Chocó Department: Difference between revisions

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	'''Chocó Department''' ({{IPA-es\|tʃoˈko}}) is a ] of the ] of ] known for the largest ] population in the nation. It is in the West of the country, and is the only Colombian department to have ]s on both the ] and the ]. It contains all of Colombia's border with ]. Its capital is ].		'''Chocó Department''' ({{IPA-es\|tʃoˈko}}) is a ] of the ] of ] known for the largest ] population in the nation. It is in the West of the country, and is the only Colombian department to have ]s on both the ] and the ]. It contains all of Colombia's border with ]. Its capital is ].

	Chocó has a diverse geography, unique ecosystems and unexploited natural resources. However, its population has one of the lowest standards of living of all departments in Colombia. A major factor, cited by the government, is the rugged, montane rainforest environment, limiting any infrastructure improvements to the region. No major highway has been worked on since initial foundations were laid down in 1967. This roadway would have successfully linked Chocó to the nearest large city, ], providing easier access to medical care, necessities, food, and more. Currently, depending on their location, residents of Chocó who are in a medical emergency, and who do have access to vehicular transport, face an unpredictable journey. This trip could take several hours to several days, depending on their starting point. This is provided that the existing small roads aren't flooded, shut down, or otherwise blocked; some remote indigenous communities have no other option than to canoe or boat by river to Quibdó, a trip which can last anywhere from two days to a week. For those needing more advanced services, Medellín is the closest major city to the capital Quibdó		Chocó has a diverse geography, unique ecosystems and unexploited natural resources. However, its population has one of the lowest standards of living of all departments in Colombia. A major factor, cited by the government, is the rugged, montane rainforest environment, limiting any infrastructure improvements to the region. No major highway has been worked on since initial foundations were laid down in 1967. This roadway would have successfully linked Chocó to the nearest large city, ], providing easier access to medical care, necessities, food, and more. Currently, depending on their location, residents of Chocó who are in a medical emergency, and who do have access to vehicular transport, face an unpredictable journey. This trip could take several hours to several days, depending on their starting point. This is provided that the existing small roads aren't flooded, shut down, or otherwise blocked; some remote indigenous communities have no other option than to canoe or boat by river to Quibdó, a trip which can last anywhere from two days to a week. For those needing more advanced services, Medellín is the closest major city to the capital Quibdó

	Often, a family’s resources, along with the patient’s potential physical condition, will prevent medical help being sought out; in August 2016, Colombian media reported that some 50 children starved in less than three months, creating awareness of the grave condition Choco’s inhabitants are facing. That same year, an additional 10 adults and senior citizens, of the indigenous Chocó community, died due to preventable causes such as malaria and diarrhea.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/news/choco-goes-on-strike-to-force-government-action-on-healthcare-and-infrastructure \|title= Chocó strikes to force government action on healthcare, infrastructure \|author=Jared Wade \|publisher=The City Paper - Bogotá \|date=16 August 2016 \|accessdate=30 September 2022}}</ref> There is no reliable electrical grid, sewage system or drinkable water (even in the capital Quibdó). In spite of the department’s ranking of “world's rainiest lowland” (the ] ]), with close to {{convert\|400\|in\|mm\|sigfig=1}} of annual precipitation,<ref name="parsons">{{Citation		Often, a family’s resources, along with the patient’s potential physical condition, will prevent medical help being sought out; in August 2016, Colombian media reported that some 50 children starved in less than three months, creating awareness of the grave condition Choco’s inhabitants are facing. That same year, an additional 10 adults and senior citizens, of the indigenous Chocó community, died due to preventable causes such as malaria and diarrhea.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://thecitypaperbogota.com/news/choco-goes-on-strike-to-force-government-action-on-healthcare-and-infrastructure \|title= Chocó strikes to force government action on healthcare, infrastructure \|author=Jared Wade \|publisher=The City Paper - Bogotá \|date=16 August 2016 \|accessdate=30 September 2022}}</ref> There is no reliable electrical grid, sewage system or drinkable water (even in the capital Quibdó). In spite of the department’s ranking of “world's rainiest lowland” (the ] ]), with close to {{convert\|400\|in\|mm\|sigfig=1}} of annual precipitation,<ref name="parsons">{{Citation
	\| title = Review of ''Slavery on the Spanish Frontier: The Colombian Chocó, 1680-1810'' by William Frederick Sharp		\| title = Review of ''Slavery on the Spanish Frontier: The Colombian Chocó, 1680-1810'' by William Frederick Sharp
	\| first = James J.		\| first = James J.
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	==History==		==History==
	The department was created in 1944.<ref name="semana"/> Its low population, mountainous and inhospitable ], and distance from ] resulted in Chocó receiving little attention from the Colombian government. During the reign of military dictator ], his administration proposed to eliminate Chocó and divide its territory between the departments of ] and ]. But the 1957 '']'' of General ] overthrew Pinilla's government and ended such plans.		The department was created in 1944.<ref name="semana"/> Its low population, mountainous and inhospitable ], and distance from ] resulted in Chocó receiving little attention from the Colombian government. During the reign of military dictator ], his administration proposed to eliminate Chocó and divide its territory between the departments of ] and ]. But the 1957 '']'' of General ] overthrew Pinilla's government and ended such plans.

	==Geography==		==Geography==
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	The Chocó Department makes up most of the ecoregion known as ] that extends from ] to ].		The Chocó Department makes up most of the ecoregion known as ] that extends from ] to ].

	The municipality of ] holds the Highest Average Annual Precipitation record measured at 523.6 inches (13,300 mm) which makes it the wettest place in the world.<ref></ref> Three large rivers drain the Chocó Department, the ] (which runs north, with tributaries that also flow north), the ], and the ]. Each has many tributaries. The ] on the coast and the inland ] are cut by low valleys, with an altitude less than 1,000 meters, that form most of the territory. Most of the Chocó is thick ]. Much of the wood for Colombia's internal consumption is harvested from the Chocó, with a small percentage harvested for export.		The municipality of ] holds the Highest Average Annual Precipitation record measured at 523.6 inches (13,300 mm) which makes it the wettest place in the world.<ref></ref> Three large rivers drain the Chocó Department, the ] (which runs north, with tributaries that also flow north), the ], and the ]. Each has many tributaries. The ] on the coast and the inland ] are cut by low valleys, with an altitude less than 1,000 meters, that form most of the territory. Most of the Chocó is thick ]. Much of the wood for Colombia's internal consumption is harvested from the Chocó, with a small percentage harvested for export.
	Chocó Department produces the majority of Colombia's significant ] output (28,359 ounces of platinum in 2011). Chocó is also Colombia's top ]-producing region (653,625 ounces in 2011). In the late 19th century, it attracted a variety of miners from many countries seeking to make their fortunes in gold.		Chocó Department produces the majority of Colombia's significant ] output (28,359 ounces of platinum in 2011). Chocó is also Colombia's top ]-producing region (653,625 ounces in 2011). In the late 19th century, it attracted a variety of miners from many countries seeking to make their fortunes in gold.

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	] is the largest city, with a population of almost 100,000. Other important cities and towns include ], ], ], ] and ] in the interior, ] on the Caribbean Coast, and ] on the Pacific Coast.		] is the largest city, with a population of almost 100,000. Other important cities and towns include ], ], ], ] and ] in the interior, ] on the Caribbean Coast, and ] on the Pacific Coast.

	Resorts and Tourist destinations include ] on the Caribbean Coast, and ], ], and Solano Bay on the West Coast.		Resorts and Tourist destinations include ] on the Caribbean Coast, and ], ], and Solano Bay on the West Coast.

	===Municipalities===		===Municipalities===
	{{Div col}}		{{Div col}}
	# ]		# ]
	# ]		# ]
	# ]		# ]

Revision as of 07:42, 5 January 2024

Department of Colombia

Department in Pacific/Chocó Region, Colombia

Department of Chocó Departamento del Chocó (Spanish)
Department

FlagCoat of arms
Choco shown in red
Topography of the department
Coordinates: 5°42′N 76°40′W / 5.700°N 76.667°W / 5.700; -76.667
Country	Colombia
Region	Pacific/Chocó Region
Established	3 November 1947
Capital	Quibdó
Government
• Governor	Ariel Palacios Calderón (2020–2023)
Area
• Total	46,530 km (17,970 sq mi)
• Rank	9th
Population
• Total	534,826
• Rank	23rd
• Density	11/km (30/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC-05
ISO 3166 code	CO-CHO
Municipalities	31
HDI (2019)	0.696 medium · 30th of 33

Chocó Department (Spanish pronunciation: [tʃoˈko]) is a department of the Pacifc region of Colombia known for the largest Afro-Colombian population in the nation. It is in the West of the country, and is the only Colombian department to have coastlines on both the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. It contains all of Colombia's border with Panama. Its capital is Quibdó.

Chocó has a diverse geography, unique ecosystems and unexploited natural resources. However, its population has one of the lowest standards of living of all departments in Colombia. A major factor, cited by the government, is the rugged, montane rainforest environment, limiting any infrastructure improvements to the region. No major highway has been worked on since initial foundations were laid down in 1967. This roadway would have successfully linked Chocó to the nearest large city, Medellín, providing easier access to medical care, necessities, food, and more. Currently, depending on their location, residents of Chocó who are in a medical emergency, and who do have access to vehicular transport, face an unpredictable journey. This trip could take several hours to several days, depending on their starting point. This is provided that the existing small roads aren't flooded, shut down, or otherwise blocked; some remote indigenous communities have no other option than to canoe or boat by river to Quibdó, a trip which can last anywhere from two days to a week. For those needing more advanced services, Medellín is the closest major city to the capital Quibdó

Often, a family’s resources, along with the patient’s potential physical condition, will prevent medical help being sought out; in August 2016, Colombian media reported that some 50 children starved in less than three months, creating awareness of the grave condition Choco’s inhabitants are facing. That same year, an additional 10 adults and senior citizens, of the indigenous Chocó community, died due to preventable causes such as malaria and diarrhea. There is no reliable electrical grid, sewage system or drinkable water (even in the capital Quibdó). In spite of the department’s ranking of “world's rainiest lowland” (the Chocó–Darién moist forests ecoregion), with close to 400 inches (10,000 mm) of annual precipitation, Quibdó lacks sanitary drinking water.

History

The department was created in 1944. Its low population, mountainous and inhospitable topography, and distance from Bogotá resulted in Chocó receiving little attention from the Colombian government. During the reign of military dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, his administration proposed to eliminate Chocó and divide its territory between the departments of Antioquia and Valle del Cauca. But the 1957 coup d'état of General Gabriel París Gordillo overthrew Pinilla's government and ended such plans.

Geography

The **Chocó Department** is covered mostly by the Baudó Mountains.

The Chocó Department makes up most of the ecoregion known as El Chocó that extends from Panama to Ecuador.

The municipality of Lloró holds the Highest Average Annual Precipitation record measured at 523.6 inches (13,300 mm) which makes it the wettest place in the world. Three large rivers drain the Chocó Department, the Atrato (which runs north, with tributaries that also flow north), the San Juan, and the Baudó. Each has many tributaries. The Baudó Mountains on the coast and the inland Cordillera Occidental are cut by low valleys, with an altitude less than 1,000 meters, that form most of the territory. Most of the Chocó is thick rainforest. Much of the wood for Colombia's internal consumption is harvested from the Chocó, with a small percentage harvested for export. Chocó Department produces the majority of Colombia's significant platinum output (28,359 ounces of platinum in 2011). Chocó is also Colombia's top gold-producing region (653,625 ounces in 2011). In the late 19th century, it attracted a variety of miners from many countries seeking to make their fortunes in gold.

Biodiversity

The Chocó is a Key Biodiversity Area (KBA). According to the United Nations Development Program, it contains the 'greatest plant biodiversity on the planet (and) twenty-five percent of the plant and bird species living in this region are endemic.' Globally, Chocó is among 25 regions classified as priority biodiversity hotspots.

Threats to this rich biodiversity, despite the region's conservation priority status, are many. Approximately 80% of the forest has been converted to other uses, such as slash-and-burn and intensive agriculture, inappropriate and illegal logging, and cattle ranching.

Measuring the extent of biodiversity loss in Chocó thus far was previously difficult due to the remoteness of most of the region. However, with advances in LiDAR imaging and the efforts of various nonprofit conservation organizations, there is much documentation to identify and quantify the environmental degradation and biodiversity loss.

For example, a 2019 analysis of more than 80,000 ha of LiDAR samples to quantify the vegetation structure, disturbance, and elevation in Chocó forests, a loss of more than 115 million tons of dry biomass, or 58 million tons of carbon was documented.

El Pangán ProAves Reserve, in the biogeographic region of Chocó, charged with protecting area's biodiversity, with special consideration of protecting bird species, is greatly challenged and not sufficiently equipped to meet the numerous conservation threats to a great diversity of fauna and flora that include 300 bird species. Forest degradation takes at least 50 years to regenerate, and regeneration efforts are not keeping pace with the rate of further deforestation. Soil erosion, negative effects on species' feeding and reproductive cycles, fragmentation of habitat, and loss of species are all consequences of this large-scale deforestation.

Demographics

Historical population
Year	Pop.	±%
1973	203,635	—
1985	313,567	+54.0%
1993	406,199	+29.5%
2005	440,123	+8.4%
2018	534,826	+21.5%
Source:

The Chocó is inhabited predominantly by Afro-Colombians, descendants of enslaved Africans imported and brought to this area by the Spanish colonizers after conquering the Americas. The second largest race/ethnic group are the Embera, a Native American people. More than half of their total population in Colombia lives in Chocó, some 35,500. They practice hunting and artisan fishing and live near rivers.

The total population as of 2005 was less than half a million, with more than half living in the Quibdó valley. According to a 2005 census the ethnic composition of the department is:

Blacks, Mulattos and Zambos (82.1%)
Amerindians or Indigenous (12.7%)
Whites, Castizos and Mestizos (5.2%)

Towns and municipalities

Quibdó is the largest city, with a population of almost 100,000. Other important cities and towns include Istmina, Condoto, Alto Baudó, Riosucio and El Carmen de Atrato in the interior, Acandí on the Caribbean Coast, and Bahía Solano on the Pacific Coast.

Resorts and Tourist destinations include Capurganá on the Caribbean Coast, and Juradó, Nuquí, and Solano Bay on the West Coast.

Municipalities

Notes

Meyer, Irina Marún; et al. (2012). Chocó: La dimensión territorial y el logro de los ODM (PDF). Fondo para el Logro de los Objetivos del Milenio, United Nations Development Programme. p. 11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 February 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
Kline, Harvey F. (2012). "Chocó, Department of". Historical Dictionary of Colombia. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-8108-7813-6.
"DANE". Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2013.
"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
Jared Wade (16 August 2016). "Chocó strikes to force government action on healthcare, infrastructure". The City Paper - Bogotá. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
Parsons, James J. (November 1978), "Review of Slavery on the Spanish Frontier: The Colombian Chocó, 1680-1810 by William Frederick Sharp", The Hispanic American Historical Review, 58 (4), Duke University Press: 717–718, JSTOR 2513352
^ "¿Se debe acabar Chocó?". Semana (in Spanish). Bogotá: Semana.com. 31 March 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
NOAA Satellite and Information Service Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation
"KeyBiodiversityAreas.org". www.keybiodiversityareas.org. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
"Sustainable Development Success". www.un.org. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
Salaman, Paul (23 November 2020). "Forests of the biogeographic region of Chocó in critical danger of disappearing". Fundación ProAves - por la conservación en el país de las aves. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
"Tumbes-Chocó-Magdalena - Threats | CEPF". www.cepf.net. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
Meyer, Victoria; Saatchi, Sassan; Ferraz, António; Xu, Liang; Duque, Alvaro; García, Mariano; Chave, Jérôme (23 March 2019). "Forest degradation and biomass loss along the Chocó region of Colombia". Carbon Balance and Management. 14 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/s13021-019-0117-9. ISSN 1750-0680. PMC 6446973. PMID 30904964.
Salaman, Paul (23 November 2020). "Forests of the biogeographic region of Chocó in critical danger of disappearing". Fundación ProAves - por la conservación en el país de las aves. Retrieved 25 November 2023.
"Reloj de Población". DANE. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadísitica. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
"86 tribus subsisten en Colombia". El País (in Spanish). Cali, Colombia: elpais.com. 23 March 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
"La visibilización estadística de los grupos étnicos colombianos" (PDF) (in Spanish).