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Sulumbek Gandaloev
ГӀоандалой Сулумбик
Born	1878 Sagopshi, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire
Died	25 August 1911 Vladikavkaz, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire
Nationality	Ingush
Other names	Right-hand of Zelimkhan
Occupation	Abrek
Years active	1901—1911
Known for	Bank and train robberies

Sulumbek Gorovozhev (Gandaloev) or Sulumbek of Sagopshi (c. 1878 – 25 August 1911) was an Ingush outlaw (abrek) who was known for his spectacular bank, train and shop robberies, made together with his colleague and comrade Zelimkhan as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities. He participated in the most high-profile incidents associated with Zelimkhan. Sulumbek is considered a national hero to the Ingush people, as well as one of the most famous Caucasian abreks.

Early life

Sulumbek was born in c. 1878 to a peasant family in the village of Sagopshi, Vladikavkazsky okrug of the Terek Oblast. He was Ingush by ethnicity. Due to a conflict with a Cossack officer, the future abrek ended up in prison.

Abrechestvo

Sulumbek participated in the most high-profile incidents associated with Zelimkhan and was his companion. As attested by an article from the newspaper Russkoe slovo [ru] from 1910, he led series of raids in Nalchiksky and Vladikavkazsky okrugs together with his crew, during which, he engaged in skirmishes with the Cossacks and Russian Military units.

In 1910 Zelimkhan made a plan to rob the Kizlyar treasury. His group consisted of two detachments: the Ingush detachment, led by Sulumbek, and the Chechen one, led by Ayub. The group successfully robbed the treasury on 27 March. During the robbery, they managed to kill 4 Russian officers and 7 rankers.

His bank and shop robberies were seen as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities.

Death

After the devastation of the Ingush villages of Kek, Nelkh and Ersh and the repressions against their inhabitants for harboring Zelimkhan, the authorities also demanded the inhabitants of the village of Sagopshi to extradite Sulumbek. Sulumbek was given a choice to either surrender to the Russian authorities or his native village will be destroyed and its inhabitants will be evicted to Siberia. Sulumbek not wanting to endanger people, decided to surrender to the authorities, on the condition that he would be shot and not hanged. He was detained on October 21, 1910, and the authorities did not keep their promise to him. Sulumbek was executed by hanging on August 9, 1911. Eyewitnesses of the execution testified that until the very end he retained a rare outward calmness and self-control and that he himself kicked out the chair on which he stood.

In culture

Sulumbek is considered a national hero to the Ingush people, as well as one of the most famous Caucasian outlaws.

There's many works which mention Sulumbek, such as the book "Asir-Abrek. Chechen song", published in 1924. In 2011, the Ingush writer Issa Kodzoev wrote a book titled "Sulumbek Sagopshinsky". In 2019, director Leyla Gagieva shot the documentary film "Ingush Papakha", the first part of which is called "Abrek Sulumbek" and, among other things, describes the life and work of the abrek. In the same year, A. Sakharov's published collection "Legends and Tales of the Ingush Mountains" included a poem by the author dedicated to Sulumbek. In 2020, the poet I. Aprelsky dedicated a poem to Sulumbek.

Folksongs about Sulumbek

Sulumbek is glorified in the Ingush songs, illis. In one of the illis, hidden regret is expressed that the Ingush still do not have effective laws that make it possible to really judge the deeds of a person:

The fearless wolf — Salambek Sagopshinsky … Salambek rode into the heart of the city on a black horse...

Salambek killed the bailiff Boguslavsky. Salambek attacked the Grozny station. Salambek also attacked the Kizlyar bank. Salambek himself came to his death. Fearless wolf — Salambek Sagopshinsky …

…The general promised to shoot Salambek! This does not mean that he will shoot with his own hands. When even a general promises death, he promises it through the court. No matter how great a general is, greater than the greatest general is the royal law, whose books are like seventy-seven Korans.

Legacy

Streets in Nazran and Sagopshi were named in honor of Sulumbek and a commemorative plaque about him was also installed. On September 28, 2019, the All-Russian tournament in professional combat sambo in memory of Sulumbek Sagopshinsky was held in Ingushetia.

Notes

1. • Template:Lang-inh
   • Template:Lang-ru
2. Russkoe slovo 1910; Bagration 1914, p. 10; Martirosian 1933, p. 166; Gritsenko 1971, p. 92; Lavrovskie (sredneaziatsko-kavkazskie) chteniya 2002, p. 40 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFLavrovskie_(sredneaziatsko-kavkazskie)_chteniya2002 (help); Botyakov 2004, pp. 51, 79; Pavlova 2012, p. 36; Bobrovnikov 2008
3. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 372 harvnb error: no target: CITEREFДолгиеваКартоевКодзоевМатиев2013 (help) (referring to «Кавказская копейка» 1911 harvnb error: no target: CITEREF«Кавказская_копейка»1911 (help)).

References

1. ^ Лейла Гагиева (2019-04-01) | «Папаха ингуша: Абрек Сулумбек», Д/ф on YouTube.
2. Gritsenko 1971, p. 93.
3. Russkoe slovo 1910.
4. Martirosian 1933, p. 166.
5. Gritsenko 1971, p. 92.
6. Bagration 1914, p. 10.
7. Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1926, co. 83.
8. Долгиева et al. 2013, p. 372. sfn error: no target: CITEREFДолгиеваКартоевКодзоевМатиев2013 (help)
9. «Биржевые ведомости» 1911. sfn error: no target: CITEREF«Биржевые_ведомости»1911 (help)
10. Кодзоев 2011, pp. 3–4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFКодзоев2011 (help)
11. Греков, Б. Д.; Институт Истории СССР (2001). "Исторические записки" [Historical notes]. Istoricheskie Zapiski (in Russian) (122). Москва: Наука: 183.
12. Burbank, Jane; Hagen, Mark von; Anatolyi, Remnev, eds. (2007). Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780253219114.
13. Костерин, А. (1924). "Асир-Абрек. Чеченская песня" [Asir-Abrek. Chechen song]. Ровесники: сборник содружества писателей революции «Перевал». Сборник № 1 [Peers: a collection of the community of writers of the revolution "Pass". Collection № 1] (in Russian). Москва: Государственное издательство.
14. Кодзоев 2011. sfn error: no target: CITEREFКодзоев2011 (help)
15. Сахаров 2019. sfn error: no target: CITEREFСахаров2019 (help)
16. Апрельский, Игорь (2020-05-22). "Легенда об абреке Сулумбеке" [The legend of the abrek Sulumbek]. www.stihi.ru (in Russian). Ингушетия - маленькая страна больших Героев. Об одном из них, чье имя при жизни стало легендой пойдёт рассказ. Сулумбек Горовожев - народный герой-ингуш.
17. Arsharuni 1930.
18. Зязиков 2004, p. 173. sfn error: no target: CITEREFЗязиков2004 (help)
19. Зязиков 2004, pp. 173–174. sfn error: no target: CITEREFЗязиков2004 (help)
20. Сулумбек Сагопшинский on YouTube | 2019-10-08.
21. Турнир памяти легендарного война и народного героя Сулумбека Гандалоева on YouTube | 2019–09-28.

Bibliography

English sources

• Bobronikov, V. (August 8, 2007). "Bandits and the State: Designing a "Traditional" Culture of Violence in the North Caucasus". In Burbank, J.; Hagen, M.; Anatolyi, R. (eds.). Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930. Indiana-Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–538. ISBN 9780253219114.
• Bobrovnikov, V. O. (2008). "Abrek". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.

Russian sources

• Anchabadze, George (2001). Gelashvili, N. V. (ed.). Вайнахи [Vainakhs] (in Russian). Tbilisi: Caucasian House.
• Arapov, D. Yu.; Babich, I. L.; Bobrovnikov, V. O.; Gakkaev, J.; Kazharov, V. Kh.; Krishtopa, A. E.; Solovyeva, L. T.; Sotavov, N. A.; Tsutsiev, A. A. (2007). Bobrovnikov, V. O.; Babich, I. L.; Redkollegiya serii "Okrainy Rossiyskoy imperii" (eds.). Северный Кавказ в составе Российской империи [North Caucasus as part of the Russian Empire]. Okrainy Rossiyskoy imperii (in Russian). Moscow: NLO. pp. 1–460. ISBN 978-5867935290.
• "Арестъ абрека Соламбека Горваджіева" [The arrest of abrek Solambek Gorvadzhiev]. Russkoe slovo (in Russian). No. 244. Moscow: A. A. Aleksandrov. 1910.
• Arsharuni, A. (1930). "Ингушская литература" [Ingush literature]. Literaturnaya Entsoklopedia (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moskva: Izd-vo Kom. Akad. col. 496–497.
• Bagration, Dmitry (1914). Подвиг терского казака, ныне Дагестанского конного полка поручика Кибирова, уничтожившого абрека Зелимхана [The feat of the Terek Cossack, now the Dagestan Cavalry Regiment of Lieutenant Kibirov, who destroyed the abrek Zelimkhan] (in Russian). Petrograd: T-vo R. Golike i A. Vilborg.
• Bazorkin, M. M. (2002) . Kurkiev, A. B. (ed.). История происхождения ингушей [History of the origin of the Ingush] (PDF) (in Russian). Nalchik: El-Fa. pp. 1–290. ISBN 5-88195-554-4.
• Botyakov, Yu. M. (2004). Абреки на Кавказе: социо-культурный аспект явления [Abreks in the Caucasus: socio-cultural aspect of the phenomenon] (in Russian). SPb.: Peterburgskoe vostokovedinie. pp. 1–208. ISBN 9785858032830.
• Dolgieva, M. B.; Kartoev, M. M.; Kodzoev, N. D.; Matiev, T. Kh. (2013). Kodzoev, N. D.; et al. (eds.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4th ed.). Rostov-Na-Donu: Yuzhnyy izdatelsky dom. pp. 1–600. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
• Gritsenko, N. P. (1971). Классовая борьба крестьян в чечено-ингушетии на рубеже XIX-XX веков [The class struggle of peasants in Chechen-Ingushetia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries] (in Russian). Grozny: ChIKI.
• Iden, M. (2019-09-07). "В Магасе прошел турнир по метанию ножей, посвященный народному герою Сулумбеку Сагопшинскому" [A knife throwing tournament dedicated to the national hero Sulumbek Sagopshinsky was held in Magas]. Ingushetia (in Russian). GAU redaktsiya gazety "Ingushetia".
• Kodzoev, Issa (2011). Сулумбек Сагошинский [Sulumbek of Sagopshi] (PDF) (in Russian). Piligrim. pp. 1–318. ISBN 9785989931866.
• Курылев, В. П.; Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера); Карпов, Ю. Ю (2002). Лавровские (среднеазиатско-кавказские) чтения 2000-2001 гг.: краткое содержание докладов [Lavrov (Central Asian-Caucasian) readings 2000-2001: summary of reports] (in Russian). СПб.: Российская академия наук, Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера). pp. 1–150. ISBN 9785884310735.
• Malsagov, A. O. (1983). Alieva, A. I. (ed.). Сказки и легенды ингушей и чеченцев [Tales and legends of the Ingush and Chechens] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.
• Martirosian, Georgi (1933). История Ингушии [History of Ingushiya] (in Russian). Ordzhonikidze: Serdalo.
• Pavlova, O. S. (2012). Ингушский этнос на современном этапе: черты социально-психологического портрета [The Ingush ethnos at the present stage: features of the socio-psychological portrait] (in Russian). Moscow: Forum. ISBN 9785911346652. OCLC 798995782.
• Sakharov, A. A. (2019). Легенды и сказания ингушских гор [Legends and tales of the Ingush mountains] (in Russian). Москва: Fest Prezent Kompani. pp. 1–96. ISBN 978-5-9500432-1-5.
• Schmidt, Оtto, ed. (1926). Большая советская энциклопедия [Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Vol. 1: А — Аколла (1st ed.). Moscow: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. pp. 1–436.
• Zyazikov, Мurat (2004). Традиционная культура ингушей: история и современность [Traditional culture of the Ingush: history and modernity] (in Russian). Rostov-On-Don: SKNTs VSh. pp. 1–312. ISBN 5-87872-302-6.

External links

• Неустрашимость и безумная отвага

• History of Ingushetia
• Ingush people
• History of the Caucasus
• 1878 births
• 1911 deaths
• People from the Russian Empire