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	As an Olympic champion in the early 1960s, Rudolph was among the most highly visible black women in America and abroad. She became a role model for black and female athletes and her Olympic successes helped elevate women's track and field in the United States. Rudolph is also regarded as a civil rights and women's rights pioneer. In 1962 Rudolph retired from competition at the peak of her athletic career as the world record-holder in the 100- and 200-meter individual events and the 4 × 100-meter relays. After competing in the 1960 Summer Olympics, the 1963 graduate of ] became an educator and coach. Rudolph died of brain and throat cancer in 1994, and her achievements are memorialized in a variety of tributes, including a U.S. postage stamp, documentary films, and a made-for-television movie, as well as in numerous publications, especially books for young readers.		As an Olympic champion in the early 1960s, Rudolph was among the most highly visible black women in America and abroad. She became a role model for black and female athletes and her Olympic successes helped elevate women's track and field in the United States. Rudolph is also regarded as a civil rights and women's rights pioneer. In 1962 Rudolph retired from competition at the peak of her athletic career as the world record-holder in the 100- and 200-meter individual events and the 4 × 100-meter relays. After competing in the 1960 Summer Olympics, the 1963 graduate of ] became an educator and coach. Rudolph died of brain and throat cancer in 1994, and her achievements are memorialized in a variety of tributes, including a U.S. postage stamp, documentary films, and a made-for-television movie, as well as in numerous publications, especially books for young readers.

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	==Early life and education==
	Rudolph was ] to Blanche Rudolph at {{convert\|4.5\|lb\|kg}} on June 23, 1940, in ] (now part of Clarksville).<ref name=sports-reference/><ref name=NBAW958-61>James E. Haney, "Wilma Rudolph" in {{cite book\| editor=Smith, Jessie Carnie\| title =Notable Black American Women\| publisher =Gale Research \| year =1992\| location =Detroit \| pages =958–61}}</ref> She was the twentieth of 22 children from her father Ed Rudolph's two marriages.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news\| title =1960: Rudolph takes third Olympic gold\| date =11 September 1960\| publisher =BBC\|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/11/newsid_3554000/3554568.stm \| access-date =February 9, 2017}}</ref><ref name=espn>{{cite web\| author=M. B. Roberts \|title=Rudolph ran and world went wild \|publisher =ESPN \| url=http://espn.go.com/sportscentury/features/00016444.html \| access-date =February 9, 2017 \|quote= Rudolph grew up in a poor family, the 20th of her father Ed's 22 children (from two marriages). Although she never shared a home with all her siblings and half-siblings at once, there were still plenty of brothers and sisters to serve as "lookouts" if she mischievously removed her braces. Her brothers and sisters took turns massaging her crippled leg every day. Once a week her mother Blanche, a domestic worker, drove her 90 miles roundtrip to a Nashville hospital for therapy.}}</ref><ref name=LibertiSmith-12>{{cite book \| author=Rita Liberti and Maureen M. Smith \| title =(Re)Presenting Wilma Rudolph \| publisher =Syracuse University Press \| series =Sports and Entertainment \| year =2015 \| location =Syracuse, New York \| page=12 \| isbn =978-0-8156-3384-6}}</ref> Shortly after Wilma's birth, her family moved to ],<ref name=NBAW958-61/> where she grew up and attended elementary and high school. Her father, Ed, who worked as a railway porter and did odd jobs in Clarksville, died in 1961; her mother, Blanche, worked as a maid in Clarksville homes and died in 1994.<ref name="guardianolysrs">{{cite news \|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/blog/2012/jun/01/50-stunning-olympic-moments-wilma-rudolph \|title=50 stunning Olympic moments No35: Wilma Rudolph's triple gold in 1960 \|date=June 1, 2012 \|newspaper=The Guardian \|author=Rob Bagchi}}</ref>

	Rudolph had several early childhood illnesses, including pneumonia and scarlet fever, and she contracted ] (caused by the ]) at the age of five.<ref name=Hine-992-93>Brenda Meese, "Wilma Glodean Rudolph" in {{cite book\| author=Hine, Darlene Clark, Elsa Barkley Brown, and Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, eds.\| title =Black Women in American: A Historical Encyclopedia\| publisher =IU Press\| volume =II\| year =1993\| location =Bloomington, Indiana \| pages =992–93}}</ref> She recovered from polio but lost strength in her left leg and foot. Physically disabled for much of her early life, Rudolph wore a leg brace until she was twelve years old. Because there was little medical care available to African American residents of Clarksville in the 1940s, Rudolph's parents sought treatment for her at the historically black ] (now Nashville General Hospital at Meharry) in ], about {{convert\|50\|mi\|km}} from Clarksville.<ref name=LS29>Liberti and Smith, p. 29.</ref>

	For two years, Rudolph and her mother made weekly bus trips to Nashville for treatments to regain the use of her weakened leg.<ref name=LS29/> She also received subsequent at-home massage treatments four times a day from members of her family and wore an orthopedic shoe for support of her foot for another two years.<ref>{{Cite book\|title=Olympic Black Women\|author=Martha Ward Plowden\|publisher=Pelican Publishing Company\|year=1996\|isbn=1-56554-080-8\|location=Tennessee State University Library\|pages=\|url=https://archive.org/details/olympicblackwome00plow/page/121}}</ref> Because of the treatments she received at Meharry and the daily massages from her family members, Rudolph was able to overcome the debilitating effects of polio and learned to walk without a leg brace or orthopedic shoe for support by the time she was twelve years old.<ref name=NBAW958-61/><ref name=Hine-992-93/>

	Rudolph was initially homeschooled due to the frequent illnesses that caused her to miss kindergarten and first grade. She began attending second grade at Cobb Elementary School in Clarksville in 1947, when she was seven years old.<ref name=Hine-992-93/> Rudolph attended Clarksville's all-black Burt High School, where she excelled in basketball and track. During her senior year of high school, Rudolph became pregnant with her first child, Yolanda, who was born in 1958, a few weeks before her enrollment at ] in Nashville.<ref name=Bio-WR/><ref>Liberti and Smith, pp. 124–25.</ref> In college, Rudolph continued to compete in track. She also became a member of the ] sorority. In 1963, Rudolph graduated from Tennessee State with a bachelor's degree in education. Rudolph's college education was paid by her participation in a work-study scholarship program that required her to work on the TSU campus for two hours a day.<ref name=NBAW958-61/><ref name=Hine-992-93/><ref name=s22/>

	==Career==		==Career==

Revision as of 15:52, 9 February 2024

African American athlete (1940–1994)

Wilma Rudolph

Rudolph in 1960

Personal information

Birth name

Wilma Glodean Rudolph

Full name

Wilma Glodean Rudolph

Nickname(s)

Skeeter
The Black Gazelle
The Tornado
The Black Pearl
The Flash
The Track Star

Born

(1940-06-23)June 23, 1940
Saint Bethlehem, Tennessee, U.S.

Died

November 12, 1994(1994-11-12) (aged 54)
Brentwood, Tennessee, U.S.

Height

5 ft 11 in (180 cm)

Weight

130 lb (59 kg)

Sport

Country

United States

Sport

Track and field

Club

TSU Tigerbelles, Nashville

Retired

1962

Achievements and titles

Olympic finals

1956 Summer Olympics
1960 Summer Olympics

Medal record

Women's athletics

Representing the United States
Olympic Games
	1960 Rome	100 m
	1960 Rome	200 m
	1960 Rome	4×100 m relay
	1956 Melbourne	4×100 m relay

Wilma Glodean Rudolph (June 23, 1940 – November 12, 1994) was an American sprinter who overcame childhood polio and went on to become a world-record-holding Olympic champion and international sports icon in track and field following her successes in the 1956 and 1960 Olympic Games. Rudolph competed in the 200-meter dash and won a bronze medal in the 4 × 100-meter relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics at Melbourne, Australia. She also won three gold medals, in the 100- and 200-meter individual events and the 4 x 100-meter relay at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. Rudolph was acclaimed the fastest woman in the world in the 1960s and became the first American woman to win three gold medals in track and field during a single Olympic Games.

Due to the worldwide television coverage of the 1960 Summer Olympics, Rudolph became an international star along with other Olympic athletes such as Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson who competed in Italy.

As an Olympic champion in the early 1960s, Rudolph was among the most highly visible black women in America and abroad. She became a role model for black and female athletes and her Olympic successes helped elevate women's track and field in the United States. Rudolph is also regarded as a civil rights and women's rights pioneer. In 1962 Rudolph retired from competition at the peak of her athletic career as the world record-holder in the 100- and 200-meter individual events and the 4 × 100-meter relays. After competing in the 1960 Summer Olympics, the 1963 graduate of Tennessee State University became an educator and coach. Rudolph died of brain and throat cancer in 1994, and her achievements are memorialized in a variety of tributes, including a U.S. postage stamp, documentary films, and a made-for-television movie, as well as in numerous publications, especially books for young readers.

Career

Early years

Rudolph was first introduced to organized sports at Burt High School, the center of Clarksville's African American community. After completing several years of medical treatments to regain the use of her left leg, Rudolph chose to follow in her sister Yvonne's footsteps and began playing basketball in the eighth grade. Rudolph continued to play basketball in high school, where she became a starter on the team and began competing in track. In her sophomore year, Rudolph scored 803 points and set a new record for high school girls' basketball. Rudolph's high school coach, C. C. Gray, gave her the nickname of "Skeeter" (for mosquito) because she moved so fast.

While playing for her high school basketball team, Rudolph was spotted by Ed Temple, Tennessee State's track and field coach, a major break for the active young athlete. The day that Temple saw the tenth grader for the first time, he knew she was a natural athlete. Rudolph had already gained some track experience on Burt High School's track team two years earlier, mostly as a way to keep busy between basketball seasons. As a high school sophomore Rudolph competed at Alabama's Tuskegee Institute in her first major track event. Although she lost the race, Rudolph was determined to continue competing and win.

Temple invited fourteen-year-old Rudolph to join his summer training program at Tennessee State. After attending the track camp, Rudolph won all nine events she entered at an Amateur Athletic Union track meet in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Under Temple's guidance she continued to train regularly at TSU while still a high school student. Rudolph raced at amateur athletic events with TSU's women's track team, known as the Tigerbelles, for two more years before enrolling at TSU as a student in 1958.

1956 Summer Olympics

When Rudolph was sixteen and a junior in high school, she attended the 1956 U.S. Olympic track and field team trials in Seattle, Washington, and qualified to compete in the 200-meter individual event at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, Australia. Rudolph, the youngest member of the U.S. Olympic team, was one of five TSU Tigerbelles to qualify for the 1956 Melbourne Olympics.

Rudolph was defeated in a preliminary heat of the 200-meter race at the Melbourne Olympic Games, but ran the third leg of the 4 × 100 m relay. The American team of Rudolph, Isabelle Daniels, Mae Faggs, and Margaret Matthews, all of whom were TSU Tigerbelles, won the bronze medal, matching the world-record time of 44.9 seconds. The British team won the silver medal. The Australian team, with the 100- and 200-meter gold medalist Betty Cuthbert as their anchor leg, won the gold medal in a time of 44.5 seconds. After Rudolph returned to her Tennessee home from the Melbourne Olympic Games, she showed her high school classmates the bronze medal that she had won and decided to try to win a gold medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.

In 1958 Rudolph enrolled at Tennessee State, where Temple continued as her track coach. In 1959, at the Pan American Games in Chicago, Illinois, Rudolph won a silver medal in the 100-meter individual event, as well as a gold medal in the 4 × 100-meter relay with teammates Isabelle Dan, Barbara Joe, and Lucinda Williams. She also won the AAU 200-meter title in 1959 and defended it for four consecutive years. During her career, Rudolph also won three AAU indoor titles.

1960 Summer Olympics

While she was still a sophomore at Tennessee State, Rudolph competed in the U.S. Olympic track and field trials at Abilene Christian University in Abilene, Texas, where she set a world record in the 200-meter dash that stood for eight years. She also qualified for the 1960 Summer Olympics in the 100-meter dash.

At the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy, Rudolph competed in three events on a cinder track in Rome's Stadio Olimpico: the 100- and 200-meter sprints, as well as the 4 × 100-meter relay. Rudolph, who won a gold medal in each of these events, became the first American woman to win three gold medals in a single Olympiad.

Rudolph ran the finals in the 100-meter dash in a wind-aided time of 11.0 seconds. (The record-setting time was not credited as a world record, because the wind, at 2.75 metres (3.01 yd) per second, exceeded the maximum of 2 metres (2.2 yd).) Rudolph became the first American woman to win a gold medal in the 100-meter race since Helen Stephens's win in the 1936 Summer Olympics. Rudolph won another gold medal in the finals of the 200-meter dash with a time of 24.0 seconds, after setting a new Olympic record of 23.2 seconds in the opening heat. After these wins she was hailed throughout the world as "the fastest woman in history."

On September 7, 1960, the temperature climbed toward 40 °C (104 °F) as thousands of spectators jammed the stadium. Rudolph combined efforts with her Olympic teammates from Tennessee State—Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams, and Barbara Jones—to win the 4 × 100-meter relays with a time of 44.5 seconds, after setting a world record of 44.4 seconds in the semifinals. Rudolph ran the anchor leg for the American team in the finals and nearly dropped the baton after a pass from Williams, but she overtook Germany's anchor leg to win the relay in a close finish. Rudolph had a special, personal reason to hope for victory—to pay tribute to Jesse Owens, the celebrated American athlete and star of the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, Germany, who had been her inspiration.

Rudolph was one of the most popular athletes of the 1960 Rome Olympics and emerged from the Olympic Games as "The Tornado, the fastest woman on earth." The Italians nicknamed her "La Gazzella Nera" ("The Black Gazelle"). The French called her "La Perle Noire" ("The Black Pearl"), as well as "La Chattanooga Choo-Choo. Along with other 1960 Olympic athletes such as Cassius Clay (later known as Muhammad Ali), Oscar Robertson, and Rafer Johnson, Rudolph became an international star due to the first worldwide television coverage of the Olympics that year. The 1960 Rome Olympics launched Rudolph into the public spotlight and the media cast her as America's athletic "leading lady" and a "queen," with praises of her athletic accomplishments as well as her feminine beauty and poise.

Post-Olympic career

Rudolph returned home to Clarksville after completing a post-games European tour, where she and her Olympic teammates competed in meets in London, West Germany, the Netherlands, and at other venues in Europe. Rudolph's hometown of Clarksville celebrated "Welcome Wilma Day" on October 4, 1960, with a full day of festivities. Because Rudolph adamantly insisted, her homecoming parade and banquet became the first fully integrated municipal event in the city's history. An estimated 1,100 attended the banquet in her honor and thousands lined the city streets to watch the parade.

Rudolph's gold-medal victories in Rome also "propelled her to become one of the most highly visible black women across the United States and around the world." Her Olympic star status also "gave an enormous boost to the indoor track circuit in the months following the Olympic Games in Rome." In 1961 Rudolph competed in the prestigious, Los Angeles Invitational indoor track meet, where thousands turned out to watch her run. Besides, she was invited to compete in New York Athletic Club track events and became the first woman invited to compete at the Millrose Games. Rudolph was also invited to compete at the Penn Relays and the Drake Relays, among others.

Following her Olympic victories, the United States Information Agency made a ten-minute documentary film, Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), to highlight her accomplishments on the track. Rudolph's appearance in 1960 on To Tell the Truth, an American television game show, and later as a guest on The Ed Sullivan Show also helped promote her status as an iconic sports star.

In 1961 Rudolph married William Ward, a North Carolina College at Durham track team member; they divorced in 1963. In the interim, Rudolph retired from track competition at the age of twenty-two, following victories in the 100-meter and 4 x 100-meter-relay races at the U.S.–Soviet meet at Stanford University in 1962. At the time of her retirement, Rudolph was still the world record-holder in the 100-meter (11.2 seconds set on July 19, 1961), 200-meter (22.9 seconds set on July 9, 1960), and 4 x 100-meter-relay events. She had also won seven national AAU sprint titles and set the women's indoor track record of 6.9 seconds in the 60-yard dash. As Rudolph explained it, she retired at the peak of her athletic career because she wanted to leave the sport while still at her best. As such, she did not compete at the 1964 Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan, saying, "If I won two gold medals, there would be something lacking. I'll stick with the glory I've already won like Jesse Owens did in 1936."

After retiring from competition, Rudolph continued her education at Tennessee State and earned a bachelor's degree in elementary education in 1963. That year she also made a month-long trip to West Africa as a goodwill ambassador for the U.S State Department. Rudolph served as U.S. representative to the 1963 Friendship Games in Dakar, Senegal, and visited Ghana, Guinea, Mali, and Upper Volta, where she attended sporting events, visited schools, and made guest appearances on television and radio broadcasts. She also attended the premiere of the U.S. Information Agency's documentary film that highlighted her track career.

In May 1963, a few weeks after returning from Africa, Rudolph participated in a civil rights protest in her hometown of Clarksville to desegregate one of the city's restaurants. Within a short time, the mayor announced that the city's public facilities, including its restaurants, would become fully integrated. Rudolph also married Robert Eldridge, who had fathered her child when she was in high school, later that year. The couple had three additional children, but divorced after seventeen years of marriage.

Later years

Rudolph did not earn significant money as an amateur athlete and shifted to a career in teaching and coaching after her retirement from track competition. She began as a second-grade teacher at Cobb Elementary School, where she had attended as a child, and coached track at Burt High School, where she had once been a student-athlete herself, but conflict forced her to leave the position.

Rudolph moved several times over the years and lived in various places such as Chicago, Illinois; Indianapolis, Indiana; Saint Louis, Missouri; Detroit, Michigan; Tennessee; California; and Maine.

Rudolph's autobiography, Wilma: The Story of Wilma Rudolph, was published in 1977. It served as the basis for several other publications and films. By 2014 at least twenty-one books on Rudolph's life had been published for children from pre-school youth to high school students.

In addition to teaching, Rudolph worked for nonprofit organizations and government-sponsored projects that supported athletic development among American children. In Boston, Massachusetts, she became involved in the federal Job Corps program, and in 1967 served as a track specialist for Operation Champion. In 1981 Rudolph established and led the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, a nonprofit organization based in Indianapolis, Indiana, that trains youth athletes. In 1987 Rudolph joined DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, as director of its women's track program and served as a consultant on minority affairs to the university's president.

She went on to host a local television show in Indianapolis. Rudolph was also a publicist for Universal Studios as well as a television sports commentator for ABC Sports during the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California, and lit the cauldron to open the Pan American Games in Indianapolis in 1987 in front of 80,000 spectators at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. In 1992, two years before her untimely death, Rudolph became a vice president at Nashville's Baptist Hospital.

Marriage and family

Rudolph dated boxing legend Muhammad Ali during the early 1960s. She was married twice, with both marriages ending in divorce. On October 14, 1961, she married William "Willie" Ward, a member of the North Carolina College at Durham track team. They divorced in May 1963. After her graduation from Tennessee State in 1963 Rudolph married Robert Eldridge, her high school sweetheart, with whom she already had a daughter, Yolanda, born in 1958. Rudolph and Eldridge had four children: two daughters (Yolanda, born in 1958, and Djuanna, born in 1964) and two sons (Robert Jr., born in 1965, and Xurry, born in 1971). The seventeen-year marriage ended in divorce.

Death and legacy

In July 1994 (shortly after her mother's death), Rudolph was diagnosed with brain cancer. She also had been diagnosed with throat cancer. Her condition deteriorated rapidly, and she died on November 12, 1994, at the age of fifty-four, at her home in Brentwood, a suburb of Nashville, Tennessee.

Rudolph's legacy lies in her efforts to overcome obstacles that included childhood illnesses and a physical disability to become the fastest woman runner in the world in 1960. At the 1960 Rome Olympics, she became the first American woman to win three gold medals in a single Olympiad. Rudolph was one of the first role models for black and female athletes. Her Olympic success "gave a tremendous boost to women's track in the United States." Rudolph's celebrity also caused gender barriers to be broken at previously all-male track and field events such as the Millrose Games.

In addition to her athletic accomplishments, Rudolph is remembered for her contributions to youth, including founding and heading the Wilma Rudolph Foundation, which trains youth athletes. Her life is remembered in numerous publications, especially books for young readers. Rudolph's life has been featured in documentary films and made-for-television movies too:

Walter de Hoog directed Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Champion (1961), the United States Information Agency's ten-minute film documentary of her accomplishments on the track.
In 1977, Bud Greenspan produced Wilma (also known as The Story of Wilma Rudolph), a made-for-television docudrama adaptation of her autobiography starring Shirley Jo Finney as Rudolph and costarring Cicely Tyson, Jason Bernard, and Denzel Washington in one of his first roles.
In 2015, Positive Edge Education Ltd. commissioned Pixel Revolution Films, a United Kingdom-based film company, to produce three short inspiration dramas to be screened in schools, including one about Rudolph's life. Unlimited (2015) was written and directed by Ian and Dominic Higgins.

Awards and honors

Rudolph receiving a Fraternal Order of Eagles Award with Roger Maris *(left)*

Rudolph was named United Press International Athlete of the Year (1960) and Associated Press Woman Athlete of the Year (1960 and 1961). She was also the recipient of the James E. Sullivan Award (1960) for the top amateur athlete in the United States and the Babe Didrikson Zaharias Award (1962). In addition, Rudolph had a private meeting with President John F. Kennedy in the Oval Office. Rudolph was also honored with the National Sports Award (1993).

Rudolph was inducted into several women's and sports halls of fame:

Black Sports Hall of Fame (1973)
U.S. National Track and Field Hall of Fame (1974)
U.S. Olympic Hall of Fame (1983)
National Women's Hall of Fame (1994)
National Black Sports and Entertainment Hall of Fame (2001)

In 1984, the Women's Sports Foundation selected Rudolph as one of the five greatest women athletes in the United States. In 1996, the foundation presented its first Wilma Rudolph Courage Award to Jackie Joyner-Kersee.

In 1994, a portion of U.S. Route 79 was named Wilma Rudolph Boulevard, extending from Interstate 24, exit 4, in Clarksville to the Red River (Lynnwood-Tarpley) bridge near the Kraft Street intersection. On November 21, 1995, the Wilma Rudolph Memorial Commission placed a black marble marker at her grave site in Edgefield Missionary Baptist Church. In April 1996, a life-size bronze statue of Rudolph was erected "at the southern end of the Cumberland River Walk at the base of the Pedestrian Overpass" at College Street and Riverside Drive in Clarksville.

In 2012, the city of Clarksville, TN built the Wilma Rudolph Event Center, located at Liberty Park on Cumberland Drive. The life-size bronze statue was moved there from its previous location at Riverside Drive, and stands there now near the entrance of the building.

On December 2, 1980, Tennessee State University named its indoor track in Rudolph's honor. On August 11, 1995 (nine months after Rudolph's death), Tennessee State University dedicated a new, six-story dormitory as the Wilma G. Rudolph Residence Center. The building houses upper class and graduate women. It provides Wi-Fi access and includes a computer lab, beauty salon, and cafeteria. In 1997, Governor Don Sundquist proclaimed that June 23 be known as "Wilma Rudolph Day" in Tennessee.

The December 29, 1999, issue of Sports Illustrated ranked Rudolph first on its list of the top fifty greatest sports figures of the twentieth-century from Tennessee. ESPN ranked Rudolph forty-first in its listing of the twentieth century's greatest athletes.

Following the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Berlin in 1994, Berlin American High School (BAHS) was turned over to the people of Berlin and became the "Gesamtschule Am Hegewinkel". The school was renamed the "Wilma Rudolph Oberschule" in her honor in summer 2000.

On July 14, 2004, the U.S. Postal Service issued a 23-cent postage stamp, the fifth in its Distinguished Americans series, in recognition of her accomplishments.

Notes

^ "Wilma Rudolph". sports-reference.com. Sports Reference. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
^ "Wilma Rudolph Biography". Biography.com. A&E Television Networks. June 19, 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
"Women on the Scene Cleveland, Ohio." Milwaukee Star, vol. VIII, no. 80, 12 Apr. 1969, p. Page 12.
"Ethelda Bleibtrey, the trailblazer for women's swimming who was arrested due to her swimsuit". Olympics.com. June 27, 2023. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
"Helene Madison". usopm.org. Retrieved August 3, 2023.
Liberti, Rita (2015). (Re) Presenting Wilma Rudolph. Syracuse University Press. p. 9. ISBN 9780815633846.
^ Cite error: The named reference NBAW958-61 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference guardianolysrs was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Biracree (1988), p. 47
^ Bobby Lovett (June 20, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph and the TSU Tigerbelles" (PDF). Tennessee State University. Retrieved February 9, 2017. See also: Bobby Lovett (March 1, 2012). "Wilma Rudolph (1940–1994) and the TSU Tigerbelles". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Version 2 (online edition). University of Tennessee Press. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
^ Larry Schwartz. "Her Roman Conquest". ESPN. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
^ Cite error: The named reference Hine-992-93 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference bbc was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference espn was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
Biracree (1988), p. 16.
^ Tom Biracree (1988), Wilma Rudolph, p. 82.
Jan Onofrio (1 June 1999). Tennessee Biographical Dictionary. North American Book Dist LLC. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-403-09700-5.
"The Fastest Female". Time Time. September 19, 1960. Archived from the original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.(subscription required)
"'Sportin Life' with Dennis J. Harrington Wilma Rudolph' a Sprinter Named Desire'." Chicago Metro News, 12 July 1975, p. PAGE 18.
Amy Ruth (2000). Wilma Rudolph. New York: Lerner Publications. pp. 34, 61. ISBN 978-0-8225-4976-5. See also: Carroll Van West (1998). Tennessee Encyclopedia of History & Culture. Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society and Rutledge Hill Press. p. 813. ISBN 1558535993.
Liberti and Smith, pp. 42, 46.
Liberti and Smith, pp. 18–19, 39.
Liberti and Smith, p. 13.
Liberti and Smith, p. 45.
Liberti and Smith, pp. 49–50, 55.
^ Liberti and Smith, pp. 83–85.
Liberti and Smith, pp. 16, 42, 46.
^ The Eagle. Vol. 1960. Durham: North Carolina Central University. 1960.
Liberti and Smith, p. 98.
^ "Wilma Rudolph". USA Track and Field. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
^ Smith (2006), p. xxii.
Liberti and Smith, pp. 91–94.
Liberti and Smith, pp. 88, 96.
^ Smith (2006), p. xxiii.
Liberti and Smith, pp. 14–15.
^ "Wilma Rudolph biography". Women in History. Archived from the original on 2012-11-04. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
^ "Olympic Gold Medalist Wilma Rudolph Joins DePauw Team". DePauw University. January 14, 1987. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Wilma L. Moore (Fall 2012). "Everyday People: Champions and History Makers". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. 24 (4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 26–29.
Anita Verschoth (September 7, 1964). "Slight Change Of Pace For Wilma". Sports Illustrated. Archived from the original on November 16, 2013.
Charles Chamberlain (February 22, 1973). "Will Wilma Rudolph Eldridge's Daughter Add To Three Olympic Gold Medals Her Mom Won In International Competition?". Gettysburg Times: 14. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Amy Ruth (2000). Wilma Rudolph. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-8225-4976-5.
Maureen Margaret Smith (2006). Wilma Rudolph: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313333076.
Wilma at IMDb
Unlimited at IMDb
"Wilma Rudolph". National Women's Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Amy Waldman (August 29, 2001). "Black Hall of Fame Is Honoring Entertainment and Sports Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2017. "Black Sports and Entertainment Hall of Fame". UPI Archives. UPI. August 30, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
"National Black Sports and Entertainment Hall of Fame". Archived from the original on February 7, 2009. Retrieved July 16, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). harlemdiscover.com
"Wilma Rudolph Courage Award". Women's Sports Foundation. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
"What To See: Wilma Rudolph Statue". Clarksville-Montgomery County Economic Development Council. August 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
"The Master List: The 50 Greatest Sports Figures of the Century from Each of the 50 States". Sports Illustrated. December 29, 1999. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Lovett, Bobby. "Wilma Rudolph (1940–1994) and the TSU Tigerbelles". Archived from the original on October 30, 2013. Retrieved February 15, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link), Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture
"Wilma-Rudolph-Oberschule". Archived from the original on July 27, 2009. Retrieved March 30, 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link). be.schule.de.
"Postal Service Honors Wilma Rudolph with 'Distinguished America". DePauw University. July 14, 2004. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.

References

"1960: Rudolph takes third Olympic gold". BBC. 11 September 1960. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Bagchi, Rob (June 1, 2012). "50 stunning Olympic moments No. 35: Wilma Rudolph's triple gold in 1960". The Guardian. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Biography.com Editors (June 17, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph Biography". A&E Television Networks. Archived from the original on August 22, 2016. Retrieved February 9, 2017. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
Biracree, Tom (1988). Wilma Rudolph: Champion Athlete. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 1555466753.
"Black Sports and Entertainment Hall of Fame". UPI Archives. UPI. August 30, 2001. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Braun, Eric (2005). Wilma Rudolph. Capstone Press. ISBN 0-7368-4234-9.
Chamberlain, Charles (February 22, 1973). "Will Wilma Rudolph Eldridge's Daughter Add To Three Olympic Gold Medals Her Mom Won In International Competition?". The Gettysburg Times. Gettysburg, Pennsylvania: 14. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
Coffey, Wayne R. (1993). Wilma Rudolph. Blackbirch Press. ISBN 1-56711-004-5.
Conrad, David (2002). Stick to It!: The Story of Wilma Rudolph. Compass Point Books. ISBN 0-7565-0384-1.
The Eagle. Vol. 1960. Durham: North Carolina Central University. 1960.
"The Fastest Female". Time. September 19, 1960. Archived from the original on March 6, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.(subscription required)
Haney, James E., "Wilma Rudolph" in Smith, Jessie Carnie, ed. (1992). Notable Black American Women. Detroit: Gale Research. pp. 958–61.
Harper, Jo. Wilma Rudolph: Olympic Runner (Childhood of Famous Americans), Aladdin (January 6, 2004) – ISBN 0-606-29739-1
Krull, Kathleen. Wilma Unlimited: How Wilma Rudolph Became the World's Fastest Woman, Harcourt * Children's Books; Library Binding edition (April 1, 1996) – ISBN 0-15-201267-2
Liberti, Rita, and Maureen M. Smith (2015). (Re)Presenting Wilma Rudolph. Sports and Entertainment. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-3384-6.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Lovett, Bobby L. (June 20, 2016). "Wilma Rudolph and the TSU Tigerbelles" (PDF). Tennessee State University. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Lovett, Bobby L. (February 24, 2011). "Wilma Rudolph (1940–1994) and the TSU Tigerbelles". Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture Version 2 (online edition). University of Tennessee Press. Retrieved 2017-02-09.
Maraniss, David (2008). Rome 1960: The Olympics That Changed The World. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4165-3408-2.
"The Master List: The 50 Greatest Sports Figures of the Century from Each of the 50 States". Sports Illustrated. December 29, 1999. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Moore, Wilma L. (Fall 2012). "Everyday People: Sports Champions and History Makers". Traces of Indiana and Midwestern History. 24 (4). Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society: 26–29.
Norwood, Arlisha. "Wilma Rudolph." National Women's History Museum. 2017.
"Olympic Gold Medalist Wilma Rudolph Joins DePauw Team". DePauw University. January 14, 1987. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Onofrio, Jan (June 1, 1999). Tennessee Biographical Dictionary. North American Book Dist LLC. ISBN 978-0-403-09700-5.
Plowden, Martha Ward (1996). Olympic Black Women. Tennessee State University Library: Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN 1-56554-080-8.
"Postal Service Honors Wilma Rudolph with 'Distinguished America". DePauw University. July 14, 2004. Archived from the original on February 18, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Roberts, M. B. "Rudolph ran and world went wild". ESPN. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
Ruth, Amy (2000). Wilma Rudolph. Lerner Publications. ISBN 0-8225-4976-X.
Schraff, Anne E. (2004). Wilma Rudolph: The Greatest Woman Sprinter in History. Enslow Publishers. ISBN 0-7660-2291-9.
Schwartz, Larry. "Her Roman Conquest". ESPN. Retrieved February 17, 2017.
Sherrow, Victoria (2000). Wilma Rudolph. On My Own Biographies. Carolrhoda Books. ISBN 1-57505-246-6.
Smith, Maureen Margaret (2006). Wilma Rudolph: A Biography. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0313333076.
Streissguth, Tom (2007). Wilma Rudolph. Turnaround Publisher. ISBN 978-0-8225-6693-9.
Unlimited at IMDb
Van West, Carroll (1998). Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture. Nashville: Tennessee Historical Society/Rutledge Hill Press. ISBN 1558535993.
Waldman, Amy (August 29, 2001). "Black Hall of Fame Is Honoring Entertainment and Sports Stars". The New York Times. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
"What To See: Wilma Rudolph Statue". Clarksville-Montgomery County Economic Development Council. August 4, 2009. Archived from the original on August 4, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
Wilma at IMDb
"Wilma Rudolph". National Women's Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
"Wilma Rudolph". sports-reference.com. Sports Reference. Archived from the original on November 13, 2014. Retrieved August 27, 2014.
"Wilma Rudolph". USA Track and Field. Archived from the original on April 23, 2013. Retrieved November 16, 2013.
"Wilma Rudolph biography". Women in History. Archived from the original on 2012-11-04. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
"Wilma Rudolph Courage Award". Women's Sports Foundation. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved February 9, 2017.

External links

Wilma Rudolph at World Athletics
Wilma Rudolph at www.USATF.org
Wilma Rudolph at the USATF Hall of Fame (archived)
Wilma Rudolph at Olympics.com
Wilma Rudolph at Olympedia
Wilma Rudolph at the Team USA Hall of Fame
Wilma Rudolph at IMDb
Wilma Rudolph, Whitehouse Kids
Sports Heroes: Wilma Rudolph Archived 2010-02-05 at the Wayback Machine, My Hero Project
Wilma Rudolph at Find a Grave
Wilma Rudolph, 2008 Summer Olympics website
Norwood, Arlisha. "Wilma Rudolph". National Women's History Museum. 2017.

v t e Olympic champions in women's 100 metres
1928: Betty Robinson (USA) 1932: Stanisława Walasiewicz (POL) 1936: Helen Stephens (USA) 1948: Fanny Blankers-Koen (NED) 1952: Marjorie Jackson (AUS) 1956: Betty Cuthbert (AUS) 1960: Wilma Rudolph (USA) 1964: Wyomia Tyus (USA) 1968: Wyomia Tyus (USA) 1972: Renate Stecher (GDR) 1976: Annegret Richter (FRG) 1980: Lyudmila Kondratyeva (URS) 1984: Evelyn Ashford (USA) 1988: Florence Griffith Joyner (USA) 1992: Gail Devers (USA) 1996: Gail Devers (USA) 2000: not awarded 2004: Yulia Nestsiarenka (BLR) 2008: Shelly-Ann Fraser (JAM) 2012: Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (JAM) 2016: Elaine Thompson (JAM) 2020: Elaine Thompson-Herah (JAM) 2024: Julien Alfred (LCA)

Olympic champions in women's 100 metres

v t e Olympic champions in women's 200 metres
1948: Fanny Blankers-Koen (NED) 1952: Marjorie Jackson (AUS) 1956: Betty Cuthbert (AUS) 1960: Wilma Rudolph (USA) 1964: Edith McGuire (USA) 1968: Irena Szewińska (POL) 1972: Renate Stecher (GDR) 1976: Bärbel Eckert (GDR) 1980: Bärbel Eckert (GDR) 1984: Valerie Brisco-Hooks (USA) 1988: Florence Griffith Joyner (USA) 1992: Gwen Torrence (USA) 1996: Marie-José Pérec (FRA) 2000: Pauline Davis-Thompson (BAH) 2004: Veronica Campbell Brown (JAM) 2008: Veronica Campbell Brown (JAM) 2012: Allyson Felix (USA) 2016: Elaine Thompson (JAM) 2020: Elaine Thompson-Herah (JAM) 2024: Gabrielle Thomas (USA)

Olympic champions in women's 200 metres

v t e Olympic champions in women's 4 × 100 metres relay
1928: Bobbie Rosenfeld, Ethel Smith, Jane Bell, Myrtle Cook (CAN) 1932: Mary Carew, Evelyn Furtsch, Annette Rogers, Wilhelmina von Bremen (USA) 1936: Harriet Bland, Annette Rogers, Betty Robinson, Helen Stephens (USA) 1948: Xenia Stad-de Jong, Netti Witziers-Timmer, Gerda van der Kade-Koudijs, Fanny Blankers-Koen (NED) 1952: Mae Faggs, Barbara Jones, Janet Moreau, Catherine Hardy (USA) 1956: Shirley Barbara de la Hunty, Norma Croker, Fleur Mellor, Betty Cuthbert (AUS) 1960: Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams, Barbara Jones, Wilma Rudolph (USA) 1964: Teresa Ciepły, Irena Kirszenstein, Halina Górecka, Ewa Kłobukowska (POL) 1968: Barbara Ferrell, Margaret Bailes, Mildrette Netter, Wyomia Tyus (USA) 1972: Christiane Krause, Ingrid Mickler, Annegret Richter, Heide Rosendahl (FRG) 1976: Marlies Göhr, Renate Stecher, Carla Bodendorf, Bärbel Wöckel (GDR) 1980: Romy Müller, Bärbel Wöckel, Ingrid Auerswald, Marlies Göhr (GDR) 1984: Alice Brown, Jeanette Bolden, Chandra Cheeseborough, Evelyn Ashford (USA) 1988: Alice Brown, Sheila Echols, Florence Griffith Joyner, Evelyn Ashford, Dannette Young (USA) 1992: Evelyn Ashford, Esther Jones, Carlette Guidry, Gwen Torrence, Michelle Finn (USA) 1996: Gail Devers, Inger Miller, Chryste Gaines, Gwen Torrence, Carlette Guidry (USA) 2000: Savatheda Fynes, Chandra Sturrup, Pauline Davis-Thompson, Debbie Ferguson, Eldece Lewis (BAH) 2004: Tayna Lawrence, Sherone Simpson, Aleen Bailey, Veronica Campbell, Beverly McDonald (JAM) 2008: Olivia Borlée, Hanna Mariën, Élodie Ouédraogo, Kim Gevaert (BEL) 2012: Tianna Madison, Allyson Felix, Bianca Knight, Carmelita Jeter, Jeneba Tarmoh, Lauryn Williams (USA) 2016: Tianna Bartoletta, Allyson Felix, Tori Bowie, English Gardner, Morolake Akinosun (USA) 2020: Briana Williams, Elaine Thompson-Herah, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, Shericka Jackson, Natasha Morrison, Remona Burchell (JAM) 2024: Melissa Jefferson, Twanisha Terry, Gabrielle Thomas, Sha'Carri Richardson (USA)

Olympic champions in women's 4 × 100 metres relay

1928: Bobbie Rosenfeld, Ethel Smith, Jane Bell, Myrtle Cook (CAN)
1932: Mary Carew, Evelyn Furtsch, Annette Rogers, Wilhelmina von Bremen (USA)
1936: Harriet Bland, Annette Rogers, Betty Robinson, Helen Stephens (USA)
1948: Xenia Stad-de Jong, Netti Witziers-Timmer, Gerda van der Kade-Koudijs, Fanny Blankers-Koen (NED)
1952: Mae Faggs, Barbara Jones, Janet Moreau, Catherine Hardy (USA)
1956: Shirley Barbara de la Hunty, Norma Croker, Fleur Mellor, Betty Cuthbert (AUS)
1960: Martha Hudson, Lucinda Williams, Barbara Jones, Wilma Rudolph (USA)
1964: Teresa Ciepły, Irena Kirszenstein, Halina Górecka, Ewa Kłobukowska (POL)
1968: Barbara Ferrell, Margaret Bailes, Mildrette Netter, Wyomia Tyus (USA)
1972: Christiane Krause, Ingrid Mickler, Annegret Richter, Heide Rosendahl (FRG)
1976: Marlies Göhr, Renate Stecher, Carla Bodendorf, Bärbel Wöckel (GDR)
1980: Romy Müller, Bärbel Wöckel, Ingrid Auerswald, Marlies Göhr (GDR)
1984: Alice Brown, Jeanette Bolden, Chandra Cheeseborough, Evelyn Ashford (USA)
1988: Alice Brown, Sheila Echols, Florence Griffith Joyner, Evelyn Ashford, Dannette Young (USA)
1992: Evelyn Ashford, Esther Jones, Carlette Guidry, Gwen Torrence, Michelle Finn (USA)
1996: Gail Devers, Inger Miller, Chryste Gaines, Gwen Torrence, Carlette Guidry (USA)
2000: Savatheda Fynes, Chandra Sturrup, Pauline Davis-Thompson, Debbie Ferguson, Eldece Lewis (BAH)
2004: Tayna Lawrence, Sherone Simpson, Aleen Bailey, Veronica Campbell, Beverly McDonald (JAM)
2008: Olivia Borlée, Hanna Mariën, Élodie Ouédraogo, Kim Gevaert (BEL)
2012: Tianna Madison, Allyson Felix, Bianca Knight, Carmelita Jeter, Jeneba Tarmoh, Lauryn Williams (USA)
2016: Tianna Bartoletta, Allyson Felix, Tori Bowie, English Gardner, Morolake Akinosun (USA)
2020: Briana Williams, Elaine Thompson-Herah, Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce, Shericka Jackson, Natasha Morrison, Remona Burchell (JAM)
2024: Melissa Jefferson, Twanisha Terry, Gabrielle Thomas, Sha'Carri Richardson (USA)

v t e US National Championship winners in women's 100-meter dash
1923–1979 Amateur Athletic Union	1923–1924: Frances Ruppert 1925: Helen Filkey 1926: Rosa Grosse 1927–1928: Elta Cartwright 1929: Betty Robinson 1930: Stella Walsh 1931: Eleanor Egg 1932: Wilhelmina von Bremen 1933: Annette Rogers 1934: not held 1935–1936: Helen Stephens 1937: Claire Isicson 1938: Lula Hymes 1939: Olive Hasenfus 1940–1941: Jean Lane 1942: Alice Coachman 1943–1944: Stella Walsh 1945–1946: Alice Coachman 1947: Juanita Watson 1948: Stella Walsh 1949–1950: Jean Patton 1951: Mary McNabb 1952: Catherine Hardy 1953–1954: Barbara Jones 1955–1956: Mae Faggs 1957: Barbara Jones 1958: Margaret Matthews 1959–1962: Wilma Rudolph 1963: Edith McGuire 1964–1966: Wyomia Tyus 1967: Barbara Ferrell 1968: Margaret Bailes 1969: Barbara Ferrell 1970: Chi Cheng (TWN) * Iris Davis 1971: Iris Davis 1972: Alice Annum (GHA) * (3) Iris Davis 1973: Iris Davis 1974: Renaye Bowen 1975: Rosalyn Bryant 1976: Chandra Cheeseborough 1977: Evelyn Ashford 1978: Leleith Hodges (JAM) * Brenda Morehead 1979: Evelyn Ashford
1980–1992 The Athletics Congress	1980: Alice Brown 1981–1983: Evelyn Ashford 1984 Merlene Ottey (JAM) * Alice Brown 1985: Merlene Ottey (JAM) * Pam Marshall 1986: Pam Marshall 1987: Diane Williams 1988: Sheila Echols 1989: Dawn Sowell 1990: Michelle Finn 1991: Carlette Guidry 1992: Gwen Torrence
1993–present USA Track & Field	1993–1994: Gail Devers 1995–1996: Gwen Torrence 1997–1998: Marion Jones 1999: Inger Miller 2000: Marion Jones 2001–2002: Chryste Gaines 2003: Torri Edwards 2004: LaTasha Colander 2005: Me'Lisa Barber 2006: Lauryn Williams 2007: Torri Edwards 2008: Muna Lee 2009: Carmelita Jeter 2010: Allyson Felix 2011–2012: Carmelita Jeter 2013: English Gardner 2014: Tianna Bartoletta 2015: Tori Bowie 2016: English Gardner 2017: Tori Bowie 2018: Aleia Hobbs 2019: Teahna Daniels 2021: Javianne Oliver
Notes	OT: 1928, 1932, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials, otherwise held as a discrete event. 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Distance: The event was over 100 yards until 1927; from 1929 to 1931, 1955, 1957 to 1958, 1961 to 1962, 1965 to 1966, 1969 to 1970 and 1973 to 1974.

v t e US National Championship winners in women's 200-meter dash
1926–1979 Amateur Athletic Union	1926: Frances Keddie 1927: Ellen Brough 1928: Florence Wright 1929: Maybelle Gilliland 1930–1931: Stella Walsh 1932–1933 Olive Hasenfus 1934: not held 1935: Helen Stephens 1936: Beverly Hobbs 1937: Gertrude Johnson 1938: Fanny Vitale 1939–1940: Stella Walsh 1941: Jean Lane 1942–1948: Stella Walsh 1949–1950: Nell Jackson 1951: Jean Patton 1952: Catherine Hardy 1953: Dolores Dwyer 1954–1956: Mae Faggs 1957: Isabelle Daniels 1958: Lucinda Williams 1959: Isabelle Daniels 1960: Wilma Rudolph 1961: Lacey O'Neal 1962–1963: Vivian Brown 1964–1965: Edith McGuire 1966: Wyomia Tyus 1967: Diana Wilson 1968: Wyomia Tyus 1969: Barbara Ferrell 1970: Chi Cheng (TWN) * Williomae Fergerson 1971: Raelene Boyle (AUS) * Kathie Lawson 1972: Alice Annum (GHA) * (3) Pamela Greene 1973: Mable Fergerson 1974: Alice Annum (GHA) * Fran Sichting 1975: Debra Armstrong 1976: Brenda Morehead 1977–1979: Evelyn Ashford
1980–1992 The Athletics Congress	1980: Karen Hawkins 1981: Evelyn Ashford 1982: Merlene Ottey (JAM) * Florence Griffith 1983: Evelyn Ashford 1984 Merlene Ottey (JAM) * (3) Pam Marshall 1985 Merlene Ottey (JAM) * Pam Marshall 1986–1987: Pam Marshall 1988: Gwen Torrence 1989: Dannette Young 1990: Grace Jackson (JAM) * Dannette Young 1991–1992: Gwen Torrence
1993–present USA Track & Field	1993: Gwen Torrence 1994: Carlette Guidry-White 1995: Gwen Torrence 1996: Carlette Guidry-White 1997: Inger Miller 1998–2000: Marion Jones 2001: LaTasha Jenkins 2002: Stephanie Durst 2003: Torri Edwards 2004–2005: Allyson Felix 2006: Rachelle Boone-Smith 2007–2009: Allyson Felix 2010: Connie Moore 2011: Shalonda Solomon 2012: Allyson Felix 2013: Kimberlyn Duncan 2014: Jeneba Tarmoh 2015: Jenna Prandini 2016: Tori Bowie 2017: Deajah Stevens 2018: Jenna Prandini 2019: Dezerea Bryant 2021: Gabrielle Thomas 2022: Abby Steiner
Notes	OT: 1928, 1932, and since 1992, championships incorporated the Olympic Trials in Olympic years, otherwise held as a discrete event. Distance:The event was over 220 yards until 1932, 1955, 1957-8, 1961-3, 1965-6, 1969-70 and 1973-4 2020 OT: The 2020 Olympic Trials were delayed and held in 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

v t e USA Indoor Track and Field Championships winners in women's 60 m (40 yards, 50 m, 50 yards, 60 yards, 55 m)
1927–1979 Amateur Athletic Union	1927: Rosa Grosse (CAN), Eleanor Egg (2nd) 1928: Katherine Mearls 1929: Mary Carew 1930: Mary Carew 1931: Mary Carew 1932: Mary Carew 1933: Pearl Young 1934: Stanisława Walasiewicz (POL), Louise Stokes (3rd) 1935: Helen Stephens 1936: Helen Stephens 1937: Helen Stephens 1941: Jean Lane 1945: Alice Coachman 1946: Alice Coachman 1948: Juanita Watson 1949: Dolores Dwyer 1950: Dolores Dwyer 1951: Catherine Hardy Lavender 1952: Dolores Dwyer 1953: Mabel Landry 1954: Mabel Landry 1955: Isabelle Daniels 1956: Isabelle Daniels 1957: Isabelle Daniels 1958: Isabelle Daniels 1959: Wilma Rudolph 1960: Wilma Rudolph 1961: Willye White 1962: Willye White 1963: Willye White 1964: Debbie Thompson 1965: Wyomia Tyus 1966: Wyomia Tyus 1967: Wyomia Tyus 1968: Barbara Ferrell 1969: Barbara Ferrell 1970: Chi Cheng (TPE), Iris Davis (2nd) 1971: Pat Hawkins 1972: Iris Davis 1973: Iris Davis 1974: Theresa Montgomery 1975: Alice Annum (GHA), Angel Doyle (2nd) 1976: Lisa Hopkins 1977: Brenda Morehead 1978: Brenda Morehead 1979: Evelyn Ashford
1980–1992 The Athletics Congress	1980: Evelyn Ashford 1981: Evelyn Ashford 1982: Evelyn Ashford 1983: Evelyn Ashford 1984: Alice Brown 1985: Alice Brown 1986: Jeanette Bolden 1987: Anelia Nuneva (BUL), Jeanette Bolden (2nd) 1988: Evelyn Ashford, Gwen Torrence 1989: Gwen Torrence 1990: Michelle Finn-Burrell 1991: Michelle Finn-Burrell 1992: Michelle Finn-Burrell
1993–present USA Track & Field	1993: Gail Devers 1994: Gwen Torrence 1995: Gwen Torrence 1996: Gwen Torrence 1997: Gail Devers 1998: Christy Opara-Thompson (NGR), Carlette Guidry-White (2nd) 1999: Gail Devers 2000: Carlette Guidry-White 2001: Chryste Gaines 2002: Chryste Gaines 2003: Angela Williams 2004: Gail Devers 2005: Angela Daigle 2006: Me'Lisa Barber 2007: Hasani Roseby 2008: Angela Williams 2009: Me'Lisa Barber 2010: Carmelita Jeter 2011: Alexandria Anderson 2012: Tianna Bartoletta 2013: Barbara Pierre 2014: Tianna Bartoletta 2015: Tianna Bartoletta 2016: Barbara Pierre 2017: Morolake Akinosun 2018: Javianne Oliver 2019: Shania Collins 2020: Mikiah Brisco 2022: Mikiah Brisco 2023: Aleia Hobbs 2024: Aleia Hobbs
Notes	* Distances have varied as follows: 40 yards (1927–32), 50 meters (1933–54), 50 yards (1956–64), 60 yards (1965–86), 55 meters (1987–90)

v t e 1956 USA Olympic track and field team
Men's track and road athletes	Horace Ashenfelter Thane Baker Don Bowden Lee Calhoun Phil Coleman Nick Costes Tom Courtney Josh Culbreath Glenn Davis Jack Davis Bill Dellinger Elliott Denman Dick Hart James Hewson Charles Jenkins Deacon Jones Lou Jones Johnny Kelley Leamon King (r) Henry Laskau Jim Lea Bruce MacDonald Jesse Mashburn (r) Gordon McKenzie Bobby Morrow Ira Murchison Joel Shankle Leo Sjogren Eddie Southern Arnie Sowell Lonnie Spurrier Andy Stanfield Curt Stone Dean Thackwray Max Truex Jerome Walters Adolf Weinacker Ted Wheeler
Men's field athletes	Ken Bantum Greg Bell John Bennett Milt Campbell Phil Conley Hal Connolly Ira Davis Charles Dumas Benjamin Garcia Fortune Gordien Bob Gutowski Al Hall Rafer Johnson Des Koch George Mattos Bill Nieder Parry O'Brien Al Oerter Phil Reavis Bob Richards Bill Sharpe George Shaw Vern Wilson Cy Young
Women's track athletes	Isabelle Daniels Constance Darnowski Meredith Ellis Mae Faggs Margaret Matthews (r) Barbara Mueller Irene Robertson Wilma Rudolph Lucinda Williams
Women's field athletes	Karen Anderson Earlene Brown Paula Deubel Ann Marie Flynn Pam Kurrell Marjorie Larney Margaret Matthews Mildred McDaniel Lois Testa Amelia Wershoven Willye White
Coaches	Jim Kelly (men's head coach) Frank Anderson (men's assistant coach) Bob Giegengack (men's assistant coach) Jess Mortensen (men's assistant coach) Nell Jackson (women's head coach) Boo Morcom (women's field event coach)

v t e 1960 USA Olympic track and field team
Men's track and road athletes	John Allen Jim Beatty Alex Breckenridge Frank Budd Dyrol Burleson Lee Calhoun Les Carney Pete Close Phil Coleman Ernie Cunliffe Cliff Cushman Glenn Davis Otis Davis Bill Dellinger Jim Grelle Rudy Haluza Dick Howard Stone Johnson Deacon Jones Hayes Jones John J. Kelley Ron Laird Bruce MacDonald Willie May Gordon McKenzie Bob Mimm Tom Murphy Ray Norton Jerry Siebert Dave Sime Bob Soth Max Truex Jack Yerman Earl Young George Young Ron Zinn
Men's field athletes	Bill Alley Rink Babka Ed Bagdonas Terry Beucher Ralph Boston Don Bragg Al Cantello Dave Clark Dick Cochran Hal Connolly Ira Davis Charles Dumas Dave Edstrom Joe Faust Al Hall Rafer Johnson Dallas Long Ron Morris Phil Mulkey Bill Nieder Parry O'Brien Al Oerter Bo Roberson Bill Sharpe Herman Stokes John Thomas Anthony Watson
Women's track athletes	Shirley Crowder Pat Daniels Martha Hudson Barbara Jones Ernestine Pollards Irene Robertson Wilma Rudolph Jo Ann Terry Lucinda Williams
Women's field athletes	Karen Anderson Barbara Brown Earlene Brown Olga Connolly Jean Gaertner Pamela Kurrell Neomia Rogers Annie Smith Willye White
Coaches	Larry Snyder (head coach) George Eastment (assistant coach) Ralph Higgins (assistant coach) Lloyd "Bud" Winter (assistant coach) Ed Temple (women's head coach) Fran Welch (women's field event coach)

v t e IAAF Hall of Fame
Jesse Owens Abebe Bikila Paavo Nurmi Sergey Bubka Sebastian Coe Carl Lewis Emil Zátopek Al Oerter Adhemar da Silva Edwin Moses Fanny Blankers-Koen Betty Cuthbert Jackie Joyner-Kersee Wang Junxia Irena Szewińska Michael Johnson Dan O'Brien Babe Zaharias Alberto Juantorena Kip Keino Peter Snell Vladimir Golubnichiy Iolanda Balaș Stefka Kostadinova Harrison Dillard Marjorie Jackson Hannes Kolehmainen Natalya Lisovskaya Svetlana Masterkova Noureddine Morceli Parry O'Brien Marie-José Pérec Viktor Saneyev Yuriy Sedykh Daley Thompson Grete Waitz Valeriy Brumel Glenn Davis Heike Drechsler Hicham El Guerrouj Marita Koch Robert Korzeniowski Jānis Lūsis Bob Mathias Wilma Rudolph Shirley Strickland de la Hunty Lasse Virén Cornelius Warmerdam
New entry May 17, 2012 June 6, 2012 June 11, 2012 July 2, 2012 August 4, 2012 September 15, 2012 October 13, 2012 November 16, 2013 November 21, 2014

IAAF Hall of Fame

New entry: May 17, 2012; June 6, 2012; June 11, 2012; July 2, 2012; August 4, 2012; September 15, 2012; October 13, 2012; November 16, 2013; November 21, 2014

v t e James E. Sullivan Award winners
1930: Jones 1931: Berlinger 1932: Bausch 1933: Cunningham 1934: Bonthron 1935: Little 1936: Morris 1937: Budge 1938: Lash 1939: Burk 1940: Rice 1941: MacMitchell 1942: Warmerdam 1943: Dodds 1944: Curtis 1945: Blanchard 1946: Tucker 1947: Kelly Jr. 1948: Mathias 1949: Button 1950: Wilt 1951: Richards 1952: Ashenfelter 1953: Sa. Lee 1954: Whitfield 1955: Dillard 1956: McCormick 1957: Morrow 1958: Davis 1959: O'Brien 1960: R. Johnson 1961: Rudolph 1962: Beatty 1963: Pennel 1964: Schollander 1965: Bradley 1966: Ryun 1967: Matson 1968: Meyer 1969: Toomey 1970: Kinsella 1971: Spitz 1972: Shorter 1973: Walton 1974: Wohlhuter 1975: Shaw 1976: Jenner 1977: Naber 1978: Caulkins 1979: Thomas 1980: Heiden 1981: Lewis 1982: Decker 1983: Moses 1984: Louganis 1985: Benoit 1986: Joyner-Kersee 1987: Abbott 1988: Griffith Joyner 1989: Evans 1990: Smith 1991: Powell 1992: Blair 1993: Ward 1994: Jansen 1995: Baumgartner 1996: M. Johnson 1997: Manning 1998: Holdsclaw 1999: C. Miller & K. Miller 2000: Gardner 2001: Kwan 2002: Hughes 2003: Phelps 2004: Hamm 2005: Redick 2006: Long 2007: Tebow 2008: S. Johnson 2009: Palmeiro-Winters 2010: Lysacek 2011: Rodriguez 2012: Franklin 2013: Urschel 2014: Elliott 2015: Stewart & Reynolds 2016: Carlini 2017: Snyder 2018: Plummer 2019: Ionescu & Sp. Lee 2020: No award 2021: Biles & Dressel 2022: Moore 2023: Clark

James E. Sullivan Award winners

1930: Jones
1931: Berlinger
1932: Bausch
1933: Cunningham
1934: Bonthron
1935: Little
1936: Morris
1937: Budge
1938: Lash
1939: Burk
1940: Rice
1941: MacMitchell
1942: Warmerdam
1943: Dodds
1944: Curtis
1945: Blanchard
1946: Tucker
1947: Kelly Jr.
1948: Mathias
1949: Button
1950: Wilt
1951: Richards
1952: Ashenfelter
1953: Sa. Lee
1954: Whitfield
1955: Dillard
1956: McCormick
1957: Morrow
1958: Davis
1959: O'Brien
1960: R. Johnson
1961: Rudolph
1962: Beatty
1963: Pennel
1964: Schollander
1965: Bradley
1966: Ryun
1967: Matson
1968: Meyer
1969: Toomey
1970: Kinsella
1971: Spitz
1972: Shorter
1973: Walton
1974: Wohlhuter
1975: Shaw
1976: Jenner
1977: Naber
1978: Caulkins
1979: Thomas
1980: Heiden
1981: Lewis
1982: Decker
1983: Moses
1984: Louganis
1985: Benoit
1986: Joyner-Kersee
1987: Abbott
1988: Griffith Joyner
1989: Evans
1990: Smith
1991: Powell
1992: Blair
1993: Ward
1994: Jansen
1995: Baumgartner
1996: M. Johnson
1997: Manning
1998: Holdsclaw
1999: C. Miller & K. Miller
2000: Gardner
2001: Kwan
2002: Hughes
2003: Phelps
2004: Hamm
2005: Redick
2006: Long
2007: Tebow
2008: S. Johnson
2009: Palmeiro-Winters
2010: Lysacek
2011: Rodriguez
2012: Franklin
2013: Urschel
2014: Elliott
2015: Stewart & Reynolds
2016: Carlini
2017: Snyder
2018: Plummer
2019: Ionescu & Sp. Lee
2020: No award
2021: Biles & Dressel
2022: Moore
2023: Clark

Inductees to the National Women's Hall of Fame

1970–1979

1973	Jane Addams Marian Anderson Susan B. Anthony Clara Barton Mary McLeod Bethune Elizabeth Blackwell Pearl S. Buck Rachel Carson Mary Cassatt Emily Dickinson Amelia Earhart Alice Hamilton Helen Hayes Helen Keller Eleanor Roosevelt Florence Sabin Margaret Chase Smith Elizabeth Cady Stanton Helen Brooke Taussig Harriet Tubman
1976	Abigail Adams Margaret Mead Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias
1979	Dorothea Dix Juliette Gordon Low Alice Paul Elizabeth Bayley Seton

1980–1989

1981	Margaret Sanger Sojourner Truth
1982	Carrie Chapman Catt Frances Perkins
1983	Belva Lockwood Lucretia Mott
1984	Mary "Mother" Harris Jones Bessie Smith
1986	Barbara McClintock Lucy Stone Harriet Beecher Stowe
1988	Gwendolyn Brooks Willa Cather Sally Ride Mary Risteau Ida B. Wells-Barnett

1990–1999

1990	Margaret Bourke-White Barbara Jordan Billie Jean King Florence B. Seibert
1991	Gertrude Belle Elion
1993	Ethel Percy Andrus Antoinette Blackwell Emily Blackwell Shirley Chisholm Jacqueline Cochran Ruth Colvin Marian Wright Edelman Alice Evans Betty Friedan Ella Grasso Martha Wright Griffiths Fannie Lou Hamer Dorothy Height Dolores Huerta Mary Putnam Jacobi Mae Jemison Mary Lyon Mary Mahoney Wilma Mankiller Constance Baker Motley Georgia O'Keeffe Annie Oakley Rosa Parks Esther Peterson Jeannette Rankin Ellen Swallow Richards Elaine Roulet Katherine Siva Saubel Gloria Steinem Helen Stephens Lillian Wald Madam C. J. Walker Faye Wattleton Rosalyn S. Yalow Gloria Yerkovich
1994	Bella Abzug Ella Baker Myra Bradwell Annie Jump Cannon Jane Cunningham Croly Catherine East Geraldine Ferraro Charlotte Perkins Gilman Grace Hopper Helen LaKelly Hunt Zora Neale Hurston Anne Hutchinson Frances Wisebart Jacobs Susette La Flesche Louise McManus Maria Mitchell Antonia Novello Linda Richards Wilma Rudolph Betty Bone Schiess Muriel Siebert Nettie Stevens Oprah Winfrey Sarah Winnemucca Fanny Wright
1995	Virginia Apgar Ann Bancroft Amelia Bloomer Mary Breckinridge Eileen Collins Elizabeth Hanford Dole Anne Dallas Dudley Mary Baker Eddy Ella Fitzgerald Margaret Fuller Matilda Joslyn Gage Lillian Moller Gilbreth Nannerl O. Keohane Maggie Kuhn Sandra Day O'Connor Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin Pat Schroeder Hannah Greenebaum Solomon
1996	Louisa May Alcott Charlotte Anne Bunch Frances Xavier Cabrini Mary A. Hallaren Oveta Culp Hobby Wilhelmina Cole Holladay Anne Morrow Lindbergh Maria Goeppert Mayer Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose Maria Tallchief Edith Wharton
1998	Madeleine Albright Maya Angelou Nellie Bly Lydia Moss Bradley Mary Steichen Calderone Mary Ann Shadd Cary Joan Ganz Cooney Gerty Cori Sarah Grimké Julia Ward Howe Shirley Ann Jackson Shannon Lucid Katharine Dexter McCormick Rozanne L. Ridgway Edith Nourse Rogers Felice Schwartz Eunice Kennedy Shriver Beverly Sills Florence Wald Angelina Grimké Weld Chien-Shiung Wu

2000–2009

2000	Faye Glenn Abdellah Emma Smith DeVoe Marjory Stoneman Douglas Mary Dyer Sylvia A. Earle Crystal Eastman Jeanne Holm Leontine T. Kelly Frances Oldham Kelsey Kate Mullany Janet Reno Anna Howard Shaw Sophia Smith Ida Tarbell Wilma L. Vaught Mary Edwards Walker Annie Dodge Wauneka Eudora Welty Frances E. Willard
2001	Dorothy H. Andersen Lucille Ball Rosalynn Carter Lydia Maria Child Bessie Coleman Dorothy Day Marian de Forest Althea Gibson Beatrice A. Hicks Barbara Holdridge Harriet Williams Russell Strong Emily Howell Warner Victoria Woodhull
2002	Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis Ruth Bader Ginsburg Katharine Graham Bertha Holt Mary Engle Pennington Mercy Otis Warren
2003	Linda G. Alvarado Donna de Varona Gertrude Ederle Martha Matilda Harper Patricia Roberts Harris Stephanie L. Kwolek Dorothea Lange Mildred Robbins Leet Patsy Takemoto Mink Sacagawea Anne Sullivan Sheila E. Widnall
2005	Florence E. Allen Ruth Fulton Benedict Betty Bumpers Hillary Clinton Rita Rossi Colwell Mother Marianne Cope Maya Y. Lin Patricia A. Locke Blanche Stuart Scott Mary Burnett Talbert
2007	Eleanor K. Baum Julia Child Martha Coffin Pelham Wright Swanee Hunt Winona LaDuke Elisabeth Kübler-Ross Judith L. Pipher Catherine Filene Shouse Henrietta Szold
2009	Louise Bourgeois Mildred Cohn Karen DeCrow Susan Kelly-Dreiss Allie B. Latimer Emma Lazarus Ruth Patrick Rebecca Talbot Perkins Susan Solomon Kate Stoneman

2010–2019

2011	St. Katharine Drexel Dorothy Harrison Eustis Loretta C. Ford Abby Kelley Foster Helen Murray Free Billie Holiday Coretta Scott King Lilly Ledbetter Barbara A. Mikulski Donna E. Shalala Kathrine Switzer
2013	Betty Ford Ina May Gaskin Julie Krone Kate Millett Nancy Pelosi Mary Joseph Rogers Bernice Sandler Anna Schwartz Emma Willard
2015	Tenley Albright Nancy Brinker Martha Graham Marcia Greenberger Barbara Iglewski Jean Kilbourne Carlotta Walls LaNier Philippa Marrack Mary Harriman Rumsey Eleanor Smeal
2017	Matilda Cuomo Temple Grandin Lorraine Hansberry Victoria Jackson Sherry Lansing Clare Boothe Luce Aimee Mullins Carol Mutter Janet Rowley Alice Waters
2019	Gloria Allred Angela Davis Sarah Deer Jane Fonda Nicole Malachowski Rose O'Neill Louise Slaughter Sonia Sotomayor Laurie Spiegel Flossie Wong-Staal

2020–2029

2020	Aretha Franklin Barbara Hillary Barbara Rose Johns Henrietta Lacks Toni Morrison Mary Church Terrell
2022	Octavia E. Butler Judy Chicago Rebecca S. Halstead Mia Hamm Joy Harjo Emily Howland Katherine Johnson Indra Nooyi Michelle Obama
2024	Patricia Bath Ruby Bridges Elouise P. Cobell Kimberlé Crenshaw Peggy McIntosh Judith Plaskow Loretta Ross Sandy Stone Anna Wessels Williams Serena Williams

v t e Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year
1931: Helene Madison 1932: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1933: Helen Jacobs 1934: Virginia Van Wie 1935: Helen Wills 1936: Helen Stephens 1937: Katherine Rawls 1938: Patty Berg 1939: Alice Marble 1940: Alice Marble 1941: Betty Hicks 1942: Gloria Callen 1943: Patty Berg 1944: Ann Curtis 1945: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1946: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1947: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1948: Fanny Blankers-Koen 1949: Marlene Hagge 1950: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1951: Maureen Connolly 1952: Maureen Connolly 1953: Maureen Connolly 1954: Babe Didrikson Zaharias 1955: Patty Berg 1956: Pat McCormick 1957: Althea Gibson 1958: Althea Gibson 1959: Maria Bueno 1960: Wilma Rudolph 1961: Wilma Rudolph 1962: Dawn Fraser 1963: Mickey Wright 1964: Mickey Wright 1965: Kathy Whitworth 1966: Kathy Whitworth 1967: Billie Jean King 1968: Peggy Fleming 1969: Debbie Meyer 1970: Chi Cheng 1971: Evonne Goolagong 1972: Olga Korbut 1973: Billie Jean King 1974: Chris Evert 1975: Chris Evert 1976: Nadia Comăneci 1977: Chris Evert 1978: Nancy Lopez 1979: Tracy Austin 1980: Chris Evert 1981: Tracy Austin 1982: Mary Decker 1983: Martina Navratilova 1984: Mary Lou Retton 1985: Nancy Lopez 1986: Martina Navratilova 1987: Jackie Joyner-Kersee 1988: Florence Griffith Joyner 1989: Steffi Graf 1990: Beth Daniel 1991: Monica Seles 1992: Monica Seles 1993: Sheryl Swoopes 1994: Bonnie Blair 1995: Rebecca Lobo 1996: Amy Van Dyken 1997: Martina Hingis 1998: Pak Se-ri 1999: United States women's national soccer team 2000: Marion Jones 2001: Jennifer Capriati 2002: Serena Williams 2003: Annika Sörenstam 2004: Annika Sörenstam 2005: Annika Sörenstam 2006: Lorena Ochoa 2007: Lorena Ochoa 2008: Candace Parker 2009: Serena Williams 2010: Lindsey Vonn 2011: Abby Wambach 2012: Gabby Douglas 2013: Serena Williams 2014: Mo'ne Davis 2015: Serena Williams 2016: Simone Biles 2017: Katie Ledecky 2018: Serena Williams 2019: Simone Biles 2020: Naomi Osaka 2021: Candace Parker 2022: Katie Ledecky 2023: Simone Biles

Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year

1931: Helene Madison
1932: Babe Didrikson Zaharias
1933: Helen Jacobs
1934: Virginia Van Wie
1935: Helen Wills
1936: Helen Stephens
1937: Katherine Rawls
1938: Patty Berg
1939: Alice Marble
1940: Alice Marble
1941: Betty Hicks
1942: Gloria Callen
1943: Patty Berg
1944: Ann Curtis
1945: Babe Didrikson Zaharias
1946: Babe Didrikson Zaharias
1947: Babe Didrikson Zaharias
1948: Fanny Blankers-Koen
1949: Marlene Hagge
1950: Babe Didrikson Zaharias
1951: Maureen Connolly
1952: Maureen Connolly
1953: Maureen Connolly
1954: Babe Didrikson Zaharias
1955: Patty Berg
1956: Pat McCormick
1957: Althea Gibson
1958: Althea Gibson
1959: Maria Bueno
1960: Wilma Rudolph
1961: Wilma Rudolph
1962: Dawn Fraser
1963: Mickey Wright
1964: Mickey Wright
1965: Kathy Whitworth
1966: Kathy Whitworth
1967: Billie Jean King
1968: Peggy Fleming
1969: Debbie Meyer
1970: Chi Cheng
1971: Evonne Goolagong
1972: Olga Korbut
1973: Billie Jean King
1974: Chris Evert
1975: Chris Evert
1976: Nadia Comăneci
1977: Chris Evert
1978: Nancy Lopez
1979: Tracy Austin
1980: Chris Evert
1981: Tracy Austin
1982: Mary Decker
1983: Martina Navratilova
1984: Mary Lou Retton
1985: Nancy Lopez
1986: Martina Navratilova
1987: Jackie Joyner-Kersee
1988: Florence Griffith Joyner
1989: Steffi Graf
1990: Beth Daniel
1991: Monica Seles
1992: Monica Seles
1993: Sheryl Swoopes
1994: Bonnie Blair
1995: Rebecca Lobo
1996: Amy Van Dyken
1997: Martina Hingis
1998: Pak Se-ri
1999: United States women's national soccer team
2000: Marion Jones
2001: Jennifer Capriati
2002: Serena Williams
2003: Annika Sörenstam
2004: Annika Sörenstam
2005: Annika Sörenstam
2006: Lorena Ochoa
2007: Lorena Ochoa
2008: Candace Parker
2009: Serena Williams
2010: Lindsey Vonn
2011: Abby Wambach
2012: Gabby Douglas
2013: Serena Williams
2014: Mo'ne Davis
2015: Serena Williams
2016: Simone Biles
2017: Katie Ledecky
2018: Serena Williams
2019: Simone Biles
2020: Naomi Osaka
2021: Candace Parker
2022: Katie Ledecky
2023: Simone Biles

v t e NAACP Image Award – Jackie Robinson Sports Award
Wilma Rudolph / Harlem Globetrotters (1988) Jackie Joyner-Kersee / Sugar Ray Robinson (1989) Roy Campanella / Anita DeFrantz (1990) Magic Johnson (1992) Eddie Robinson (1996) Jim Brown (1997) Michael Jordan (1999) LeBron James (2017) Stephen Curry / WNBA Players Association (2021)

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