture of the 18th century but also remembered stories about the life of their ancestors in the 17th century. Their words were used to describe the way of life, myths, legends, rituals, ancient religious cults, customary law, rituals, holidays and national legends of the Ingush peoples. In addition, Chakh Akhriev was the first to describe the elements of the Nart saga of the Ingush.

From 1870 to 1874 he studied at the Nizhyn Lyceum [ru], after which he was in unofficial exile for his Narodnaya Volya activity - he worked in various administrative bodies of the cities of Yevlakh and Nukha in the Elizavetpol Governorate (now Azerbaijan). He actively advocated the compliance of the tsarist reforms with the interests of the Caucasian peoples and tried to influence the reforms of the Russian state. Because of his civic position, like another Ingush educator Adil-Girey Dolgiev, he was "voluntarily expelled" and sent to the Transcaucasus for a long time. Long service activities and moving from city to city did not leave him the opportunity to devote himself to scientific and literary work.

Later life

On October 16, 1874, Chakh Akhriev was appointed a candidate for office positions at the Tiflis Court of Justice and for 8 years worked as a candidate for office position, assistant magistrate and forensic investigator. On November 24, 1882, he was appointed an agent for managing state property in the districts of the Elisavetpol province, and from January 31, 1889, he worked as an official on special assignments to supervise the populated lands and quitrent articles. Since May 27, 1897 - director of the Nukha branch of the committee of the custodian of prisons. From October 23, 1900, he worked as a junior overseer for the state lands and quitrent articles of the Elisavetpol province.

On September 28, 1912, he was dismissed for health reasons with the rank of collegiate counselor. He returned to Vladikavkaz, where he died on April 29, 1914, from diabetes mellitus. Buried in his native village Furtoug.

In the future, the study of the culture and socio-economic life of the region was continued by the Ingush scientists M. Bazorkin, AG. Dolgiev, A. Tutaev and others.

According to the memoirs of her daughter Nina Chakhovich, her father was a modest and sympathetic person, had a sociable and cheerful disposition. A large library was collected in the house of the Akhrievs, he subscribed to many newspapers and magazines. Favorite poet - N. A. Nekrasov.

Works

In historiography

During his lifetime, scientists, scholars, archaeologists, ethnographers, Russian lawyers such as Fyodor Leontovich [ru], Bashir Dalgat [ru], Maksim Kovalevsky referred to the work of Chakh Akhriev in their studies.

His works that contained newly recorded legends about the emergence of Ingush societies and the founding of some auls, along with materials collected by Adolf Berge and Umalat Laudaev about the Chechens, served as the only primary sources in the absence of others that the first Soviet authors incorrectly used to judge about the history of the formation of the Chechens and Ingush. The problem of the usage of the legends was that no single picture emerged due to each community and teip having its own traditions that were not related to each other. The typical feature of the legends was that: firstly, the Chechens and Ingush in the Middle Ages came to their modern lands from somewhere else, and secondly, that the ancestors of individual teips came from very different regions (e.g. Georgia, Syria, Persia).

Bibliography

• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1870). "Похороны и поминки у горцев" [Funeral and commemoration at the highlanders]. Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах [Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Tiflis. pp. 28–32.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1870). "Несколько слов о героях в ингушских сказаниях" [A few words about the heroes in Ingush legends]. Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах [Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders] (in Russian) (4th ed.). Tiflis. pp. 1–33 (dep. 2).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Из чеченских сказаний" [From Chechen legends]. Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах [Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Tiflis. pp. 38–46 (dep. II, § 2).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Ингушские праздники" [Ingush holidays]. Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах [Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders] (in Russian) (5th ed.). Tiflis. pp. 1–16 (dep. 3, § 2).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Об ингушских кашах (фамильных склепах знатных родов)" [About Ingush kashes (family crypts of noble families)]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 17. Tiflis.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Присяга у ингушей" [The oath of the Ingush]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 20. Tiflis.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Нравственное значение присяги у ингушей" [The moral meaning of the oath of the Ingush]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 21. Tiflis.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "О характере ингушей" [On the nature of the Ingush]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 30. Tiflis.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Об ингушских женщинах" [About Ingush women]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 31. Tiflis.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1872). "Этнографический очерк ингушского народа с приложением его сказок и преданий" [Ethnographic sketch of the Ingush people with the application of its tales and legends]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 27–35, 39, 42, 43, 45–49. Tiflis.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1873). "Этнографический очерк ингушского народа с приложением его сказок и преданий" [Ethnographic sketch of the Ingush people with the application of its tales and legends]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 3, 21, 22, 24–26. Tiflis.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1875). "Ингуши. Их предания, верования и поверья" [Ingush. Their legends, beliefs and beliefs]. Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах [Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders] (in Russian) (8th ed.). Tiflis. pp. 1–40 (dept. 1).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1878). "Заметки об ингушах («О характере ингушей», «Присяга у ингушей», «Об ингушских женщинах», «Ингушские каши»)" [Notes about the Ingush ("On the character of the Ingush", "The oath of the Ingush", "On Ingush women", "Ingush kashes")]. Сборник сведений о Терской области [Collection of information about the Terek Oblast] (in Russian) (1 ed.). Vladikavkaz. pp. 276–290.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Family

• Nina Akhrieva (1904 – ?), Ingush ethnographer.
• Rashid-bek Akhriev (1890s – 1942), Ingush aviator and pilot of the Soviet Air Forces.
• Tamara Akhrieva, the first Ingush female to be an Ingush.

Legacy

The Ingush Research Institute of the Humanities is named in honor of Chakh Akhriev. On 26 January 2005, Chakh Akhriev was posthumously awarded the Order of Merit "for outstanding services in the field of ethnography and many years of scientific activity" by Murat Zyazikov.

Chakh Akhriev along with other early Chechen-Ingush ethnographers such as Umalat Laudaev contributed to the preservation of Chechen-Ingush fairy tales, customs and mythology. Their works are still in use today, the Caucasian historian Amjad Jaimoukha referenced Akhriev's work in his own works on the Caucasus.

Notes

1. O.S. 10 May 1850.
2. O.S. 29 April 1914.
3. Pre-reform orthography: Чахъ Эльмурзіевичъ Ахріевъ.
4. Template:Lang-ru, Template:Lang-inh.
5. Baddeley 1940, p. 205; Velikaya & Vinogradov 1989, p. 40
6. Mountaineers-hostages, who, by their stay among the Russians, guaranteed loyalty to Russia.
7. There's no information on who exactly the colonel was.

References

1. ^ Albogachieva 2022.
2. Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 20.
3. Ocherki istorii Checheno-Ingushskoy ASSR 1967, p. 297.
4. ^ Dzarakhova 2020.
5. Donogo 2019.
6. Semyonov 1928, p. 14.
7. Akhriev 2013.
8. Akhrieva 2013.
9. Shnirelman 2006, p. 106.
10. Malsagov 1933, p. 16.
11. Dzarakhova 2010. sfn error: no target: CITEREFDzarakhova2010 (help)
12. Ukaz Presidenta RI "O nagrazhdenii ordenon "Za zaslugi" Akhrieva Ch.E." 2005.

Bibliography

English sources

• Baddeley, John F. (1940). The Rugged Flanks of Caucasus. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press: Humphrey Milford. pp. 1–318.

Russian sources

• Akhriev, Kh. R.-B. (2013-04-15). "Мой дед — Чах Эльмурзиевич Ахриев" [My grandfather - Chakh Elmurzievich Akhriev]. ИНГУШЕТИЯ.РУ • Культура. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
• Akhrieva, N. Ch. (2013-04-15). "Воспоминания об отце" [Memories of Father]. ИНГУШЕТИЯ.РУ • Культура. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
• Albogachieva, M. S.-G. (2022-11-21). "Ахриев Чах Эльмурзиевич" [Akhriev Chakh Elmurzievich]. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in Russian).
• Dakhkilgov, Sh. E-Kh. (1991). Zyazikov, A. A. (ed.). Происхождение ингушских фамилий [Origin of Ingush surnames] (in Russian). Grozny: Kniga. pp. 1–108.
• Dolgieva, M. B. (2019). "Чах Эльмурзиевич Ахриев: Жизненный путь и творческое наследие" [Chakh Elmurzievich Akhriev: Life path and creative work heritage]. Sovremennaya nauchnaya mysl (in Russian) (6). Moskva: ANO "Nauchno-issledovatelsky institut istorii, ekonomiki I prava": 36–41. ISSN 2308-264X.
• Donogo, Kh. M. (2019-12-25). "Аманаты. Заложники большой политики" [Amanates. Hostages of big politics]. www.gazavat.ru (in Russian).
• Dzarakhova, Z. (2020-05-11). "К юбилею ученого: Чах Ахриев. Жизнь и творчество (к 170-летию со дня рождения)" [On the anniversary of the scientist: Chakh Akhriev. Life and creativity (to the 170th anniversary of his birth)]. Ingushetia (in Russian). GAU redaktsiya gazety "Ingushetia".
• Malsagov, A. O. (1933). Библиографический справочник по ингушской художественной литературе [Bibliographic reference book on Ingush literature] (in Russian). Ordzhonikidze: Serdalo. pp. 13–15.
• Semyonov, L. P. (1928). Чах Ахриев [Chakh Akhriev] (in Russian). Vladikavkaz: Gos. tip. A. O. I. pp. 1–12.
• Shnirelman, V. A. (2006). Kalinin, I. (ed.). Быть Аланами: Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке [To be Alans: Intellectuals and Politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th Century] (in Russian). Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. pp. 1–348. ISBN 5-86793-406-3. ISSN 1813-6583.
• Smirnov, I. A.; Bokov, Kh. Kh.; Vinogradov, V. B.; Goygova, Z. A.-G.; Gritsenko, V. N.; Krupnov, E. I.; Salamov, A. A.; Samarzin, V. S.; Topakalyan, N. A.; Chentieva, M. L., eds. (1967). Очерки истории Чечено-Ингушской АССР [Essays on the history of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Grozny: Chech.-Ing. kn. izd-vo.
• "Указ Президента РИ "О награждении орденом "За заслуги" Ахриева Ч.Э."" [Decree of the President of the Republic of Ingushetia "On awarding the Order of Merit to Ch. E. Akhriev."] (in Russian). Magas. 2005-02-09 .
• Velikaya, N. N.; Vinogradov, V. B. (1989). Chistov, K. V. (ed.). "Доисламский религиозный синкретизм у вайнахов" [Pre-Islamic religious syncretism among the Vainakhs]. Sovetskaya etnografia [Soviet Ethnography] (in Russian). No. 3. Moskva: Nauka. pp. 39–48.

• Ingush people
• 1850 births
• 1916 deaths
• Lawyers from the Russian Empire
• Ethnographers from the Russian Empire