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Chakh Elmurzievich Akhriev
Chakh Akhriev in c. 1873.
Born	22 May 1850 Furtoug, Terek Oblast
Died	12 May 1914 Vladikavkaz
Spouse	Ayshi Bazorkina
Children	Rashid-bek, Ruslan, Tamara, Nina
Parents	Elmurza Akhriev (father) Dali Ozieva (mother)
Relatives	Assadula Akhriev (cousin)
Academic background
Alma mater	Stavropol classical men's gymnasium [ru] (1868) Nizhyn Legal Lyceum [ru] (1874)
Academic work
Discipline	Ethnography and local history
Military career
Allegiance	Russian Empire
Service / branch	Imperial Russian Army
Rank	Colonel

Chakh Elmurzievich Akhriev (22 May [O.S. 10 May] 1850 – 12 May [O.S. 29 April] 1914) was the first Ingush ethnographer and a lawyer by education, who recorded Ingush folklore, mythology, and culture.

Chakh was born in Furtoug and became an amanat (mountin hostage) at the age of seven as a result of a Russian military expedition in his native village. He was adopted by a Russian colonel, who sent him a military cantonist school, where Chakh studied from 1857 to 1862.

From 1862 to 1868, Chakh studied at the Stavropol Gymnasium [ru], after which he returned to Furtoug, and started collecting folklore and ethnographic materials. In 1870s, he published some of those ethnographic works in "Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders [ru]" and the newspaper "Terskie vedomosti [ru]". From 1870 to 1874, Chakh studied at the Nizhyn Lyceum [ru], after which he relocated to Elizavetpol Governorate, where he worked for the administrative authorities of the cities of Yevlakh and Nukha. Chakh continued working until 1912, when he resigned due to illness. He returned to Vladikavkaz, where he died on 12 May 1914.

Background

Chakh was born on 10 May 1850, in the village of Furtoug, Vladikavkazsky okrug of the Terek Oblast. Chakh's father was Elmurza Akhriev, the headman of the Dzherakh society, while his mother was Dzali Ozieva. Chakh himself was an ethnic Ingush of the Akhriev family, which in turn was part of the Dzherakh clan (teip). In the family he had four older sisters; his cousin was Assadula Akhriev, a prominent Ingush researcher and revolutionary.

Childhood

In 1857, during the closing stage of the Caucasian War, Russian troops made a military expedition to pacify the mountainous village (aul) of Furtoug. A detachment of Russian troops captured seven-year-old Chakh Akhriev, along with other Ingush boys of the Akhievs and Lyanovs who became amanates (mountaineers' hostages). He was taken to Vladikavkaz Fortress, where a childless Russian colonel adopted him. The colonel sent Chakh to a military cantonist school from 1857 to 1862. Thanks to the assistance of his uncle Temurko Akhriev, an officer in the Imperial Russian Army, Chakh's position in Vladikavkaz was somewhat better than other hostage children; he was respected by the Russian authorities and had more freedom.

From 1862 to 1868, Chakh studied at Stavropol Gymnasium [ru], at which many Caucasian intellectuals began their creative and scientific careers, including the Ingush intellectual Adil-Girey Dolgiev [ru]. During the 1860s and 1870s, the historical and ethnographic study of the North Caucasus and Caucasian studies were encouraged in the Russian Empire, and branches of All-Russian scientific societies were opened. During these years, fundamental studies of scientists Adolf Berge, Pyotr Butkov [ru], Nikolay Dubrovin [ru] and others began to be published. Chakh Akhriev engaged with Russian culture and was among the leading people of his time.

Early collecting period

After graduating from high school in 1868, Chakh spent two years in Furtoug due to illness. During this period, he collected folklore and ethnographic materials, and published some of the ethnographic works in "Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders [ru]" and the newspaper "Terskie vedomosti [ru]".

Chakh's informants were the elders of the mountain villages of Ingushetia who witnessed the events and ceremonies of 18th-century Ingush culture and remembered stories about the lifves of their 17th-century ancestors. Chakh Akhriev was the first to describe the elements of the Ingush Nart saga.

From 1870 to 1874, he studied at Nizhyn Lyceum [ru]. After his graduation, he was in unofficial exile in Elizavetpol Governorate for his criticism of Tsarist policies in the Caucasus. There, he worked in administrative bodies of the cities of Yevlakh and Nukha.

Later life

On 16 October 1874, Chakh Akhriev was appointed a candidate for judicial office at the Tiflis Court of Justice [ru] and for eight years, he worked as a candidate for judicial office, assistant magistrate and forensic investigator. On 24 November 1882, Chakh was appointed an agent for managing state property in the districts of the Elizavetpol Governorate, and from 31 January 1889, he worked as an official on special assignments to supervise the populated lands and quitrent articles. From 27 May 1897, Chakh was director of the Nukha branch of the committee of prison custodians. From 23 October 1900, he worked as a junior overseer for the state lands and quitrent articles of the Elizavetpol Governate.

Chakh suffered from chronic diabetes and homesickness. On September 28, 1912, he submitted a resignation letter due to poor health, and he was dismissed from the rank of collegiate counselor. He returned with his family to Vladikavkaz, where he spent the rest of his life. Chakh died on 29 April 1914,and was buried according to Islamic burial customs in Furtoug, his native village.

Works

In historiography

During Chakh's lifetime, scientists, scholars, archaeologists, ethnographers, and Russian lawyers such as Fyodor Leontovich [ru], Bashir Dalgat [ru] and Maksim Kovalevsky referred to the works of Chakh Akhriev in their studies.

Chakh's works that contained newly recorded legends about the emergence of Ingush societies and the founding of some auls, along with materials about the Chechens collected by Adolf Berge and Umalat Laudaev, served as the only primary sources the first Soviet authors incorrectly used to judge the histories of the Chechens and Ingush. This use of legends was a problem because no single picture emerged due to each community and teip having its own unrelated traditions. The typical features of the legends were that in the Middle Ages, the Chechens and Ingush arrived at their modern lands from somewhere else, and that the ancestors of individual teips came from very different regions, such as Georgia, Syria and Persia.

List of works

• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1870). "Похороны и поминки у горцев" [Funeral and commemoration at the highlanders]. Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах [Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders] (in Russian) (2nd ed.). Tiflis. pp. 28–32.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1870). "Несколько слов о героях в ингушских сказаниях" [A few words about the heroes in Ingush legends]. Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах [Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders] (in Russian) (4th ed.). Tiflis. pp. 1–33 (dep. 2).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Из чеченских сказаний" [From Chechen legends]. Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах [Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders] (in Russian) (5th ed.). Tiflis. pp. 38–46 (dep. II, § 2).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Ингушские праздники" [Ingush holidays]. Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах [Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders] (in Russian) (5th ed.). Tiflis. pp. 1–16 (dep. 3, § 2).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Об ингушских кашах (фамильных склепах знатных родов)" [About Ingush kashes (family crypts of noble families)]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 17. Vladikavkaz.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Присяга у ингушей" [The oath of the Ingush]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 20. Vladikavkaz.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Нравственное значение присяги у ингушей" [The moral meaning of the oath of the Ingush]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 21. Vladikavkaz.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "О характере ингушей" [On the nature of the Ingush]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 30. Vladikavkaz.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1871). "Об ингушских женщинах" [About Ingush women]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 31. Vladikavkaz.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1872). "Этнографический очерк ингушского народа с приложением его сказок и преданий" [Ethnographic sketch of the Ingush people with the application of its tales and legends]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 27–35, 39, 42, 43, 45–49. Vladikavkaz.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1873). "Этнографический очерк ингушского народа с приложением его сказок и преданий" [Ethnographic sketch of the Ingush people with the application of its tales and legends]. Terskie vedomsti (in Russian). No. 3, 21, 22, 24–26. Vladikavkaz.
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1875). "Ингуши. Их предания, верования и поверья" [Ingush. Their legends, beliefs and beliefs]. Сборник сведений о кавказских горцах [Collection of information about the Caucasian highlanders] (in Russian) (8th ed.). Tiflis. pp. 1–40 (dept. 1).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhriev, Ch. E. (1878). "Заметки об ингушах («О характере ингушей», «Присяга у ингушей», «Об ингушских женщинах», «Ингушские каши»)" [Notes about the Ingush ("On the character of the Ingush", "The oath of the Ingush", "On Ingush women", "Ingush kashes")]. Сборник сведений о Терской области [Collection of information about the Terek Oblast] (in Russian) (1 ed.). Vladikavkaz. pp. 276–290.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Critical reception

According to Professor of North Ossetian State University Leonid Semyonov [ru]:

Chakh Akhriev's works are ethnographic in nature and varied in topics. The author is interested in both general questions (the nature of the Ingush epic, the origin of the Ingush) and special ones (the Ingush oath, Ingush kashes ). He pays attention to both the distant past of his region and its present. All his notes and articles are very informative, revealing the author’s excellent acquaintance with the spirit of the country, with the peculiarities of its unique way of life and ancient culture.

Professor of Ingush Research Institute of the Humanities Ibragim Dakhkilgov [ru]: said:

Chakh Elmurzievich Akhriev is rightfully our national pride. In the difficult 70s of the 19th century, he recorded and published invaluable materials on the ethnography and folklore of the Ingush people, and carried out a number of scientific studies that were very valuable for Ingush studies. His legacy is of great importance not only for the history, sociology and folkloristics of his people, but also for all Caucasian studies.

Ingush writer and poet Vakha Khamkhoev [ru] wrote:

He , like his contemporaries Adil-Girey Dolgiev, Inal Bekbuzarov, Aslanbek Bazorkin, Saadulla Akhriev, made his worthy contribution to the education of his people.

Family

Chakh was married to Ayshi Bazorkina, daughter of Mochqo Bazorkin [ru]. They had six children, of whom two boys died in childhood. The children spent their childhood in Azerbaijan's Elizavetpol Governorate, where Chakh lived after being exiled. Chakh's daughter Tamara was the first Ingush woman to become a teacher and she ran a Russian-Muslim school in Baku for some time. She died at a young age. Chakh's son Ruslan served in the police and died in a fight with bandits during the Russian Civil War of the 1020s. Chakh's son Rashid-Bek became an aviator of the Soviet Air Forces and was the first pilot to originate in the North Caucasus region. He died near Leningrad during World War Two. Chakh's daughter Nina Akhrieva became an ethnographer.

Legacy

From 1994, "Akhriev readings" are held in the Ingush Research Institute of the Humanities, which in 2001 was named in honor of Chakh Akhriev.

On 26 January 2005, Chakh Akhriev was posthumously awarded the Order of Merit "for outstanding services in the field of ethnography and many years of scientific activity" by Murat Zyazikov.

Notes

1. O.S. 10 May 1850.
2. O.S. 29 April 1914.
3. Pre-reform orthography: Чахъ Эльмурзіевичъ Ахріевъ.
4. Template:Lang-ru; Template:Lang-inh.
5. Mountaineers-hostages, who, by their stay among the Russians, guaranteed loyalty to Russia.
6. There's no information on who exactly the colonel was.
7. Semyonov 1928; Baddeley 1940, p. 205; Velikaya & Vinogradov 1989, p. 40; Kosven 1958, p. 264; Krupnov 1971, pp. 23, 166, 200
8. Mountaineers' hostages, who, by their stay among the Russians, guaranteed loyalty to Russia.
9. There's no information on who exactly the colonel was.
10. Quitrent articles—state-owned real estate in Russian Empire, which was received in quitrent, at public auction or maintenance; if the auctions failed, the real estate was subordinated to the economic management of the Ministry of Agriculture and State Property.
11. Cite error: The named reference quitrent articles was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

References

1. Dolgieva 2019, p. 41.
2. ^ Donogo 2019.
3. ^ Albogachieva 2022.
4. ^ Dzarakhova 2020.
5. Dakhkilgov 1991, p. 20.
6. Ocherki istorii Checheno-Ingushskoy ASSR 1967, p. 297.
7. Semyonov 1928, p. 14.
8. ^ Dolgieva 2019, p. 40.
9. ^ Akhriev 1999.
10. Miklashevsky 1897. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMiklashevsky1897 (help)
11. Semyonov 1928, pp. 5–6.
12. Shnirelman 2006, p. 106.
13. Dakhkilgov 2000.
14. Khamkhoev 1990.
15. Malsagov 1933, p. 16.
16. Ukaz Presidenta RI "O nagrazhdenii ordenon "Za zaslugi" Akhrieva Ch.E." 2005.

Sources

English sources

• Baddeley, John F. (1940). The Rugged Flanks of Caucasus. Vol. 1. London: Oxford University Press: Humphrey Milford. pp. 1–318.

Russian sources

• Akhriev, Kh. R.-B. (1999-06-25). Мой дед — Чах Эльмурзиевич Ахриев [My grandfather - Chakh Elmurzievich Akhriev]. Nalchik. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2020-07-29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Akhrieva, N. Ch. (1968). "Воспоминания об отце" [Memories of Father]. Ингушский просветитель Чах Ахриев [Ingush educator Chakh Akhriev] (in Russian). Grozny: Chech.-Ing. kn. izd-vo. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2020-07-29.
• Albogachieva, Makka (2022-11-21). "Ахриев Чах Эльмурзиевич" [Akhriev Chakh Elmurzievich]. Great Russian Encyclopedia (in Russian).
• Dakhkilgov, I. A. (1975). Zyazikov, A. A. (ed.). Ингушская литература (период развития до 40-х годов) [Ingush literature (period of development until the 40s)] (in Russian). Grozny: Chech.-Ing. kn. izd-vo. pp. 1–186.
• Dakhkilgov, I. A. (2000). "Он стоял у истоков ингушской науки" [He stood at the origins of Ingush science]. Чах Ахриев. Избранное [Chakh Akhriev. Favorites] (in Russian). Nazran. pp. 1–. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2020-07-29.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Dakhkilgov, Sh. E-Kh. (1991). Zyazikov, A. A. (ed.). Происхождение ингушских фамилий [Origin of Ingush surnames] (in Russian). Grozny: Kniga. pp. 1–108.
• Dolgieva, M. B. (2019). "Чах Эльмурзиевич Ахриев: Жизненный путь и творческое наследие" [Chakh Elmurzievich Akhriev: Life path and creative work heritage]. Sovremennaya Nauchnaya Mysl (in Russian) (6). Moskva: ANO "Nauchno-issledovatelsky institut istorii, ekonomiki I prava": 36–41. ISSN 2308-264X.
• Donogo, Kh. M. (2019-12-25). "Аманаты. Заложники большой политики" [Amanates. Hostages of big politics]. www.gazavat.ru (in Russian).
• Dzarakhova, Z. M.-T. (2010-12-08). "Чах Ахриев и этнография ингушей (к 160-летию со дня рождения)" [Chakh Akhriev and the ethnography of the Ingush (on the 160th anniversary of his birth)]. Serdalo (in Russian). Nazran: Izd-vo Serdalo. Archived from the original on 2013-01-29. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
• Dzarakhova, Z. M.-T. (2020-05-11). "К юбилею ученого: Чах Ахриев. Жизнь и творчество (к 170-летию со дня рождения)" [On the anniversary of the scientist: Chakh Akhriev. Life and creativity (to the 170th anniversary of his birth)]. Ingushetia (in Russian). GAU redaktsiya gazety "Ingushetia".
• Khamkhoev, V. V. (1990). "Чаху Ахриеву — 140 лет" [Chakh Akhriev is 140 years old]. Dosh (in Russian). No. 2. pp. 8–12. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2013-01-15.
• Kosven, M. O. (1958). "Материалы по истории этнографического изучения Кавказа в русской науке. Часть 2" [Materials on the history of ethnographic study of the Caucasus in Russian science. Part 2]. In Kosven, M. O. (ed.). Кавказский этнографический сборник [Caucasian ethnographic collection] (in Russian). Vol. 2. Moskva: Nauka. pp. 139–274.
• Krupnov, E. I. (1971). Средневековая Ингушетия [Medieval Ingushetia] (in Russian). Moskva: Nauka. pp. 1–211.
• Malsagov, A. O. (1933). Библиографический справочник по ингушской художественной литературе [Bibliographic reference book on Ingush literature] (in Russian). Ordzhonikidze: Serdalo. pp. 13–15.
• Maklashesky, Ivan (1897). "Оброчные статьи" [Quitrent articles]. Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). Saint Petersburg. p. 577.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Semyonov, L. P. (1928). Чах Ахриев [Chakh Akhriev] (in Russian). Vladikavkaz: Gos. tip. A. O. I. pp. 1–12.
• Shnirelman, V. A. (2006). Kalinin, I. (ed.). Быть Аланами: Интеллектуалы и политика на Северном Кавказе в XX веке [To be Alans: Intellectuals and Politics in the North Caucasus in the 20th Century] (in Russian). Moskva: Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie. pp. 1–348. ISBN 5-86793-406-3. ISSN 1813-6583.
• Smirnov, I. A.; Bokov, Kh. Kh.; Vinogradov, V. B.; Goygova, Z. A.-G.; Gritsenko, V. N.; Krupnov, E. I.; Salamov, A. A.; Samarzin, V. S.; Topakalyan, N. A.; Chentieva, M. L., eds. (1967). Очерки истории Чечено-Ингушской АССР [Essays on the history of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR] (in Russian). Vol. 1. Grozny: Chech.-Ing. kn. izd-vo.
• "Указ Президента РИ "О награждении орденом "За заслуги" Ахриева Ч.Э."" [Decree of the President of the Republic of Ingushetia "On awarding the Order of Merit to Ch. E. Akhriev."] (in Russian). Magas. 2005-02-09 .
• Velikaya, N. N.; Vinogradov, V. B. (1989). Chistov, K. V. (ed.). "Доисламский религиозный синкретизм у вайнахов" [Pre-Islamic religious syncretism among the Vainakhs]. Sovetskaya etnografia [Soviet Ethnography] (in Russian). No. 3. Moskva: Nauka. pp. 39–48.
• Yandarov, A. D. (1968). Ингушский просветитель Чах Ахриев [Ingush educator Chakh Akhriev] (in Russian). Grozny: Chech.-Ing. kn. izd-vo. Archived from the original on 2013-04-15. Retrieved 2013-01-15.

• Ingush people
• 1850 births
• 1914 deaths
• Lawyers from the Russian Empire
• Ethnographers from the Russian Empire