Misplaced Pages

Kleverlandish: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 04:32, 26 December 2023 edit2003:de:370c:38a6:ccc3:bac8:b246:9099 (talk) box: unsourced, also per "in the German part of the speech area, which are also called ''Niederrheinsch'' (Low Rhenish)" it's not the same (no synonym), but Niederrheinisch only being a part of Kleverlandish (a meronym) -- text: unsourced, books.google.com/books?id=GXuqCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA90 has Niederrheinisch and Nordniederrheinisch (with ik) and Südniederrheinisch (with ich, i.e. part of South Low Franconian and not of Kleverländisch)← Previous edit Revision as of 06:33, 26 December 2023 edit undoAnomieBOT (talk | contribs)Bots6,565,363 editsm Dating maintenance tags: {{Citation needed}}Next edit →
Line 2: Line 2:
{{Infobox language {{Infobox language
| name=Kleverlandish | name=Kleverlandish
| altname=Low Rhenish{{citation needed}} | altname=Low Rhenish{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}
| states=], ] | states=], ]
| speakers=? | speakers=?
Line 21: Line 21:
Kleverlandish varieties are spoken in the Netherlands in the northernmost part of ], in the northeasternmost part of ] (]), and in the southeastern part of ] (around ]), and in Germany in the districts of ] and ] in northwestern ]. To the northeast, Kleverlandish borders on the ] speech area, its western border is the ] line.{{sfn|De Vriend|Giesbers|van Hout|ten Bosch|2008|p=119}} Traditionally, its southern extent bordering on the ] dialect group (commonly called "Limburgish" in Belgium and the Netherlands) is defined by the ] (the ''ik''-''ich''-]),{{sfn|De Vriend|Giesbers|van Hout|ten Bosch|2008|p=119}} but many Dutch and German scholars place the boundary further to the north based on wider criteria than the ''ik''-''ich''-isogloss.{{sfn|Wiesinger|1970b|pp=331–332}}{{sfn|Bakker|van Hout|2017}}{{efn|Thus, the dialects of e.g. ], ] and ] are excluded from Kleverlandish.}} Kleverlandish varieties are spoken in the Netherlands in the northernmost part of ], in the northeasternmost part of ] (]), and in the southeastern part of ] (around ]), and in Germany in the districts of ] and ] in northwestern ]. To the northeast, Kleverlandish borders on the ] speech area, its western border is the ] line.{{sfn|De Vriend|Giesbers|van Hout|ten Bosch|2008|p=119}} Traditionally, its southern extent bordering on the ] dialect group (commonly called "Limburgish" in Belgium and the Netherlands) is defined by the ] (the ''ik''-''ich''-]),{{sfn|De Vriend|Giesbers|van Hout|ten Bosch|2008|p=119}} but many Dutch and German scholars place the boundary further to the north based on wider criteria than the ''ik''-''ich''-isogloss.{{sfn|Wiesinger|1970b|pp=331–332}}{{sfn|Bakker|van Hout|2017}}{{efn|Thus, the dialects of e.g. ], ] and ] are excluded from Kleverlandish.}}


Originally, the term ''Kleverländisch''{{efn|From German ''Kleverland'' ].}} referred only to the dialects in the German part of the speech area, which are also called ''Niederrheinsch'' (Low Rhenish) in traditional German dialectology.{{citation needed}}<!-- for both: "Originally" and "Niederrheinisch" being part of Kleverländisch (and not also covering some South Low Franconian in Germany) --> The dialects on the Dutch side were first classified as a distinct group by te Winkel (1898) (as "Saxon-East Franconian") and Van Ginneken (1917) ("Guelderish-Limburgish"). The close affinity between these dialect areas had long been recognized by Dutch and German scholars;{{efn|E.g. {{harvp|Weijnen|1958|p=363}}: "Tot het Noordlimburgs reken ik het gebied ten noorden van de Uerdinger- en ''mich''-linie Het sluit aan bij de dialecten van het Land van Cuyk, het Land van Nijmegen, de Over-Betuwe, de Lijmers en het Oostijsels Ook is er sterke verwantschap met het Cleefs." ('I consider the area north of the Uerdingen and the ''mich'' line as North Limburgian it agrees with the dialects of Land van Cuyk, Land van Nijmegen, Upper Betuwe, Lijmers and Oostijsel there is also a strong affinity with the dialect of Cleves.')}} but it was the Belgian dialectologist ] who first extended the scope of the term "Kleverlandish" to include all varieties on both sides of the border.{{sfn|Giesbers|2008|p=5}} Originally, the term ''Kleverländisch''{{efn|From German ''Kleverland'' ].}} referred only to the dialects in the German part of the speech area, which are also called ''Niederrheinsch'' (Low Rhenish) in traditional German dialectology.{{citation needed|date=December 2023}}<!-- for both: "Originally" and "Niederrheinisch" being part of Kleverländisch (and not also covering some South Low Franconian in Germany) --> The dialects on the Dutch side were first classified as a distinct group by te Winkel (1898) (as "Saxon-East Franconian") and Van Ginneken (1917) ("Guelderish-Limburgish"). The close affinity between these dialect areas had long been recognized by Dutch and German scholars;{{efn|E.g. {{harvp|Weijnen|1958|p=363}}: "Tot het Noordlimburgs reken ik het gebied ten noorden van de Uerdinger- en ''mich''-linie Het sluit aan bij de dialecten van het Land van Cuyk, het Land van Nijmegen, de Over-Betuwe, de Lijmers en het Oostijsels Ook is er sterke verwantschap met het Cleefs." ('I consider the area north of the Uerdingen and the ''mich'' line as North Limburgian it agrees with the dialects of Land van Cuyk, Land van Nijmegen, Upper Betuwe, Lijmers and Oostijsel there is also a strong affinity with the dialect of Cleves.')}} but it was the Belgian dialectologist ] who first extended the scope of the term "Kleverlandish" to include all varieties on both sides of the border.{{sfn|Giesbers|2008|p=5}}


==Characteristics== ==Characteristics==

Revision as of 06:33, 26 December 2023

Low Franconian dialect group
Kleverlandish
Low Rhenish
Native toGermany, Netherlands
Language familyIndo-European
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologklev1234
Kleverlandish dialect area (the southern extent in this map follows the Uerdingen line).

Kleverlandish (Template:Lang-nl; Template:Lang-de) is a group of Low Franconian dialects spoken on both sides of the Dutch-German border along the Meuse and Rhine rivers.

Extent and terminology

Kleverlandish varieties are spoken in the Netherlands in the northernmost part of Dutch Limburg, in the northeasternmost part of North Brabant (Land van Cuijk), and in the southeastern part of Gelderland (around Nijmegen), and in Germany in the districts of Cleves and Wesel in northwestern North Rhine-Westphalia. To the northeast, Kleverlandish borders on the Low Saxon speech area, its western border is the diphthongisation line. Traditionally, its southern extent bordering on the South Low Franconian dialect group (commonly called "Limburgish" in Belgium and the Netherlands) is defined by the Uerdingen line (the ik-ich-isogloss), but many Dutch and German scholars place the boundary further to the north based on wider criteria than the ik-ich-isogloss.

Originally, the term Kleverländisch referred only to the dialects in the German part of the speech area, which are also called Niederrheinsch (Low Rhenish) in traditional German dialectology. The dialects on the Dutch side were first classified as a distinct group by te Winkel (1898) (as "Saxon-East Franconian") and Van Ginneken (1917) ("Guelderish-Limburgish"). The close affinity between these dialect areas had long been recognized by Dutch and German scholars; but it was the Belgian dialectologist Jan Goossens who first extended the scope of the term "Kleverlandish" to include all varieties on both sides of the border.

Characteristics

Kleverlandish is characterized by several conservative features, such as the retention of -al-/-ol- before consonants (e.g. Kleverlandish ald 'old'; in most Low Franconian dialects, -l- is vocalized in this environment (Limburgish aod, Standard Dutch oud), while Low Saxon dialects retains the -l- but merge the vowels to -o- (Low Saxon old)) or the retention of historically long high vowels (diphthongized in most Low Franconian dialects to the west, e.g. Kleverlandish is vs. Standard Dutch ijs < *īs). A typical West Low Franconian feature is the fronting of /uː/ to /yː/ (e.g. hüs 'house' < *hūs) which however did not fully radiate into the German area of Kleverlandish, where in many areas it only affects part of the vocabulary.

Status

In much of the Kleverlandish speech area in both the Netherlands and Germany, speakers are shifting from Kleverlandish to regional colloquial forms of the respective national languages, Dutch and German, with a higher degree of decline of dialect usage in Germany than in the Netherlands. In Dutch Limburg, Kleverlandish varieties spoken within the province are included in the official recognition of Limburgish as a regional language (even though they do not belong to Limburgish in a dialectological sense). Official recognition does not extend to other Dutch provinces, nor to Germany.

Other classifications

In the widely reproduced dialect map by Jo Daan [nl], Kleverlandish dialects in the Netherlands are included in the large central-southern dialect group, but divided over two subgroups: varieties in Gelderland are assigned to the South Guelderish subgroup (which also includes dialects spoken in the southwest of Gelderland which have taken part in the Hollandic-Brabantian diphthongisation), while Kleverlandish varieties in North Brabant and Limburg are included in the North Brabant–North Limburg subgroup.

In Heeringa (2004), Kleverlandish dialects in the Netherlands are assigned to two different major dialects groups: the Gelderland varieties are included in the Central Dutch group, while varieties in the Land van Cuijk and northern Limburg are included in the Limburg group.

Notes

  1. Thus, the dialects of e.g. Venlo, Moers and Duisburg are excluded from Kleverlandish.
  2. From German Kleverland 'Land of Cleves'.
  3. E.g. Weijnen (1958), p. 363: "Tot het Noordlimburgs reken ik het gebied ten noorden van de Uerdinger- en mich-linie Het sluit aan bij de dialecten van het Land van Cuyk, het Land van Nijmegen, de Over-Betuwe, de Lijmers en het Oostijsels Ook is er sterke verwantschap met het Cleefs." ('I consider the area north of the Uerdingen and the mich line as North Limburgian it agrees with the dialects of Land van Cuyk, Land van Nijmegen, Upper Betuwe, Lijmers and Oostijsel there is also a strong affinity with the dialect of Cleves.')
  4. In Gelderland, efforts for official recognition have begun in 2023, see "Petitie voor behoud Kleverlands in Gelderland gestart", Interreg Deutschland-Nederland.

Citations

  1. ^ De Vriend et al. 2008, p. 119.
  2. Wiesinger 1970b, pp. 331–332.
  3. Bakker & van Hout 2017.
  4. Giesbers 2008, p. 5.
  5. Swanenberg 2019, p. 3.
  6. Wiesinger 1970a, p. 142.
  7. Giesbers 2008, pp. 97–120.
  8. Daan 1969.
  9. Heeringa 2004, pp. 253–259, 263–264.

References

  • Bakker, Frens; van Hout, Roeland (2017). "De indeling van de dialecten in Noord-Limburg en het aangrenzende Duitse gebied. Hoe relevant is de Uerdingerlijn als scheidslijn?". Nederlandse Taalkunde. 22 (3): 303–332. doi:10.5117/NEDTAA2017.3.BAKK.
  • Daan, Jo (1969). Van Randstad tot Landrand. Bijdragen en Mededelingen der Dialectcommissie van de KNAW XXXVI. Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.
  • De Vriend, Folkert; Giesbers, Charlotte; van Hout, Roeland; ten Bosch, Louis (2008). "The Dutch-German Border: Relating Linguistic, Geographic and Social Distances". International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing. 2 (1–2). Edinburgh University Press: 119–134. doi:10.3366/E1753854809000342.
  • Giesbers, Charlotte (2008). Dialecten op de grens van twee talen. Een dialectologisch en sociolingüistisch onderzoek in het Kleverlands dialectgebied (PhD thesis). Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen.
  • Heeringa, Wilbert Jan (2004). Measuring Dialect Pronunciation Differences using Levenshtein Distance (PhD thesis). University of Groningen.
  • Weijnen, A. (1958). Nederlandse dialectkunde. Assen: Van Gorcum & Comp.
  • Wiesinger, Peter (1970a). Phonetisch-phonologische Untersuchungen zur Vokalentwicklung in den deutschen Dialekten, Band 1: Die Langvokale im Hochdeutschen. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
  • Wiesinger, Peter (1970b). Phonetisch-phonologische Untersuchungen zur Vokalentwicklung in den deutschen Dialekten, Band 2: Die Diphthonge im Hochdeutschen. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.
  • Swanenberg, Jos (2019). "Grenzen aan de streektaal: De taalkundige en de culturele benadering van het Brabants in Nederland". In Veronique De Tier; Anne-Sophie Ghyselen; Ton van de Wijngaard (eds.). De wondere wereld van de streektaalgrenzen. Leiden: Stichting Nederlandse Dialecten. pp. 39–48.
Categories: