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Murder of Brianna Ghey
Ghey in an undated photograph released by Cheshire Police
Entrance to the Linear Park, and surrounding towns.
Location	Culcheth Linear Park, Borough of Warrington, Cheshire, England
Date	11 February 2023 (2023-02-11)
Attack type	Murder by stabbing, hate crime
Victim	Brianna Ghey
Perpetrators	Scarlett Jenkinson Eddie Ratcliffe
Motive	Sadism, thrill, and transphobia
Verdict	Guilty
Convictions	Murder
Sentence	Jenkinson: Life imprisonment with a minimum of 22 years Ratcliffe: Life imprisonment with a minimum of 20 years

On 11 February 2023, Brianna Ghey (/dʒaɪ/ JY), a 16-year-old British transgender girl, was murdered in a premeditated attack by Scarlett Jenkinson and Eddie Ratcliffe. After being lured by Jenkinson under the false pretense of taking drugs in Culcheth Linear Park, Ghey was fatally stabbed.

Jenkinson and Ratcliffe, both aged 15 at the time, were arrested the next day and eventually charged and convicted of murder. They were convicted on 20 December 2023 at Manchester Crown Court and were both sentenced on 2 February 2024 to life imprisonment, with a minimum of 22 years for Jenkinson and 20 years for Ratcliffe before being eligible for parole. The court decided the offence was primarily motivated by sadistic tendencies and that hate against transgender people was a secondary motivation of Ratcliffe. The murder involved a significant degree of brutality and planning.

Background

Brianna Ghey

Brianna Ghey (/dʒaɪ/ JY), born 7 November 2006, was a 16-year-old transgender girl and a Year 11 pupil at Birchwood Community High School in the Birchwood area of Warrington. As a teenager, Ghey was diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism, which her mother said impaired her ability to identify dangerous situations.

According to her friends, Ghey would often help younger transgender girls safely and legally access transgender hormone therapy. She reportedly faced years of transphobic harassment and bullying, including at school, a part of which was being repeatedly "gang beaten". However, in a statement approved by Ghey's mother, Birchwood's headteacher Emma Mills reported that Ghey had not faced any bullying at Birchwood.

In addition to being a student, Ghey was also a TikToker, with her number of followers variously reported as 11,000, 31,000, and 63,000. On TikTok, she was known for miming and dancing to popular songs. One of her final TikToks said that she was "excluded from school". After her death, her TikTok account was deleted.

Scarlett Jenkinson

Scarlett Jenkinson had attended Culcheth High School alongside Ratcliffe. She faced permanent exclusion after an incident on 27 September 2022 in which she brought CBD-infused edibles into school, giving them to a younger classmate who subsequently fell ill. The incident, which police recorded as a spiking, occurred four months before Jenkinson would first attempt to murder Ghey by poisoning her with ibuprofen tablets.

As an alternative to exclusion, Jenkinson was allowed to transfer to Birchwood, where she met and formed a friendship with Ghey. In text messages with Ratcliffe, Jenkinson revealed that she felt obsessed over Brianna. In an interview with child psychiatrist Dr Richard Church, Jenkinson stated that felt she was about to lose Ghey as a friend and that she wanted to "kill her so she would always be with her".

Before the murder, Jenkinson displayed a fascination with serial killers, watching documentaries and keeping notes about notorious killers including Jeffrey Dahmer and John Wayne Gacy. She reportedly used the Tor browser to access videos of torture and murder on the dark web.

Eddie Ratcliffe

Eddie Ratcliffe, a pupil at Culcheth High School at the time of the murder, was described by a fellow student as a role model who achieved top grades. Described in one of Jenkinson's notebooks as intelligent but socially awkward, Ratcliffe was known to be a loner, although he, according to neighbours, never showed signs of violence prior to the murder.

Murder

On the morning of 11 February 2023, Ghey was messaged by Scarlett Jenkinson, whom she regarded as a friend, instructing her to take a bus to Culcheth Library later that afternoon. At 12:45 pm, Ghey was captured on a doorbell camera leaving her house in Birchwood. While leaving, Ghey messaged her mother about meeting up with Jenkinson. Following Jenkinson's directions, Ghey walked 25 minutes to the Birchwood railway station and boarded a bus at 1:38 pm, after which she texted her mother.

At 1:53 pm, Ghey met with Jenkinson and her friend Eddie Ratcliffe, whom Ghey had not met before, at the bus stop outside the library. At 2:02 pm, they were last seen on CCTV heading towards Culcheth Linear Park, where multiple eyewitnesses saw them walking together. Exchanging messages on Snapchat, Ghey, whom Jenkinson had lured under the impression that they were going to take drugs, sent a message to Jenkinson at 2:15 pm, "Girl, Ima wait where I am until we have drugs lol. I'm too anxious." Jenkinson, posing as a fake dealer on Snapchat, exchanged messages with herself arranging meeting plans. At 2:30 pm, Ghey, having grown suspicious of Jenkinson, messaged a friend "Scarlett is so weird girl. I think she's pretending to have a deeler [sic]." Afterwards, Ghey was attacked with a hunting knife.

After being disrupted by a woman dogwalking with her husband in the park, Jenkinson and Ratcliffe ran away from the scene. Ghey's body, described as being face-down and bleeding heavily, was discovered by the dogwalkers, who called emergency services at 3:13 pm. At 4:02 pm, Ghey was pronounced dead by paramedics at the scene. A Home Office postmortem was ordered to determine the cause of death. On 15 February 2023, prosecutor Leanne Gallagher said the attack on Ghey was "extremely brutal and punishing". A post-mortem examination found that Ghey had been stabbed 28 times, across her head, neck, chest, and back.

Aftermath

On 8 March 2023, an inquest into Ghey's death was opened at Warrington Coroner's Court, and subsequently adjourned until after the trial. A pre-inquest hearing was scheduled for 17 August 2023. In June, the inquest into Ghey's death was put on hold, pending the outcome of the criminal proceedings.

Ghey's funeral was held at St Elphin's Church, Warrington on 15 March 2023. Hundreds of mourners were joined by local dignitaries.

A TikTok memorial account and a GoFundMe page were set up by Ghey's friends to support her family. It raised £70,000 in three days, and amassed over 36,000 followers on TikTok. After Ghey's fundraising page amassed £100,000, her family thanked people for their "overwhelming generosity" and stated the money was spent on her funeral, refurbishing her room, and the purchase of cremation jewellery for the family's remembrance. Some of the donations were designated for a UK children's mental health charity.

Candlelight vigils were held across the United Kingdom, and in Dublin, Ireland in the week after Ghey's death. The attendance for many of these vigils numbered in the hundreds to thousands. A Cheshire Police Investigating Officer said Ghey's family were overwhelmed by "the messages of support, positivity and the compassion across the country and beyond".

On 13 February, a no-fly zone was instituted over the site of the killing in response to flights by drones. Despite the no-fly zone, people continued to fly drones over the site, prompting condemnation from police.

An LGBTQ-themed radio station, Gaydio, announced it had collaborated with other LGBTQ stations in the UK to broadcast a minute's silence at 11:00 a.m. on 17 February. The silence was preceded by a feature introduced by transgender presenter Stephanie Hirst in which she reflected on the discrimination and violence often experienced by trans people, as well as paying tribute to Ghey.

Investigation

On 12 February 2023, two 15-year-old suspects, Eddie Ratcliffe from Leigh and Scarlett Jenkinson from Warrington, were arrested simultaneously at their homes by Cheshire Police. Police described the killing as a "targeted attack". Mike Evans, Cheshire Police's head of crime, initially said "at this time, there is no evidence to suggest that the circumstances surrounding Brianna's death are hate related". Two days later, on 14 February, the police said they were investigating "all lines of inquiry", including whether the attack had been a hate crime.

On 15 February, the suspects were charged with murder, refused bail and placed in youth detention. The next day, the suspects appeared, via video link, in a brief hearing at Liverpool Crown Court. At this hearing, Judge David Aubrey remanded them in youth detention accommodation until a pre-trial preparation hearing on 2 May 2023, in which they were to enter their pleas. The accused were not required to enter a plea, and were remanded until a further hearing on 11 May. In a pre-trial hearing on 20 July 2023, one of the suspects entered a plea of not guilty. A further pre-trial hearing took place on 4 October 2023, during which the other suspect pleaded not guilty.

Trial

The trial commenced at Manchester Crown Court on 27 November 2023. Due to the nature of the case, and the ages of those involved, reporting restrictions were put in place preventing the naming of both of the defendants, as well as any other children mentioned during the trial. During the trial, Jenkinson was referred to as Girl X, and Ratcliffe as Boy Y. The case was heard by Mrs Justice Amanda Yip.

Pretrial

While in custody, Jenkinson was found to have traits of autism and ADHD; Ratcliffe was diagnosed after arrest as autistic and as having selective mutism, resulting in him not being able to speak to anyone except his mother. Reasonable accommodations were made for both of the accused during the trial. Because of his selective mutism, he was allowed to communicate with court by typing on computer. Both perpetrators were given the option to participate in proceedings via a video link, rather than in person. The jury were also told that both Jenkinson and Ratcliffe could react or speak differently in the proceedings due to their diagnoses.

Prosecution case

The prosecution was led by Deanna Heer KC, with Cheryl Mottram acting as junior. The prosecution case opened in the afternoon of 27 November 2023, and concluded on 8 December 2023.

During the trial, the prosecution presented evidence in the form of text messages that Jenkinson had previously tried to poison Ghey using an excessive amount of ibuprofen, resulting in Ghey becoming extremely sick in what her mother had thought at the time to be appendicitis. Jenkinson, aware of Ghey's depression, had poisoned her in this manner believing that the murder would be mistaken for a suicidal overdose. After Ghey survived the attempt, the defendants planned to kill her by stabbing her with a hunting knife purchased by Ratcliffe. The prosecution presented further texts in which, prior to these attempts, Jenkinson was recorded as saying that she had become obsessed with Ghey, calling her "really different" and "really pretty". Ratcliffe also stated over text messages that he wanted "to see if it will scream like a man or a girl".

Defence case

Both Jenkinson and Ratcliffe made separate defence cases. Richard Pratt KC led the defence case for Jenkinson, with Sarah Holt acting as junior. Richard Littler KC led the defence case for Ratcliffe, with Steven Swift acting as junior.

Each defendant placed the blame for the actual killing upon the other, arguing that they themselves were only accessories to the act.

Defence for Ratcliffe said that Jenkinson had told him to bring his hunting knife to the park, and that she "had a plan to stab Brianna". Ratcliffe further stated that he did not take Jenkinson's alleged plan seriously because she had a history of "always talking about murder and nothing happens". This allegedly ended with Jenkinson stabbing Ghey to death, which he saw. He denied holding any animosity towards Ghey regarding her trans identity. Ratcliffe's defence accused Jenkinson of manipulating him due to his autism.

Jenkinson's defence held that while she may have lured Ghey to the park where she was stabbed and come up with the plan in question, it was only done so as part of a "fantasy", and that it was Ratcliffe who carried out the stabbing to Jenkinson's "shock". She described herself as not stopping the act despite her surprise, due to being afraid of Ratcliffe, describing him as a "sociopath". Jenkinson's defence also pointed out how an excess amount of Ghey's blood was later found on Ratcliffe's clothing, while none was found on Jenkinson's.

Verdict and sentencing

The trial lasted three weeks, concluding on 20 December 2023, with both defendants being found guilty of the murder of Ghey. Jury deliberations lasted for 4 hours and 40 minutes. Mrs Justice Yip indicated that life sentences would be forthcoming. On 21 December 2023, Yip ruled that anonymity orders that protected the identities of the convicted murderers would be lifted and they would be named during the sentencing hearing scheduled to take place in 2024.

On 2 February 2024, the sentencing hearing was held at Manchester Crown Court, before which the two teenagers were named; the judge determined that there was "a strong public interest in the full and unrestricted reporting of what is plainly an exceptional case". The sentencing hearing included victim impact statements from Ghey's parents and step-father. The court also heard updated assessments by psychiatrists of the perpetrators: Jenkinson has anti-social personality disorder rather than autism, and that Ratcliffe has a mild form of "autistic spectrum personality disorder".

Jenkinson was sentenced to life in prison with a minimum sentence of 22 years (with a reduction of 352 days for time she had already spent on remand), and Ratcliffe was also given a life sentence with a minimum term of 20 years (with a reduction of 352 days for time he had already spent on remand). Jenkinson will be eligible to be considered for parole on 25 January 2044, while Ratcliffe will be eligible to be considered for parole on 25 January 2042.

In handing down the sentences, Justice Yip described the murder as "sadistic in nature" and, referring to Ratcliffe, "where a secondary motive was hostility towards Ghey because of her transgender identity".

Reactions

Ghey's death prompted responses from her family, local community, politicians, charities, activists, and musicians. Ghey's family said her death had "left a massive hole in our family". Emma Mills, headteacher of Birchwood Community High School said: "We are shocked and truly devastated to hear of the death of Ghey." A parent of one of Ghey's friends, speaking with the Daily Mail, alleged that the killing was a hate crime.

Labour Party MP Dawn Butler said on Twitter that "Anyone in the media who is using her deadname trying to erase Ghey's identity should be ashamed of themselves." Another Labour Party MP Nadia Whittome said: "Brianna deserved a chance to become a beautiful adult woman, and to live to see a world where trans people are safe and respected." Former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn responded by saying "she was killed because she wanted to be herself", and adding "My thoughts are with Brianna's family and the trans community fighting for safety, dignity and liberation".

The Miami Herald reported that thousands in the LGBTQ community and users of social media were grieving over the stabbing death of Ghey. LGBTQ rights charity Stonewall and transgender youth charity Mermaids expressed sympathy for Ghey's family. Transgender community helplines reported large increases in calls soon after Ghey's death, with topics concerning "transphobia, gender identity and hate crimes". Various musicians tweeted their sorrow, disgust and support, including Yungblud, Big Joanie and Reverend and the Makers.

Posthumous gender recognition

Twitter campaigns called for the UK government to issue a Gender Recognition Certificate to Ghey "so that she can have the dignity in death that everyone else in this world takes for granted". A petition circulated, reaching more than 13,000 signatures, for Ghey's death certificate to posthumously reflect her gender as female. The petition was rejected by the British government, who stated in response that the current policy "strikes the right balance" and that they had no plans to change it.

In April, the Trans Safety Network reported that, contrary to popular belief, "in an ongoing case concerning a trans person's death, the coroner has agreed that a Gender Recognition Certificate is unnecessary in order to record the correct name and gender of a trans person on their death certificate."

Criticism of media

Some UK media outlets, including the Daily Express and The Times were criticised for their reporting of Ghey's death. The Trans Safety Network said that some UK media outlets were "publicly disrespecting" Ghey in their coverage of her death. Initial reporting by both BBC News and Sky News did not state that Ghey was transgender. The Times faced strong criticism after amending their original story by removing the word "girl" and including Ghey's deadname. The Times later amended their story again to remove the deadname and re-add the word "girl".

The website The Mary Sue condemned what it described as the transphobic atmosphere of the British press and widespread transphobic reporting on the killing of Ghey. An article by NBC News on the killing commented that "the climate in the U.K. has grown increasingly hostile for trans people over the last few years", adding that "trans activists" had also accused UK media of inflaming anti-transgender sentiments in recent years. Senthorun Raj, a professor of human rights law, said "We all have a responsibility to challenge the insidious ways the media and politicians dehumanise trans people." Ash Sarkar, a journalist for Novara Media, said she couldn't understand the "editorial decision to violate her dignity in death." Labour MP for Warrington North Charlotte Nichols said that she would be lodging a complaint with The Times and the Independent Press Standards Organisation and that "there is absolutely no need whatsoever for anyone to publish her deadname when identifying her as trans in media coverage."

Trial aftermath

Speaking outside the Manchester Crown Court after the verdicts were issued, Ghey's mother Esther and father Peter Spooner gave statements to the media expressing grief and mourning the loss of their daughter. Despite remarking that the defendants seemed remorseless for the killing, Ghey's mother urged the public to show empathy for the families of the defendants.

After the trial, Detective Mike Evans said he thought Brianna wasn't killed because she was transgender, but that being transgender made her "more vulnerable and accessible". Evans called the language used by Ratcliffe when talking about Ghey "dehumanising".

Rishi Sunak's House of Commons statement

On 7 February 2024, British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak made a remark in which he criticised Labour Party leader Keir Starmer for being unable to "define a woman". Ghey's mother was at the House of Commons when the exchange occurred, though not present when Sunak was speaking. Sunak's remark, categorised by some media outlets as a joke, was fiercely criticised by opposition parties. In response to Ghey's father's request for an apology, Sunak declined and denied that his comment was related to Ghey's murder.

Legacy

The murder was examined in the BBC Television documentary Big Cases: Killed in the Park and in the BBC Radio documentary A Plan to Kill - The Murder of Brianna Ghey, both first broadcast on 2 February 2024.

In September 2023 Esther Ghey launched a local campaign in Warrington, to deliver mindfulness training in schools in the area, raising £50,000, as part of "a lasting legacy" to her daughter. In 2024 she also backed a nationwide campaign, alongside Warrington North MP Charlotte Nichols, calling on government to fund mindfulness programmes in every school in England. On 7 February Esther Ghey was a guest at the House of Commons, to observe the debate on "Mindfulness in Schools".

On Sunday 11 February 2024, the anniversary of the murder, a vigil was held at the Golden Square Shopping Centre in Warrington, in the Old Marketplace. The gathering was addressed by Esther Ghey who said Brianna "taught me so much and gave me so much happiness ... I will be forever thankful I was lucky enough to spend 16 years with her."

An anniversary tribute concert named Live Your Truth will also be held at The Brewers in Manchester's Gay Village on 18 February.

See also

• History of violence against LGBT people in the United Kingdom
• List of people killed for being transgender
• Violence against LGBT people
• Violence against trans women
• Violence against transgender people

Notes

1. ^ With a reduction of 352 days for what has already been spent on remand.

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