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National Express coach at Birmingham Coach Station, the company’s headquarters
Parent	Mobico Group
Founded	1972
Headquarters	Birmingham Coach Station
Service area	Great Britain
Service type	Intercity and InterRegional coach services
Hubs	Birmingham London Manchester Stansted Airport Heathrow Airport Southampton Bristol Leeds
Website	www.nationalexpress.com/en

National Express, also abbreviated NX, is an intercity and inter-regional coach operator providing services throughout Great Britain. It is a subsidiary of the British multinational public transport company Mobico Group. Most services are subcontracted to local coach companies. The company's head office is in offices above Birmingham Coach Station.

History

Pursuant to the Transport Act 1968, the National Bus Company was formed as a holding company for the many state-owned local bus companies. Many of these bus companies also operated coach services and these were initially branded as National. The National Express brand was first used in 1974 although the coach services continued to be operated by the individual companies.

Coach services were deregulated under the Transport Act 1980, and buses by the Transport Act 1985. In March 1988 National Express was privatised in a management buyout. In July 1989 the company bought ATL Holdings (with operations in Sheffield) and a 50% share in Yelloway Trathen, which was renamed Trathens Travel Services.

In August 1989 the Eurolines services from London to Alicante, Barcelona and Paris were purchased from the tour operator Wallace Arnold, and the express services (with 29 coaches) in Scotland and to London from Stagecoach. These were operated under the Caledonian Express brand.

In June 1991 National Express was sold to the Drawlane Group. In December 1992 National Express Group plc was floated on the London Stock Exchange.

In its early years National Express had little competition in the long-distance coach market. A number of operators attempted to compete with the company after deregulation in 1980, the largest being the British Coachways consortium, but most had ceased to compete by the end of the decade. However, in 2003, Stagecoach introduced Megabus, a no-frills service whose £1 fares sparked a price war with National Express in autumn 2004. The competition intensified in 2007 when Megabus transferred its London terminus from the Green Line Coach Station into the main Victoria Coach Station.

In November 2007 National Express announced plans to re-brand all its operations under a new unified National Express identity. As part of this the coach operation received a slightly different livery, retaining the red, white and blue theme, but with a new lower-case logo. Coaches started appearing in the new livery from December 2007.

National network

A national network links more than 540 locations, including 59 of the UK mainland's 76 cities, with 1,800 plus services operating every day, increasing to over 1,900 on Fridays. Over 1,000 airport services a day run direct to the terminal for all major English airports. It does not serve any airport in Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland.

Operations

National Express offers many routes to destinations across the country. In addition, shuttle and airport services are also operated, although there is no obvious difference to the passenger between a standard, shuttle or airport service with regard to branding.

Many National Express coach routes pass through several town centres, which increases journey times for longer journeys considerably. A smaller number of shuttle services operate at least once an hour over faster direct routes.

National Express operates coach services direct to the terminal for all major UK airports, 24 hours a day, with 1,100 airport services every day, including East Midlands, Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton and Stansted. The Airport brand was created in 2003 when the National Express image brand was updated, merging the former Airlink, Flightlink, Jetlink and Speedlink brands. In the 2007 re-brand, the Airport branding was dropped, although the 'Airport' coding is still used on tickets.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic

Following the introduction of guidance from the UK Government on avoiding non-essential travel, services were replaced from 24 March 2020 with a limited network of services for passengers with essential travel needs. However, due to declining passenger numbers as a result of the restrictions, all services were suspended from 6 April 2020. Services restarted nearly three months later on 1 July, on about a quarter of route mileage and with reduced frequencies. The company gradually increased services on some routes but in October 2020 began to reduce the number of journeys again, following the implementation of new COVID-19 restrictions.

During the second national "lockdown" in November 2020, the company continued to run services albeit to a severely reduced timetable. After the ending of the month-long lockdown the company mainly restored the pre-lockdown timetable but with some alterations due to parts of the country being placed in different "tiers" of restrictions.

As a result of the discovery of a new, more transmissible variant and the implementation of tighter restrictions prohibiting travel in many areas of the country, services were significantly reduced by the end of December 2020. On the implementation of a third national lockdown in January 2021, services were again suspended from 11 January. Eleven weeks later, limited services again resumed on 29 March.

Franchised operators

The majority of National Express services are contracted on long-term agreements to local coach companies, known as partner operators. As part of the contract, operators are required to use coaches in full National Express livery. On occasion, an operator will use its own branded vehicle due to lack of availability, but will be penalised financially for doing so. A wider list of additional operators are also available to bid for occasional work on the network – usually providing a one-off duplicate service to meet demand. Whilst still having to meet strict criteria, these coaches are usually not in National Express livery.

National Express operates some services itself, primarily those between Stansted, Heathrow and Luton airports, and Victoria Coach Station, London Liverpool Street and Woking.

Below is a list of partner operators:

• Ambassador Travel, Great Yarmouth
• Bennetts Coaches, Gloucester
• Bruce's Coaches, Salsburgh, North Lanarkshire
• Chalfont Coaches, Southall
• Chalfont Coaches, Northampton
• Edwards Coaches, Llantrisant, Swansea and Avonmouth
• East Yorkshire, Kingston upon Hull
• Galloway European, Mendlesham
• Go North East, Dunston
• Kavanagh, Ireland
• Lucketts Travel, Fareham
• Llew Jones International, Llanrwst
• National Express West Midlands (Walsall Garage)
• Park's Motor Group, Hamilton
• Reading Buses, Reading
• Selwyns Travel, Runcorn
• Skills Coaches, Nottingham
• Stotts Coaches, Huddersfield
• Stagecoach Yorkshire, Barnsley
• The Kings Ferry, Deal
• Travelstar European, Walsall
• Yeomans Canyon Travel, Hereford

Former partner operators include First Cymru and Veolia Transport

Fares

National Express tickets are available through a variety of sources. Most tickets are booked on-line through both the company's own website and many third party sites. Telephone bookings are also available as are tickets through the traditional channels tickets of National Express ticket offices at coach stations, third-party agents at bus stations and travel agents. Since 2013, tickets have also been available for purchase from the Post Office.

All fares are revenue managed with a range of prices, meaning that cheaper fares are generally available for those booking well in advance of travel.

With the introduction of competition from Megabus, founded in 2003, more competitive internet-only Funfares were introduced on some routes. These were phased out with the introduction of a full range of revenue managed fares from 2017.

There are several ticket types available, ranging from the cheapest restricted products, to a fully flexible product.

Coachcards

National Express offers several discounts to customers.

• Young Persons Coachcard – Available to people aged 16–26. This card gives a third off standard and fully flexible fares, plus 15% off events services.
• Senior Coachcard – Following the Government's scrapping of the concessionary half-price fares for the over-60s in October 2011, National Express introduced a Senior Coachcard. Available to over-60s, this gives a third off standard and fully flexible fares.
• Disabled Coachcard – Following the government's scrapping of the concessionary half-price fares for disabled people in October 2011, National Express introduced a Disabled Coachcard. Available to adults registered as disabled, this gives a third off standard and fully flexible fares.

Fleet

National Express and its franchisees operate a limited number of coach types, primarily standardising on the Caetano Levante body on Mercedes-Benz, Scania and Volvo chassis. The Levante was designed between 2003 and 2005 by Portugese coachbuilder Salvador Caetano and National Express exclusively for use on the network, equipped with a wheelchair lift at the front entrance door, and could be built on either two or three axles depending on chassis configuration. The most recent tri-axle Levante III was introduced onto the network in July 2018, with an updated version named the Levante IIIA introduced from late 2022. After having initially trialled a Yutong TCe12 on airport service A9 during 2020, National Express is to introduce a Yutong GTe14 tri-axle battery electric coach on a four-week trial operating Stansted Airport services from March 2024.

National Express also runs ten Caetano Boa Vista bodied Scania K410 double decker coaches on its network, all of which are operated by Edwards Coaches. The first six entered service with National Express mainly for use between London Victoria and Luton Airport in October 2016, with the additional four later purchased by Edwards Coaches during 2018. National Express had previously standardised on the double-deck variant of the MCW Metroliner for 'Rapide' coach services in 1980s, however by January 2007, the double-decker coach fleet had been reduced to 12 Neoplan Skyliners, all of which were later withdrawn from National Express service following a speeding driver overturning a Skyliner on an M25 motorway sliproad, causing the deaths of three passengers.

On-board services

In the mid-1980s during the Rapide era, an on-board tea service and on-board televisions were in operation. These were given extensive advertising campaigns as shown on the BBC Three documentary History of the Coach.

In April 2001 National Express phased out its on-board catering service, having already phased out its on-board television service in the 1990s. However, in late 2004 National Express launched NXTV or National Xpress Television. Rather than showing a whole film as on an aircraft, NXTV would instead show various episodes of British television series such as A Touch of Frost, My Family and Top Gear, all of which were commissioned by ITV and the BBC. The service was displayed on small monitors situated above the overhead luggage compartments, powered by a motor to move downwards and upwards while the programming would be played from a DVD drive at the driver's dashboard.

The service was phased out in the summer of 2006, due to a lack of interest in purchasing headphones, available at vending machines in the major stations and also via on-board vendors before a journey. The headphone jack was compatible with any headphone, removing any reason to buy those offered. Also, by the time NXTV was launched, the Apple iPod was already at its height of popularity, diverting interest away from it. Programming was also very limited, with many of the episodes being frequent repeats from terrestrial television. The headphones were later given away for free when the service was about to be ceased. The advertising slogan was "Television shows as you board the coach".

National Express Coaches now offers free WiFi on most coaches.

See also

• List of bus operators of the United Kingdom
• Coach transport in the United Kingdom
• ALSA, another bus & coach subsidiary of National Express
• Royal Blue Coach Services, coach company from West country
• Southdown Motor Services; coach company from Hampshire

References

1. Companies House extract company no 232767 National Express Limited
2. "LSH plays integral role in £15m redevelopment of Birmingham Coach Station". LSH. Archived from the original on 9 October 2011.
3. ^ National Express Group: Our History National Express
4. National Express Group PLC and Saltire Holdings Ltd Monopolies & Mergers Commission February 1994 page 3
5. Express sale set for DTp approval Commercial Motor 10 March 1988
6. Companies House extract company no 2036613 Airlinks The Airport Coach Company Limited formerly Airport Express Trains Limited formerly ATL (Holdings) Limited
7. Companies House extract company no 1792858 Trathern Travel Services Limited formerly Yellow-Trathern Express Limited
8. National snaps up ATL Commercial Motor 27 July 1989
9. National Express grows Commercial Motor 10 August 1989
10. Companies House extract company no 1946383 Burroughs Hill Limited formerly Drawlane Group Transport plc
11. Drawlane team snaps up NEG Commercial Motor 4 July 1991
12. Townsin, Alan (1992). "Coach deregulation arrives". The British Bus Story – The Early '80s: The Die is Cast. The Transport Publishing Company. pp. 22–24. ISBN 978-0-86317-170-3.
13. New Identity for National Express Group National Express 15 November 2007
14. Xie, Qin (2 April 2020). "National Express to suspend all coach services". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
15. Calder, Simon (18 June 2020). "National Express will start running coach services again on 1 July". The Independent. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
16. Wright, Greg (8 January 2021). "National Express to suspend all coach services due to pandemic". Yorkshire Post. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
17. Calder, Simon (25 March 2021). "Coach travel back on in England from Monday". The Independent. Retrieved 26 March 2021.
18. "National Express Tickets - Post Office". www.postoffice.co.uk. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
19. Adams-Spink, Geoff (24 November 2005). "Accessible coaches start trials". BBC News. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
20. "Evolution of the species". routeone. 3 October 2017. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
21. "First National Express Levante IIIs hit the road". Coach & Bus Week. Peterborough: Emap. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
22. "National Express trials mirrorless coaches". Coach & Bus Week. Peterborough: Emap. 6 December 2022. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
23. "National Express first to trial Yutong GTe14 battery-electric tri-axle". routeone. 28 February 2024. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
24. "National Express dips toe in double-deck coach market". routeone. 26 October 2016. Archived from the original on 29 November 2016. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
25. Welch, Jonathan (18 July 2023). "Express with Edwards". Coach & Bus Week. Peterborough: Emap. Retrieved 28 February 2024.
26. "Coach death driver pleads guilty". BBC News. 15 October 2008. Retrieved 28 February 2024.

External links

Media related to National Express Coaches at Wikimedia Commons

• Official website

• Airport bus services
• Coach operators in England
• Coach operators in Scotland
• Coach operators in Wales
• Former nationalised industries of the United Kingdom
• Mobico Group
• Transport companies established in 1972
• 1972 establishments in the United Kingdom