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| '''Kassala''' ({{lang-ar|كسلا}}) is the capital of the state of ] in eastern ]. In 2008 its population was recorded to be 419,030.<ref name="GeoHive">{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/sudan.aspx?sub=y&diacrit=1 |access-date=2007-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021022644/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/sudan.aspx?sub=y&diacrit=1 |archive-date=2006-10-21 |title=GeoHive |url-status=dead }}</ref> Built on the banks of the ], it is a market town and is famous for its fruit gardens. Many of its inhabitants are from |
'''Kassala''' ({{lang-ar|كسلا}}) is the capital of the state of ] in eastern ]. In 2008 its population was recorded to be 419,030.<ref name="GeoHive">{{cite web |url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/sudan.aspx?sub=y&diacrit=1 |access-date=2007-02-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061021022644/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/sudan.aspx?sub=y&diacrit=1 |archive-date=2006-10-21 |title=GeoHive |url-status=dead }}</ref> Built on the banks of the ], it is a market town and is famous for its fruit gardens. Many of its inhabitants are from the ] people. | ||
| The town was formerly a railroad hub, however, as of 2006 there was no operational railway station in Kassala and much of the track leading to and from the town has been salvaged or fallen into disrepair. Kassala's location along the main ]-] highway makes it an important trade center. | The town was formerly a railroad hub, however, as of 2006 there was no operational railway station in Kassala and much of the track leading to and from the town has been salvaged or fallen into disrepair. Kassala's location along the main ]-] highway makes it an important trade center. | ||
Revision as of 04:31, 27 December 2023
Town in Kassala State, Sudan Town in Kassala State, Sudan| Kassala كسلا | |
|---|---|
| Town | |
 | |
  KassalaLocation in Sudan | |
| Coordinates: 15°27′N 36°24′E / 15.450°N 36.400°E / 15.450; 36.400 | |
| Country |  Sudan |
| State | Kassala State |
| Population | |
| • Total | 419,030 |
Kassala (Template:Lang-ar) is the capital of the state of Kassala in eastern Sudan. In 2008 its population was recorded to be 419,030. Built on the banks of the Gash River, it is a market town and is famous for its fruit gardens. Many of its inhabitants are from the Hadendawa people.
The town was formerly a railroad hub, however, as of 2006 there was no operational railway station in Kassala and much of the track leading to and from the town has been salvaged or fallen into disrepair. Kassala's location along the main Khartoum-Port Sudan highway makes it an important trade center.
History
Neolithic
The ancient settlement of Mahal Teglinos flourished here during the Early Gash Group phase (ca. 2800–2500 BC). Egyptian jars dating from this period have been found here. At that time, the inhabitants at Mahal Teglinos were already trading with Egypt, Nubia, and the southern Arabian Peninsula.
Mahal Teglinos settlement continued after that, and also flourished during the late Gash Group phase (ca. 1900–1700 BC).
Modern
In the 18th and 19th centuries, the town was a key node in the west–east trade route, linking the coastal ports of Massawa and Suakin with the Sudan and farther west. The town was conquered by Ottoman soldiers of Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali in 1840 during his military offensive into Sudan. In 1885, Kassala was subsequently captured by the Mahdists. In 1894, after the Battle of Kassala the Italians captured the city from the Mahdists. In 1897, the Kingdom of Italy returned Kassala to the Kingdom of Egypt in order to get international recognition of the Italian colony of Eritrea. In 1899, Kassala fell under the purview of Anglo-Egyptian Sudan until Sudanese independence in 1956.
In July 1940, during the East African Campaign, Italian forces advancing from Italian East Africa forced the local British garrison to withdraw from Kassala. The Italians then occupied the city with brigade-sized units: on July 4, 1940 the Italians started their offensive with 2,500 men (and one brigade of cavalry) supported by 24 tanks, while to defend Kassala for Britain there were 1,300 colonial soldiers with their British officers who -after some initial heavy fighting- were easily defeated. The Italians later appointed as mayor of Kassala the future hero of Eritrean independence, Hamid Idris Awate. In mid-January 1941, the Italians withdrew from the city and a British garrison returned.
Climate
Kassala has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh).
| Climate data for Kassala (1961-1990, extremes 1901-present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 41.7 (107.1) |
43.5 (110.3) |
45.3 (113.5) |
46.0 (114.8) |
47.0 (116.6) |
47.6 (117.7) |
42.5 (108.5) |
41.6 (106.9) |
43.0 (109.4) |
47.0 (116.6) |
41.1 (106.0) |
40.2 (104.4) |
47.6 (117.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 33.7 (92.7) |
35.2 (95.4) |
38.3 (100.9) |
40.8 (105.4) |
41.6 (106.9) |
39.8 (103.6) |
36.1 (97.0) |
34.9 (94.8) |
36.8 (98.2) |
38.7 (101.7) |
37.0 (98.6) |
34.4 (93.9) |
37.3 (99.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 25.1 (77.2) |
26.2 (79.2) |
29.2 (84.6) |
31.9 (89.4) |
33.7 (92.7) |
32.7 (90.9) |
30.0 (86.0) |
29.1 (84.4) |
30.4 (86.7) |
31.5 (88.7) |
29.2 (84.6) |
26.1 (79.0) |
29.6 (85.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 16.5 (61.7) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.1 (68.2) |
23.0 (73.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
25.7 (78.3) |
23.9 (75.0) |
23.4 (74.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.3 (75.7) |
21.4 (70.5) |
17.9 (64.2) |
21.9 (71.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) |
7.4 (45.3) |
8.9 (48.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
16.2 (61.2) |
18.5 (65.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
15.7 (60.3) |
11.1 (52.0) |
6.4 (43.5) |
5.0 (41.0) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.01) |
2.0 (0.08) |
8.8 (0.35) |
27.9 (1.10) |
76.0 (2.99) |
85.0 (3.35) |
40.5 (1.59) |
9.9 (0.39) |
0.8 (0.03) |
0.0 (0.0) |
251.2 (9.89) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 2.0 | 3.5 | 7.7 | 8.9 | 4.4 | 1.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 29.1 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 46 | 40 | 33 | 27 | 30 | 39 | 55 | 60 | 54 | 42 | 41 | 46 | 42.8 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 306.9 | 288.4 | 313.1 | 315.0 | 310.0 | 282.0 | 266.6 | 266.6 | 288.0 | 310.0 | 303.0 | 297.6 | 3,547.2 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 88 | 88 | 83 | 84 | 77 | 70 | 67 | 69 | 79 | 84 | 88 | 87 | 80 |
| Source 1: NOAA | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) | |||||||||||||
Current status
The Kassala region had a child mortality rate of 62 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2014, slightly higher than the national average of 52 child deaths per 1,000.
The Khatmiyya Mosque, built in 1840 by the Ottomans and damaged during the Mahdist War, is the city's most important cultural site. It is an important site for the Sufi Khatmiyya order.
Education
The city is home to Kassala University, a public university established in 1990 to replace the East University, and an important institution for development in the east of Sudan. Including Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Education,Faculty of Economic and Administration, Faculty of Computer science and IT and more.
Notable people
- Bushara Abdel-Nadief (Footballer)
- Aisha Musa Ahmad (Singer)
- Hassan Al-Turabi (Politician)
- Muhannad El Tahir (Footballer)
- Nizar Hamid (Footballer)
- Noor Uthman Muhammed
See also
References
- "GeoHive". Archived from the original on 2006-10-21. Retrieved 2007-02-08.
- Manzo, A. (2017). Eastern Sudan in its setting: The archaeology of a region far from the Nile Valley. Oxford: Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology, p. 35
- ^ Winchell, Frank; Brass, Michael; Manzo, Andrea; Beldados, Alemseged; Perna, Valentina; Murphy, Charlene; Stevens, Chris; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2018-11-10). "On the Origins and Dissemination of Domesticated Sorghum and Pearl Millet across Africa and into India: a View from the Butana Group of the Far Eastern Sahel". African Archaeological Review. 35 (4). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 483–505. doi:10.1007/s10437-018-9314-2. ISSN 0263-0338. PMC 6394749. PMID 30880862.
- Miran, Jonathan. "Red Sea Citizens." Indiana University Press, 2009. Page, 87
- Map showing in detail the Kassala occupation by Italians (within a green line)
- "Kassala Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
- "Station Kassala" (in French). Meteo Climat. Retrieved 22 October 2016.
- "MICS survey – Table CM.2".
- "Kassala University". Sudan Daily Vision. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
External links
15°27′N 36°24′E / 15.450°N 36.400°E / 15.450; 36.400
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