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| Russian authorities threatened the inhabitants of his native village of Sagopshi that it would be destroyed if they didn't give up Sulumbek and its inhabitants will be evicted to ]. Having learned about this, Sulumbek, through intermediaries, negotiated with the Russian authorities and agreed to surrender, but with the only condition that he would be shot and not hanged, since the last death for a Caucasian mountaineer was considered shameful and unacceptable. When such guarantees were promised to him, Sulambek himself surrendered to the authorities. However, during the trial, the court sentenced him to ]. The Russian newspaper ''Kavkazskaya kopeyka'' described the last minutes of Sulumbek's life:{{sfn|Dolgieva|Kartoev|Kodzoev|Matiev|2013|p=372}} | Russian authorities threatened the inhabitants of his native village of Sagopshi that it would be destroyed if they didn't give up Sulumbek and its inhabitants will be evicted to ]. Having learned about this, Sulumbek, through intermediaries, negotiated with the Russian authorities and agreed to surrender, but with the only condition that he would be shot and not hanged, since the last death for a Caucasian mountaineer was considered shameful and unacceptable. When such guarantees were promised to him, Sulambek himself surrendered to the authorities. However, during the trial, the court sentenced him to ]. The Russian newspaper ''Kavkazskaya kopeyka'' described the last minutes of Sulumbek's life:{{sfn|Dolgieva|Kartoev|Kodzoev|Matiev|2013|p=372}} | ||
| {{Blockquote|text=At the sight of the gallows and in general the whole gloomy, ominous situation, speaking of the inevitable proximity of the fatal end, Garavodzhev, as eyewitnesses say, retained a rare outward calm and self-control, and some kind of mysterious, either sarcastic or contemptuous smile was always playing on his thin lips Then he calmly, without haste and without showing the slightest emotion at all, climbed onto the fatal platform and, when the executioner threw a noose around his neck, he himself slid off the stool The last wish of this Zelimkhanovite was that his hands would not be tied and a shroud bag would not be put on him. "I give you my ''abrek's'' word of honor that I will not cause any trouble to anyone," he assured his superiors. But, of course, he was denied this.}} | {{Blockquote|text=At the sight of the gallows and in general the whole gloomy, ominous situation, speaking of the inevitable proximity of the fatal end, Garavodzhev, as eyewitnesses say, retained a rare outward calm and self-control, and some kind of mysterious, either sarcastic or contemptuous smile was always playing on his thin lips Then he calmly, without haste and without showing the slightest emotion at all, climbed onto the fatal platform and, when the executioner threw a noose around his neck, he himself slid off the stool The last wish of this Zelimkhanovite was that his hands would not be tied and a shroud bag would not be put on him. "I give you my ''abrek's'' word of honor that I will not cause any trouble to anyone," he assured his superiors. But, of course, he was denied this.}} | ||
| According to historian Petimat Akieva, the death of Sulumbek carried "the nature of political protest and struggle against power", which gave "Abreks in the eyes of the people have an aura of national heroes".{{sfn|Akieva|2019|p=57}} | |||
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Revision as of 21:16, 14 November 2023
Ingush abrek| Sulumbek Gandaloev | |
|---|---|
| ГӀоандалой Сулумбик | |
 | |
| Born | Sagopshi, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire |
| Died | 1911 Vladikavkaz, Vladikavkazsky okrug, Terek Oblast, Russian Empire |
| Nationality | Ingush |
| Other names | Right-hand of Zelimkhan |
| Occupation | Abrek |
| Years active | 1901—1911 |
| Known for | Bank and train robberies |
Sulumbek Gorovozhev (Gandaloev) or Sulumbek of Sagopshi (died 1911) was an Ingush outlaw (abrek) who was known for his spectacular bank and shop robberies, made together with his colleague and comrade Zelimkhan as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities. He participated in the most high-profile incidents associated with Zelimkhan. Sulumbek is considered a national hero to the Ingush people, as well as one of the most famous Caucasian abreks.
Biography
Background
Sulumbek was born in the village of Sagopshi, Vladikavkazsky okrug of the Terek Oblast. He was Ingush by ethnicity.
Abrek activity
Sulumbek participated in the most high-profile incidents associated with Zelimkhan and was his companion. As attested by an article from the newspaper Russkoe slovo [ru] from 1910, he led series of raids in Nalchiksky and Vladikavkazsky okrugs together with his crew, during which, he engaged in skirmishes with the Cossacks and Russian Military units.
In 1910 Zelimkhan made a plan to rob the Kizlyar treasury. His group consisted of two detachments: the Ingush detachment, led by Sulumbek, and the Chechen one, led by Ayub. The group successfully robbed the treasury on 27 March. During the robbery, they managed to kill 4 Russian officers and 7 rankers. His bank and shop robberies were seen as part of a violent struggle with the Russian authorities.
Death
Russian authorities threatened the inhabitants of his native village of Sagopshi that it would be destroyed if they didn't give up Sulumbek and its inhabitants will be evicted to Siberia. Having learned about this, Sulumbek, through intermediaries, negotiated with the Russian authorities and agreed to surrender, but with the only condition that he would be shot and not hanged, since the last death for a Caucasian mountaineer was considered shameful and unacceptable. When such guarantees were promised to him, Sulambek himself surrendered to the authorities. However, during the trial, the court sentenced him to death by hanging. The Russian newspaper Kavkazskaya kopeyka described the last minutes of Sulumbek's life:
At the sight of the gallows and in general the whole gloomy, ominous situation, speaking of the inevitable proximity of the fatal end, Garavodzhev, as eyewitnesses say, retained a rare outward calm and self-control, and some kind of mysterious, either sarcastic or contemptuous smile was always playing on his thin lips Then he calmly, without haste and without showing the slightest emotion at all, climbed onto the fatal platform and, when the executioner threw a noose around his neck, he himself slid off the stool The last wish of this Zelimkhanovite was that his hands would not be tied and a shroud bag would not be put on him. "I give you my abrek's word of honor that I will not cause any trouble to anyone," he assured his superiors. But, of course, he was denied this.
According to historian Petimat Akieva, the death of Sulumbek carried "the nature of political protest and struggle against power", which gave "Abreks in the eyes of the people have an aura of national heroes".
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In culture
Sulumbek is considered a national hero to the Ingush people, as well as one of the most famous Caucasian outlaws.
In 2011, the Ingush writer Issa Kodzoev wrote a romance titled "Sulumbek Sagopshinsky". In 2019, director Leyla Gagieva shot the documentary film "Ingush Papakha", the first part of which is called "Abrek Sulumbek" and, among other things, describes the life and work of the abrek. In the same year, A. Sakharov's published collection "Legends and Tales of the Ingush Mountains" included a poem by the author dedicated to Sulumbek.
Folksongs about Sulumbek
The Chechen illi "Asir-Abrek. Chechen song", published in 1924 mentions Sulumbek. In the Ingush illis, Sulumbek is glorified. In one of the illis, hidden regret is expressed that the Ingush still do not have effective laws that make it possible to really judge the deeds of a person:
The fearless wolf — Salambek Sagopshinsky … Salambek rode into the heart of the city on a black horse...
Salambek killed the bailiff Boguslavsky. Salambek attacked the Grozny station. Salambek also attacked the Kizlyar bank. Salambek himself came to his death. Fearless wolf — Salambek Sagopshinsky …
…The general promised to shoot Salambek! This does not mean that he will shoot with his own hands. When even a general promises death, he promises it through the court. No matter how great a general is, greater than the greatest general is the royal law, whose books are like seventy-seven Korans.
Legacy
Streets in Nazran and Sagopshi were named in honor of Sulumbek and a commemorative plaque about him was also installed. On September 28, 2019, the All-Russian tournament in professional combat sambo in memory of Sulumbek Sagopshinsky was held in Ingushetia.
Notes
- Martirosian 1933, p. 166; Gritsenko 1971, p. 92; Botyakov 2004, pp. 51, 79; Bobrovnikov 2008
References
- ^ Dolgieva et al. 2013, p. 372.
- Gritsenko 1971, p. 93.
- Russkoe slovo 1910.
- Martirosian 1933, p. 166.
- Gritsenko 1971, p. 92.
- Bagration 1914, p. 10.
- Great Soviet Encyclopedia 1926, co. 83.
- Akieva 2019, p. 57. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAkieva2019 (help)
- Kodzoev 2011, pp. 3–4.
- Bobronikov 2007, p. 258.
- Kodzoev 2011.
- «Папаха ингуша: Абрек Сулумбек», Д/ф on YouTube (2019-04-01)
- Sakharov 2019.
- Kosterin, A. (1924). "Асир-Абрек. Чеченская песня" [Asir-Abrek. Chechen song]. Ровесники: сборник содружества писателей революции «Перевал». Сборник № 1 [Peers: a collection of the community of writers of the revolution "Pass". Collection № 1] (in Russian). Moscow: Gos. izd-vo.
- Zyazikov 2004, p. 173.
- Zyazikov 2004, pp. 173–174.
- Сулумбек Сагопшинский on YouTube | 2019-10-08.
- Турнир памяти легендарного война и народного героя Сулумбека Гандалоева on YouTube | 2019–09-28.
Bibliography
English sources
- Bobronikov, V. (August 8, 2007). "Bandits and the State: Designing a "Traditional" Culture of Violence in the North Caucasus". In Burbank, J.; Hagen, M.; Anatolyi, R. (eds.). Russian Empire: Space, People, Power, 1700-1930. Indiana-Michigan Series in Russian and East European Studies. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. pp. 1–538. ISBN 9780253219114.
- Bobrovnikov, V. O. (2008). "Abrek". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (3rd ed.). Brill Online. ISSN 1873-9830.
Russian sources
- Anchabadze, George (2001). Gelashvili, N. V. (ed.). Вайнахи [Vainakhs] (in Russian). Tbilisi: Caucasian House.
- Arapov, D. Yu.; Babich, I. L.; Bobrovnikov, V. O.; Gakkaev, J.; Kazharov, V. Kh.; Krishtopa, A. E.; Solovyeva, L. T.; Sotavov, N. A.; Tsutsiev, A. A. (2007). Bobrovnikov, V. O.; Babich, I. L.; Redkollegiya serii "Okrainy Rossiyskoy imperii" (eds.). Северный Кавказ в составе Российской империи [North Caucasus as part of the Russian Empire]. Okrainy Rossiyskoy imperii (in Russian). Moscow: NLO. pp. 1–460. ISBN 978-5867935290.
- "Арестъ абрека Соламбека Горваджіева" [The arrest of abrek Solambek Gorvadzhiev]. Russkoe slovo (in Russian). No. 244. Moscow: A. A. Aleksandrov. 1910.
- Arsharuni, A. (1930). "Ингушская литература" [Ingush literature]. Literaturnaya Entsoklopedia (in Russian). Vol. 4. Moskva: Izd-vo Kom. Akad. col. 496–497.
- Bagration, Dmitry (1914). Подвиг терского казака, ныне Дагестанского конного полка поручика Кибирова, уничтожившого абрека Зелимхана [The feat of the Terek Cossack, now the Dagestan Cavalry Regiment of Lieutenant Kibirov, who destroyed the abrek Zelimkhan] (in Russian). Petrograd: T-vo R. Golike i A. Vilborg.
- Bazorkin, M. M. (2002) . Kurkiev, A. B. (ed.). История происхождения ингушей [History of the origin of the Ingush] (PDF) (in Russian). Nalchik: El-Fa. pp. 1–290. ISBN 5-88195-554-4.
- Botyakov, Yu. M. (2004). Абреки на Кавказе: социо-культурный аспект явления [Abreks in the Caucasus: socio-cultural aspect of the phenomenon] (in Russian). SPb.: Peterburgskoe vostokovedinie. pp. 1–208. ISBN 9785858032830.
- Dolgieva, M. B.; Kartoev, M. M.; Kodzoev, N. D.; Matiev, T. Kh. (2013). Kodzoev, N. D.; et al. (eds.). История Ингушетии [History of Ingushetia] (4th ed.). Rostov-Na-Donu: Yuzhnyy izdatelsky dom. pp. 1–600. ISBN 978-5-98864-056-1.
- Gritsenko, N. P. (1971). Классовая борьба крестьян в чечено-ингушетии на рубеже XIX-XX веков [The class struggle of peasants in Chechen-Ingushetia at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries] (in Russian). Grozny: ChIKI.
- Iden, M. (2019-09-07). "В Магасе прошел турнир по метанию ножей, посвященный народному герою Сулумбеку Сагопшинскому" [A knife throwing tournament dedicated to the national hero Sulumbek Sagopshinsky was held in Magas]. Ingushetia (in Russian). GAU redaktsiya gazety "Ingushetia".
- Kodzoev, Issa (2011). Сулумбек Сагошинский [Sulumbek of Sagopshi] (PDF) (in Russian). Piligrim. pp. 1–318. ISBN 9785989931866.
- Курылев, В. П.; Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера); Карпов, Ю. Ю (2002). Лавровские (среднеазиатско-кавказские) чтения 2000-2001 гг.: краткое содержание докладов [Lavrov (Central Asian-Caucasian) readings 2000-2001: summary of reports] (in Russian). СПб.: Российская академия наук, Музей антропологии и этнографии им. Петра Великого (Кунсткамера). pp. 1–150. ISBN 9785884310735.
- Malsagov, A. O. (1983). Alieva, A. I. (ed.). Сказки и легенды ингушей и чеченцев [Tales and legends of the Ingush and Chechens] (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka.
- Martirosian, Georgi (1933). История Ингушии [History of Ingushiya] (in Russian). Ordzhonikidze: Serdalo.
- Pavlova, O. S. (2012). Ингушский этнос на современном этапе: черты социально-психологического портрета [The Ingush ethnos at the present stage: features of the socio-psychological portrait] (in Russian). Moscow: Forum. ISBN 9785911346652. OCLC 798995782.
- Sakharov, A. A. (2019). Легенды и сказания ингушских гор [Legends and tales of the Ingush mountains] (in Russian). Москва: Fest Prezent Kompani. pp. 1–96. ISBN 978-5-9500432-1-5.
- Schmidt, Оtto, ed. (1926). Большая советская энциклопедия [Great Soviet Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Vol. 1: А — Аколла (1st ed.). Moscow: Great Soviet Encyclopedia. pp. 1–436.
- Zyazikov, Мurat (2004). Традиционная культура ингушей: история и современность [Traditional culture of the Ingush: history and modernity] (in Russian). Rostov-On-Don: SKNTs VSh. pp. 1–312. ISBN 5-87872-302-6.
