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Syrian civil war
Part of the Arab Spring, Arab Winter, the spillover of the War in Iraq, war against the Islamic State, war on terror, Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, Iran–Israel proxy conflict and the Kurdish–Turkish conflict
Top: A ruined neighborhood in Raqqa in 2017. Bottom: Military situation in 9 September 2021:      Syrian government (SAAF)      Syrian government & Rojava (SAAF & SDF)      Rojava (SDF)      Syrian Interim Gov. (SNA) & Turkish occupation      Syrian Salvation Gov. (HTS)      Revolutionary Commando Army & American occupation      Opposition in reconciliation (full list of combatants, detailed map)
Date 12 June 2012 (2012-06-12) – present (12 years, 6 months, 3 weeks and 2 days) Location Syria (with spillovers in neighboring countries) Status Ongoing, ceasefire since 6 March 2020, with sporadic clashes Territorial changes As of 31 March 2020: the Syrian Armed Forces held 63.57% of Syrian territories; SDF 25.57%; rebel groups (incl. HTS) & Turkey 9.72%; Islamic State 1.14%
Main belligerents
Syrian Arab Republic  Iran  Russia (2015–present)  Hezbollah Support:  Iraq (2017–2019)	Syrian Interim Government (Syrian National Army)  Turkey (2016–present) Support:  Azerbaijan  Libya  Qatar  Russia Former support:  United Kingdom (2011–18) United States (2011–17)  France (2011–17)  Israel (2011–19)  Jordan (2012-18)  Saudi Arabia (2012–17)  United Arab Emirates (2012-17) Syrian Salvation Government (Tahrir al-Sham) Support:  Turkey	Al-Qaeda Al-Nusra Front (2012–2016) Al-Qaeda loyalists (2016–2018) Hurras al-Din (2018–present) Support: Islamic State of Iraq (2012–2013) Islamic State (2013–present)	Rojava (SDF) (2012–present) CJTF–OIR (2014–present)  Canada  France  Iraq  Saudi Arabia  Turkey  United Arab Emirates  United Kingdom  United States Support:  Israel Non-state support: PKK Al-Tanf zone (Revolutionary Commando Army) (2015–present) CJTF–OIR (2015–present)  United States  United Kingdom  Jordan  Norway Support:  Israel (2011–19)
Commanders and leaders
Bashar al-Assad	Salem al-Meslet Abdurrahman Mustafa File:Flag of Hayat Tahrir al-Sham.svg Abu Muhammad al-Julani Ali Keda	Abu Humam al-Shami Abu Hafs al-Hashimi al-Qurashi	Mazloum Abdi Farid al-Qasim
Units involved
See Order of Battle
Strength
SAAF: 142,000 (2019) Syrian GID: 8,000 National Defense Force: 80,000 Liwa Fatemiyoun: 10,000–20,000 (2018) Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas: 10,000+(2013) Ba'ath Brigades: 7,000 Liwa Al-Quds: 4,000–8,000 Russia: 4,000 troops & 1,000 contractors Iran: 3,000–5,000 Iranian forces: up to 15,000 Hezbollah: 6,000–8,000 Other allied groups: 20,000+	Free Syrian Army: 20,000–32,000 (2013) Syrian Islamic Front: 40,000–70,000 (2014) Other groups: 12,500 (2015) Turkish Armed Forces: 4,000–8,000 Ahrar al-Sham: 18,000–20,000+ (March 2017) Tahrir al-Sham: 20,000–30,000 (per U.S., late 2018)	Islamic State: 10,000+ (in Syria and Iraq, 2022)	SDF: 60,000–75,000 (2017 est.) YPG & YPJ: 20,000–30,000 (2017 est.) Syriac Military Council (MFS): 1,000 (2017 est.) Al-Sanadid Forces: 2,000–4,000 (2017 est.) SDF Military Councils: 10,000+ United States Armed Forces: 900
Casualties and losses
Syrian Arab Republic: 91,929–104,332 soldiers & 67,349 militiamen killed 4,100 soldiers/militiamen & 1,800 supporters captured Hezbollah: 1,736–2,000 killed Russia: 137–160 soldiers killed & 266–284 PMCs killed Other non-Syrian fighters: 8,700+ killed (2,300–3,500+ IRGC-led) Total: 170,045–182,777 killed	Syrian Interim Government Syrian Salvation Government: 111,927–152,524 killed Turkey: 256–313 killed (2016–20 incursions)	Islamic State: 41,266 killed	NES: 14,334 killed PKK: 3,200+ killed CJTF–OIR: 13 killed ( 10, 1, 1, 1)
At least 306,887 civilians killed (per United Nations) 100 other foreign soldiers killed ( 60, 17 (pre-2016), 16, 7) Total killed: 613,407+ (per SOHR) 580,000+ (per GCR2P) Estimated 6.7 million internally displaced & 6.6 million refugees (March 2021) Iraq's involvement was coordinated with the Assad gov. & was only limited to airstrikes against IS. Only against IS Israel provided arms to 12 unnamed rebel groups solely against Iran and ISIS. Israel has also conducted multiple airstrikes against the Syrian government, Hezbollah, and Iranian positions within Syria. HTS was formed on 28 January 2017 as a merger between Jaysh al-Ahrar, Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, the Ansar al-Din Front, Jaysh al-Sunna, Liwa al-Haqq, and the Nour al-Din al-Zenki Movement. HTS identifies itself as an independent Islamist entity free from all the previous organizational affiliations. After coming to power in Idlib, HTS banned Al-Qaeda activities in its territories: Hurras al-Din (HaD) is the successor organization of Al-Nusra Front and the current branch of Al-Qaeda in Syria. Only against IS. Only against IS. Israel provided arms to 12 unnamed rebel groups solely against Iran and ISIS. Israel has also conducted multiple airstrikes against the Syrian government, Hezbollah, and Iranian positions within Syria. Formed in January 2017 as a merger between Jaysh al-Ahrar (a faction of Ahrar al-Sham), Ansar al-Din Front, Jaysh al-Sunna, Jabhat Fatah al-Sham and Liwa al-Haqq.

References

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Usage

Bibliography

• Rashid, Bedir Mulla (2018) . Military and Security Structures of the Autonomous Administration in Syria. Translated by Obaida Hitto. Istanbul: Omran for Strategic Studies.

• Syrian civil war templates
• Arab Winter templates
• War and conflict infobox templates