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| Entarian Dominion | |||
| {{Unreferenced|date=December 2006}} | |||
| {{ethnic group | |||
| |group = Koreans | |||
| |image =] | |||
| |poptime = 79 million (est.) | |||
| |regions = {{flagcountry|South Korea}}{{nbsp|6}}49,422,644 (2005 est.)<br>{{flagcountry|North Korea}}{{nbsp|6}}22,912,177 (2005 est.) | |||
| <center><small><small>Other significant population centers:</small></small></center> | |||
| |region1 = {{flagcountry|United States}} | |||
| |pop1 = 2,057,546 | |||
| |region2 = {{flagcountry|China}} | |||
| |pop2 = 2,043,578 | |||
| |region3 = {{flagcountry|Japan}} | |||
| |pop3 = 660,214 | |||
| |region4 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | |||
| |pop4 = 486,857 | |||
| |region5 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} | |||
| |pop5 = 130,000-250,000 | |||
| |region6 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} | |||
| |pop6 = 150,000 | |||
| |region7 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | |||
| |pop7 = 110,000 | |||
| |region8 = {{flagcountry|Philippines}} | |||
| |pop8 = 92,000 | |||
| |region9 = {{flagcountry|Guatemala}} | |||
| |pop9 = 49,000 | |||
| |region10 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} | |||
| |pop10 = 35,000 | |||
| |region11 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} | |||
| |pop11 = 34,000 | |||
| |region12 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | |||
| |pop12 = 31,000 | |||
| |region13 = {{flagcountry|Vietnam}} | |||
| |pop13 = 29,000 | |||
| |langs = ] speakers: 72 million | |||
| |rels = Nonreligious, ], ], ], ], (indigenous), ], ], other}} | |||
| The '''Korean''' people are an ]n ]. Most Koreans live in the ] and speak the ]. ]'s population is highly homogeneous both ethnically and linguistically, with only small minorities, such as ] and ], present in ] and ] Korea. | |||
| ==Names== | |||
| ]ns call Koreans ''Hangukin'' (or simply 한인/Hanin) ({{lang|ko|한국인}}; {{lang|ko|韓國人}}) or ''Hanguk saram'' ({{lang|ko|한국 사람}}; {{lang|ko|韓國 사람}}), while ]ns call Koreans ''Chosŏn-in'' ({{lang|ko|조선인}}; {{lang|ko|朝鮮人}}) or ''Chosŏn saram'' ({{lang|ko|조선 사람}}; {{lang|ko|朝鮮 사람}}). See ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| ==Origins== | |||
| {{See also|History of Korea}} | |||
| Koreans are believed to be descendents of ]<ref>{{cite book | |||
| | last = Nelson | |||
| | first = Sarah M. | |||
| | title = The Archaeology of Korea | |||
| | publisher = Cambridge University Press | |||
| | date = 1993 | |||
| | pages = 6 | |||
| | isbsn = 0521407834 | |||
| }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | |||
| | url = http://100.naver.com/100.nhn?docid=186719 | |||
| | title = Korean people(한민족) | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-03-09 | |||
| | work = | |||
| | language = Korean | |||
| }}</ref> or proto-]<ref>{{cite web | |||
| | url = http://preview.britannica.co.kr/bol/topic.asp?article_id=b24h2877b | |||
| | title = Korean people(한민족) | |||
| | accessdate = 2007-03-09 | |||
| | work = | |||
| | language = Korean | |||
| }}</ref> speaking tribes, linking them with ], ], ], and other ]ns. Archaeological evidence suggest proto-Koreans were Altaic language speaking migrants from south-central Siberia<ref>''The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan'', pp. 165</ref>, who populated ] in successive waves from neolithic age to bronze age<ref>''뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국'', pp. 44-45</ref>. | |||
| Recent advances in the study of ] have produced evidence to suggest that the Korean people have a very long history as a distinct, mostly endogamous ethnic group, as male Koreans display a high frequency of Y-chromosomes belonging to ] that are more or less specific to Korean populations.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} At least several thousand years before present, a few of these proto-Korean Haplogroup O2b1 patrilines appear to have crossed from Korea into the ], where they now comprise a significant fraction of the male lineages extant among the ] and ] populations. <ref>These apparently proto-Korean descendants in Japan, however, seem to have experienced extensive genetic admixture with the long-established ] populations of the Japanese Archipelago, which has resulted in modern Japanese populations' displaying a somewhat different genetic profile from the Koreans on the continent.</ref> | |||
| Though they have interbred to some extent with other East Asian ethnic groups over the ages, Koreans have retained much of the physicalities of their ] migration group, including tall stature, long bridged noses, higher cheekbones, and the ], a genetic predisposition for a bluish birthmark on the lower body which remains until early childhood. | |||
| ==Homogeneity== | |||
| Although a variety of different ]n peoples had migrated to the ] in past centuries, very few have remained permanently, so by even now both South Korea and North Korea have been among the world's most ethnically homogeneous nations. The number of indigenous minorities was negligible. In South Korea, people of foreign origin, including Westerners, Chinese, and Japanese, were a small percentage of the population whose residence was generally temporary. | |||
| Koreans tend to equate nationality or citizenship with membership in a single, homogeneous ] or "]" (minjok, in Korean). A ] and ] also are viewed as important elements in Korean identity. The idea of multiracial or multiethnic nations, like ] or the ], strikes many Koreans as odd or even contradictory. | |||
| ===Regional differences=== | |||
| Against the background of ethnic homogeneity, however, significant regional differences exist. | |||
| Within ], the most important regional difference is between the ] region, embracing ] and ] provinces in the southeast, and the ] region, embracing ] and ] provinces in the southwest. The two regions, separated by the ], nurture a rivalry said to reach back to the ], which lasted from the fourth century to the seventh century A.D., when the kingdoms of ] and ] struggled for control of the peninsula. | |||
| Observers noted that interregional marriages are rare, and that as of 1990 a new fourlane highway completed in 1984 between ] and ], the capitals of Jeollanam-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do, completed in 1984, had not been successful in promoting travel between the two areas. | |||
| South Korea's political elite, including presidents ], ], and ], have come largely from the Gyeongsang region. As a result, Gyeongsang has been a special beneficiary of government development assistance. | |||
| By contrast, the Jeolla region has remained comparatively rural, undeveloped, and poor. Chronically disaffected, its people rightly or wrongly have a reputation for rebelliousness. Regional bitterness was intensified by the May 1980 ], in which about 200 and perhaps many more inhabitants of the capital of Jeollanam-do were killed by ]'s troops sent to quell the citizens and student's demonstration against military coup regime. The demonstration against military regime occurred all over the country, but only Gwangju was | |||
| heavily damaged. Many of the troops were reportedly from the Gyeongsang region. | |||
| Regional stereotypes, like regional dialects, have been breaking down under the influence of centralized education, nationwide media, and the several decades of population movement since the ]. Stereotypes remain important, however, in the eyes of many South Koreans. For example, the people of ], surrounding Seoul, are often described as being cultured, and ] people, inhabiting the region embracing ] and ] provinces, are thought to be mild-mannered, manifesting true ] virtues. The people of ] in the northeast were viewed as poor and stolid, while Koreans from the northern provinces of ], ], and ], now in North Korea, are perceived as being diligent and aggressive. ] is infamous for its strong-minded and independent women. | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| {{Main|Culture of Korea|contemporary culture of North Korea|contemporary culture of South Korea}} | |||
| North Korea and South Korea share a common heritage, but the ] since 1945 has resulted in some divergence of modern culture. | |||
| ==Language== | |||
| {{Main|Korean language|Hangul}} | |||
| The language of the Korean people is the ], which uses ] as its main writing system. There are around 73 million speakers of the Korean language worldwide. | |||
| ==North Korea data== | |||
| ].]] | |||
| Estimating the size, growth rate, sex ratio, and age structure of North Korea's population has been extremely difficult. Until release of official data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the ] was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population. They either totaled the number of delegates elected to the ] (each delegate representing 50,000 people before 1962 and 30,000 people afterward) or relied on official statements that a certain number of persons, or percentage of the population, was engaged in a particular activity. Thus, on the basis of remarks made by President ] in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were gradually made available to the outside world. | |||
| In 1989 the ] released demographic data to the ] (UNFPA) in order to secure the UNFPA's assistance in holding North Korea's first nationwide ] since the establishment of the state in 1948. Although the figures given to the ] might have been distorted, it appears that in line with other attempts to open itself to the outside world, the North Korean regime has also opened somewhat in the demographic realm. Although the country lacks trained demographers, accurate data on household registration, migration, and births and deaths are available to North Korean authorities. According to the United States scholar Nicholas Eberstadt and demographer Judith Banister, vital statistics and personal information on residents are kept by agencies on the ''ri'', or ''ni'' (village, the local administrative unit) level in rural areas and the ''dong'' (district or block) level in urban areas. | |||
| ==Koreans outside of Korea== | |||
| {{main|Gyopo}} <!-- might rename this page --> | |||
| Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the ] and ]; these emigrants became the ancestors of the 2 million ] and several hundred thousand ]. During the ] of 1910-1945, Koreans were often recruited and or forced into labour service to work in ], ], and ]; the ones who chose to remain in Japan at the end of the war became known as ], while the roughly 40 thousand who were trapped in Karafuto after the Soviet invasion are typically referred to as ]. Korean emigration to America was known to have begun as early as 1903, but the ] community did not grow to a significant size until after the passage of the ]; now, roughly 2 million Koreans live in the United States. | |||
| Large ]s can also be found in ], ], and ]. The largest Korean community outside of Korea is in Los Angeles, California. The largest Korean community in ] is in ], but the largest European Koreatown is in ]. There are also Koreatowns in ]n countries such as ], ], and ]. In recent years, the number of ] has also grown significantly. | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| <div class="references-small"><references /></div> | |||
| ==References== | |||
| *{{loc}} | |||
| * 서의식 and 강봉룡. ''뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국'', ISBN 89-8133-536-2 | |||
| * Barnes, Gina. ''The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: the Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan'', ISBN 05-0027-974-8 | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] (The Koreans of Central Asia) | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
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Revision as of 22:53, 28 March 2007
Entarian Dominion