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| ==''Abrechestvo''== | ==''Abrechestvo''== | ||
| Sulumbek participated in the most high-profile incidents associated with Zelimkhan and was his companion.{{sfn|Gritsenko|1971|page=93}} As attested by an article from the newspaper {{ill|Russkoe slovo|ru|Русское слово (газета)}} from 1910, he led series of raids in ] and ] ''okrugs'' together with his crew, during which, he engaged in skirmishes with the Cossacks and Russian Military units.{{sfn|''Russkoe slovo''|1910}} | |||
| In prison, Sulumbek met ] (the future ] Abrek). Archival documents testify that Zelimkhan and Sulumbek escaped from prison together. Then they became friends, took part in raids together. Sulumbek at the same time chose the most dangerous area. He repeatedly participated in daring raids together with Zelimkhan.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Гойгов|first= А.Г.|title=Через sумерки прошлого к светлому настоящему}}</ref> | |||
| In 1910 |
In 1910 ] made a plan to rob the Kizlyar treasury. His group consisted of two detachments: the Ingush detachment, led by Sulumbek, and the Chechen one, led by Ayub. The group successfully robbed the treasury on 27 March.{{sfn|Martirosian|1933|page=166}}{{sfn|Gritsenko|1971|page=92}} During the robbery, they managed to kill 4 Russian officers and 7 rankers.{{sfn|Bagration|1914|page=10}} | ||
| His bank and shop robberies were seen as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities.{{sfn|Great Soviet Encyclopedia|1926|loc=co. 83}} | |||
| Sulumbek was described as: | |||
| {{Blockquote|text="(...) the fearless and courageous abrek who produced a magical effect on the gang, under which the abreks went almost to certain death, to the very center of the city, surrendering to the hands of the troops. Salambek was also distinguished by extraordinary willpower, the ability not to get lost in moments of danger and, most importantly, ruthlessness. The insane courage of Salambek is an ideal that every abrek would like to achieve. In a word, Zelimkhan and Salambek complemented each other."{{sfn|Гатуев|1930|page=29 (as PDF)}}}} His bank, train and shop robberies, on the other hand, were seen as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities.<ref>{{harvnb|Большая советская энциклопедия|1926|loc=co. 83}}: " абречество выражалось в эпизодических набегах на земли пришельцев с целью нанесения им экономического ущерба, будучи в то же время проявлением удали и молодечества. После «замирения» Кавказа, А‑ми стали называть партизан, продолжавших в одиночку или небольшими партиями борьбу с рус. властями и установленной ими бюрократической государственностью Из А. второго периода особой известностью пользовались: Ших (святой), Задэ, Зелимхан Гушмазакаев из Карачая и Саламбек Гараводжев из Сайгоша."</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Павлова|2012|page=36}}: "В конце XIX — начале XX века массовый характер приобрела своеобразная форма социального протеста — абречество. В народных массах абречество оценивалось не как бандитизм, а как борьба за справедливость, против царского беспредела. Ингушским сподвижником легендарного чеченского абрека Зелимхана был Суламбек Гараводжев (Гандалоев) Сагопшинский. Его уважали в народе и считали человеком чести. Абреки совершали дерзкие нападения, одним из которых в 1910 году был захват Кизлярского казначейства."</ref> | |||
| ==Death== | ==Death== | ||
Revision as of 15:45, 13 November 2023
Ingush abrek| Sulumbek Gandaloev | |
|---|---|
| ГӀоандалой Сулумбик | |
 | |
| Born | 1878 Sagopshi, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire |
| Died | 25 August 1911 Vladikavkaz, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire |
| Nationality | Ingush |
| Other names | Right-hand of Zelimkhan |
| Occupation | Abrek |
| Years active | 1901—1911 |
| Known for | Bank and train robberies |
Sulumbek Gorovozhev (Gandaloev) or Sulumbek of Sagopshi (c. 1878 – 25 August 1911) was an Ingush outlaw (abrek) who was known for his spectacular bank, train and shop robberies, made together with his colleague and comrade Zelimkhan as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities. He participated in the most high-profile incidents associated with Zelimkhan. Sulumbek is considered a national hero to the Ingush people, as well as one of the most famous Caucasian abreks.
Early life
Sulumbek was born in c. 1878 to a peasant family in the village of Sagopshi, Vladikavkazsky okrug of the Terek Oblast. He was Ingush by ethnicity. Due to a conflict with a Cossack officer, the future abrek ended up in prison.
Abrechestvo
Sulumbek participated in the most high-profile incidents associated with Zelimkhan and was his companion. As attested by an article from the newspaper Russkoe slovo [ru] from 1910, he led series of raids in Nalchiksky and Vladikavkazsky okrugs together with his crew, during which, he engaged in skirmishes with the Cossacks and Russian Military units.
In 1910 Zelimkhan made a plan to rob the Kizlyar treasury. His group consisted of two detachments: the Ingush detachment, led by Sulumbek, and the Chechen one, led by Ayub. The group successfully robbed the treasury on 27 March. During the robbery, they managed to kill 4 Russian officers and 7 rankers.
His bank and shop robberies were seen as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities.
Death
After the devastation of the Ingush villages of Kek, Nelkh and Ersh and the repressions against their inhabitants for harboring Zelimkhan, the authorities also demanded the inhabitants of the village of Sagopshi to extradite Sulumbek. Sulumbek was given a choice to either surrender to the Russian authorities or his native village will be destroyed and its inhabitants will be evicted to Siberia. Sulumbek not wanting to endanger people, decided to surrender to the authorities, on the condition that he would be shot and not hanged. He was detained on October 21, 1910, and the authorities did not keep their promise to him. Sulumbek was executed by hanging on August 9, 1911. Eyewitnesses of the execution testified that until the very end he retained a rare outward calmness and self-control and that he himself kicked out the chair on which he stood.
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In culture
Sulumbek is considered a national hero to the Ingush people, as well as one of the most famous Caucasian outlaws.
There's many works which mention Sulumbek, such as the book "Asir-Abrek. Chechen song", published in 1924. In 2011, the Ingush writer Issa Kodzoev wrote a book titled "Sulumbek Sagopshinsky". In 2019, director Leyla Gagieva shot the documentary film "Ingush Papakha", the first part of which is called "Abrek Sulumbek" and, among other things, describes the life and work of the abrek. In the same year, A. Sakharov's published collection "Legends and Tales of the Ingush Mountains" included a poem by the author dedicated to Sulumbek. In 2020, the poet I. Aprelsky dedicated a poem to Sulumbek.
Folksongs about Sulumbek
Sulumbek is glorified in the Ingush songs, illis. In one of the illis, hidden regret is expressed that the Ingush still do not have effective laws that make it possible to really judge the deeds of a person:
The fearless wolf — Salambek Sagopshinsky … Salambek rode into the heart of the city on a black horse...
Salambek killed the bailiff Boguslavsky. Salambek attacked the Grozny station. Salambek also attacked the Kizlyar bank. Salambek himself came to his death. Fearless wolf — Salambek Sagopshinsky …
…The general promised to shoot Salambek! This does not mean that he will shoot with his own hands. When even a general promises death, he promises it through the court. No matter how great a general is, greater than the greatest general is the royal law, whose books are like seventy-seven Korans.
Legacy
Streets in Nazran and Sagopshi were named in honor of Sulumbek and a commemorative plaque about him was also installed. On September 28, 2019, the All-Russian tournament in professional combat sambo in memory of Sulumbek Sagopshinsky was held in Ingushetia.
Notes
- «Русское слово» 1910; Багратіонъ 1914, p. 10; Мартиросиан 1933, p. 166; Гриценко 1971, p. 92; Лавровские (среднеазиатско-кавказские) чтения 2002, p. 40; Ботяков 2004, pp. 51, 79; Павлова 2012, p. 36; Bobrovnikov 2008
- Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 372 (referring to «Кавказская копейка» 1911).
References
- ^ «Биржевые ведомости» 1911.
- Хамчиев 1995–1996: "Судя по этому описанию, Сулумбек родился в 1878 году (думаю, что дата приблизительная. — С. X.) в крестьянской семье."
- Iden 2019.
- ^ Лейла Гагиева (2019-04-01) | «Папаха ингуша: Абрек Сулумбек», Д/ф on YouTube.
- Gritsenko 1971, p. 93. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGritsenko1971 (help)
- Russkoe slovo 1910. sfn error: no target: CITEREFRusskoe_slovo1910 (help)
- Martirosian 1933, p. 166. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMartirosian1933 (help)
- Gritsenko 1971, p. 92. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGritsenko1971 (help)
- Bagration 1914, p. 10. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBagration1914 (help)
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1926, co. 83. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGreat_Soviet_Encyclopedia1926 (help)
- Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 372.
- Кодзоев 2011, pp. 3–4.
- Греков, Б. Д.; Институт Истории СССР (2001). "Исторические записки" [Historical notes]. Istoricheskie Zapiski (in Russian) (122). Москва: Наука: 183.
- Burbank, Jane; Hagen, Mark von; Anatolyi, Remnev, eds. (2007). Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780253219114.
- Костерин, А. (1924). "Асир-Абрек. Чеченская песня" [Asir-Abrek. Chechen song]. Ровесники: сборник содружества писателей революции «Перевал». Сборник № 1 [Peers: a collection of the community of writers of the revolution "Pass". Collection № 1] (in Russian). Москва: Государственное издательство.
- Кодзоев 2011.
- Сахаров 2019.
- Апрельский, Игорь (2020-05-22). "Легенда об абреке Сулумбеке" [The legend of the abrek Sulumbek]. www.stihi.ru (in Russian).
Ингушетия - маленькая страна больших Героев. Об одном из них, чье имя при жизни стало легендой пойдёт рассказ. Сулумбек Горовожев - народный герой-ингуш.
- Arsharuni 1930.
- Зязиков 2004, p. 173.
- Зязиков 2004, pp. 173–174.
- Сулумбек Сагопшинский on YouTube | 2019-10-08.
- Турнир памяти легендарного война и народного героя Сулумбека Гандалоева on YouTube | 2019–09-28.
Bibliography
English sources
- Bobronikov, V. (August 8, 2007). "Bandits and the State: Designing a "Traditional" Culture of Violence in the North Caucasus". In Burbank, J.; Hagen, M.; Anatolyi, R. (eds.). Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930. Indiana-Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–538. ISBN 9780253219114.
- Bobrovnikov, V. O. (2008). "Abrek". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
Russian sources
- Анчабадзе, Г. З. (2001). Гелашвили, Н. В. (ed.). Вайнахи [Vainakhs] (in Russian). Тбилиси: Кавказский дом.
- Арапов, Д. Ю.; Бабич, И. Л.; Бобровников, В. О.; Гаккаев, Дж.; Кажаров, В. Х.; Криштопа, А. Е.; Соловьева, Л. Т.; Сотавов, Н. А.; Цуциев, А. А. (2007). Бобровников, В. О.; Бабич, И. Л.; Редколлегия серии «Окраины Российской империи» (eds.). Северный Кавказ в составе Российской империи [North Caucasus as part of the Russian Empire]. Окраины Российской империи (in Russian). Москва: Новое литературное обозрение. pp. 1–460. ISBN 978-5867935290.
- "Арестъ абрека Соламбека Горваджіева" [The arrest of abrek Solambek Gorvadzhiev]. «Русское слово» (in Russian). No. 244. Москва: А. А. Александров. 1910.
- Arsharuni, A. (1930). "Ингушская литература" [Ingush literature]. Literaturnaya Entsoklopedia (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moskva: Izd-vo Kom. Akad. col. 496–497.
- Багратіонъ, Д. (1914). Подвигъ терскаго казака, нынѣ Дагестанскаго коннаго полка поручика Кибирова, уничтожившаго абрека Зелимхана [The feat of the Terek Cossack, now the Dagestan Cavalry Regiment of Lieutenant Kibirov, who destroyed the abrek Zelimkhan] (in Russian). Петроградъ: Т-во Р. Голике и А. Вильборгъ.
- Bazorkin, M. M. (2002) . Kurkiev, A. B. (ed.). История происхождения ингушей [History of the origin of the Ingush] (PDF) (in Russian). Nalchik: Ēl-Fa. pp. 1–290. ISBN 5-88195-554-4.
- "Биржевые ведомости" [Exchange statements] (in Russian). No. 12484. Санкт-Петербургъ. 19 August 1911.
- Ботяков, Ю. М. (2004). Абреки на Кавказе: социо-культурный аспект явления [Abreks in the Caucasus: socio-cultural aspect of the phenomenon] (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: Петербургское востоковедение. pp. 1–208. ISBN 9785858032830.
- Долгиева, М. Б.; Картоев, М. М.; Кодзоев, Н. Д.; Матиев, Т. Х. (2013). Кодзоев, Н. Д. (ed.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4th ed.). Ростов-на-Дону: Южный издательский дом. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
- Гатуев, Дзахо (1930). Зелимхан [Zelimkhan] (in Russian). Ростов-на-Дону. pp. 1–94.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Гриценко, Н. П. (1971). Классовая борьба крестьян в чечено-ингушетии на рубеже XIX-XX веков [The class struggle of peasants in Chechen-Ingushetia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries] (in Russian). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское книжное издательство.
- Ибрагимов, М. М. (2008). История Чечни с древнейших времен до наших дней: История Чечни ХХ и начала ХХI веков [History of Chechnya from ancient times to the present day: History of Chechnya in the 20th and early 21st centuries] (in Russian). Vol. 2 (2nd ed.). Грозный: ГУП "Книжное издательство". ISBN 9785988961017.
- Iden, M. (2019-09-07). "В Магасе прошел турнир по метанию ножей, посвященный народному герою Сулумбеку Сагопшинскому" [A knife throwing tournament dedicated to the national hero Sulumbek Sagopshinsky was held in Magas]. Ingushetia (in Russian). GAU redaktsiya gazety "Ingushetia".
- Хамчиев, С. (1995–1996). "Сулумбек Горовожев — герой из легенды" [Sulumbek Gorovozhev, a hero from a legend]. Сердало (in Russian). No. 46–49, 1–2. Магас: Изд-во Сердало.
- "Казнь «правой руки» Зелимхана" [Execution of Zelimkhan's "right hand"]. «Кавказская копейка» (in Russian). Баку. 25 August 1911. p. 4.
- Кодзоев, Исса (2011). Сулумбек Сагошинский [Sulumbek of Sagopshi] (PDF) (in Russian). Piligrim. pp. 1–318. ISBN 9785989931866.
- Курылев, В. П.; Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера); Карпов, Ю. Ю (2002). Лавровские (среднеазиатско-кавказские) чтения 2000-2001 гг.: краткое содержание докладов [Lavrov (Central Asian-Caucasian) readings 2000-2001: summary of reports] (in Russian). СПб.: Российская академия наук, Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера). pp. 1–150. ISBN 9785884310735.
- Мальсагов, А. О. (1983). Алиева, А. И. (ed.). Сказки и легенды ингушей и чеченцев [Tales and legends of the Ingush and Chechens] (in Russian). Москва: Наука.
- Мартиросиан, Г. К. (1933). История Ингушии [History of Ingushiya] (in Russian). Орджоникидзе: Сердало.
- Павлова, О. С. (2012). Ингушский этнос на современном этапе: черты социально-психологического портрета [The Ingush ethnos at the present stage: features of the socio-psychological portrait] (in Russian). Москва: Форум. ISBN 9785911346652. OCLC 798995782.
- Сахаров, А. А. (2019). Легенды и сказания ингушских гор [Legends and tales of the Ingush mountains] (in Russian). Москва: Фест Презент Компани. pp. 1–96. ISBN 978-5-9500432-1-5.
- Шмидт, О. Ю., ed. (1926). Большая советская энциклопедия [Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Vol. 1: А — Аколла (1st ed.). Москва: Советская энциклопедия. pp. 1–436.
- Зязиков, М. М. (2004). Традиционная культура ингушей: история и современность [Traditional culture of the Ingush: history and modernity] (in Russian). Ростов-на-Дону: СКНЦ ВШ. pp. 1–312. ISBN 5-87872-302-6.
