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In ], the '''elongated square gyrobicupola''' or '''pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron''' is one of the ]s ({{math|''J''{{sub|37}}}}). It is not usually considered to be an ], even though its ] consist of ]s that meet in the same pattern at each of its ], because unlike the 13 Archimedean solids, it lacks a set of global ] that map every vertex to every other vertex (though ] has suggested it should be added to the traditional list of Archimedean solids as a 14th example). It strongly resembles, but should not be mistaken for, the ], which ''is'' an Archimedean solid. It is also a ]. In ], the '''elongated square gyrobicupola''' or '''pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron''' is one of the ]s ({{math|''J''{{sub|37}}}}). It is not usually considered to be an ], even though its ] consist of ]s that meet in the same pattern at each of its ], because unlike the 13 Archimedean solids, it lacks a set of global ] that map every vertex to every other vertex (though ] has suggested it should be added to the traditional list of Archimedean solids as a 14th example). It strongly resembles, but should not be mistaken for, the ], which ''is'' an Archimedean solid. It is also a ].
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== Properties == == Properties ==
] ]

The pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron possesses D<sub>4d</sub> symmetry. It is locally vertex-regular – the arrangement of the four faces incident on any vertex is the same for all vertices; this is unique among the Johnson solids. However, the manner in which it is "twisted" gives it a distinct "equator" and two distinct "poles", which in turn divides its vertices into 8 "polar" vertices (4 per pole) and 16 "equatorial" vertices. It is therefore not ], and consequently not usually considered to be one of the ]s. The pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron possesses D<sub>4d</sub> symmetry. It is locally vertex-regular – the arrangement of the four faces incident on any vertex is the same for all vertices; this is unique among the Johnson solids. However, the manner in which it is "twisted" gives it a distinct "equator" and two distinct "poles", which in turn divides its vertices into 8 "polar" vertices (4 per pole) and 16 "equatorial" vertices. It is therefore not ], and consequently not usually considered to be one of the ]s.



Revision as of 03:29, 20 March 2024

37th Johnson solid
Elongated square gyrobicupola
TypeJohnson
J36J37J38
Faces8 triangles
18 squares
Edges48
Vertices24
Vertex configuration8+16(3.4)
Symmetry groupD4d
Dual polyhedronPseudo-deltoidal icositetrahedron
Propertiesconvex, singular vertex figure, canonical
Net

In geometry, the elongated square gyrobicupola or pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron is one of the Johnson solids (J37). It is not usually considered to be an Archimedean solid, even though its faces consist of regular polygons that meet in the same pattern at each of its vertices, because unlike the 13 Archimedean solids, it lacks a set of global symmetries that map every vertex to every other vertex (though Grünbaum has suggested it should be added to the traditional list of Archimedean solids as a 14th example). It strongly resembles, but should not be mistaken for, the rhombicuboctahedron, which is an Archimedean solid. It is also a canonical polyhedron.

A Johnson solid is one of 92 strictly convex polyhedra that is composed of regular polygon faces but are not uniform polyhedra (that is, they are not Platonic solids, Archimedean solids, prisms, or antiprisms). They were named by Norman Johnson, who first listed these polyhedra in 1966.

Construction

The elongated square gyrobicupola can be constructed similarly to the rhombicuboctahedron, by attaching two regular square cupolas onto the bases of octagonal prism, a process known as elongation. The difference between these two polyhedrons is that one of two square cupolas of the elongated square gyrobicupola is twisted by 45 degrees, a process known as gyro, making the triangular faces staggered vertically. The resulting polyhedron has 8 equilateral triangles and 18 squares. Because of the similarity of a rhombicuboctahedron, it has the alternative name pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron and has occasionally been referred to as "the fourteenth Archimedean solid". A convex polyhedron in which all of the faces are regular polygons is the Johnson solid, and the elongated square gyrobicupola is among them, enumerated as the 37th Johnson solid J 37 {\displaystyle J_{37}} .

Process of the construction of the elongated square gyrobicupola

Properties

3D model of an elongated square gyrobicupola

The pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron possesses D4d symmetry. It is locally vertex-regular – the arrangement of the four faces incident on any vertex is the same for all vertices; this is unique among the Johnson solids. However, the manner in which it is "twisted" gives it a distinct "equator" and two distinct "poles", which in turn divides its vertices into 8 "polar" vertices (4 per pole) and 16 "equatorial" vertices. It is therefore not vertex-transitive, and consequently not usually considered to be one of the Archimedean solids.

This shape may have been discovered by Johannes Kepler in his enumeration of the Archimedean solids, but its first clear appearance in print appears to be the work of Duncan Sommerville in 1905. It was independently rediscovered by J. C. P. Miller by 1930 (by mistake while attempting to construct a model of the rhombicuboctahedron) and again by V. G. Ashkinuse in 1957. With faces colored by its D4d symmetry, it can look like this:

The pseudo-deltoidal icositetrahedron (right) is the dual polyhedron.

There are 8 (green) squares around its equator, 4 (red) triangles and 4 (yellow) squares above and below, and one (blue) square on each pole.

Related polyhedra and honeycombs

The elongated square gyrobicupola can form a space-filling honeycomb with the regular tetrahedron, cube, and cuboctahedron. It can also form another honeycomb with the tetrahedron, square pyramid and various combinations of cubes, elongated square pyramids, and elongated square bipyramids.

The pseudo great rhombicuboctahedron

The pseudo great rhombicuboctahedron is a nonconvex analog of the pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron, constructed in a similar way from the nonconvex great rhombicuboctahedron.

In chemistry

The polyvanadate ion has a pseudo-rhombicuboctahedral structure, where each square face acts as the base of a VO5 pyramid.

References

  1. Johnson, Norman W. (1966), "Convex polyhedra with regular faces", Canadian Journal of Mathematics, 18: 169–200, doi:10.4153/cjm-1966-021-8, MR 0185507, Zbl 0132.14603.
  2. ^ Berman, Martin (1971), "Regular-faced convex polyhedra", Journal of the Franklin Institute, 291 (5): 329–352, doi:10.1016/0016-0032(71)90071-8, MR 0290245.
  3. Cromwell, Peter R. (1997), Polyhedra, Cambridge University Press, p. 91, ISBN 978-0-521-55432-9.
  4. Francis, Darryl (August 2013), "Johnson solids & their acronyms", Word Ways, 46 (3): 177.
  5. Sommerville, D. M. Y. (1905), "Semi-regular networks of the plane in absolute geometry", Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 41: 725–747, doi:10.1017/s0080456800035560. As cited by Grünbaum (2009).
  6. Ball, Rouse (1939), Coxeter, H. S. M. (ed.), Mathematical recreations and essays (11 ed.), p. 137.
  7. Grünbaum, Branko (2009), "An enduring error" (PDF), Elemente der Mathematik, 64 (3): 89–101, doi:10.4171/EM/120, MR 2520469 Reprinted in Pitici, Mircea, ed. (2011). The Best Writing on Mathematics 2010. Princeton University Press. pp. 18–31..
  8. "J37 honeycombs", Gallery of Wooden Polyhedra, retrieved 2016-03-21
  9. Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 986. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.

Further reading

  • Anthony Pugh (1976), Polyhedra: A visual approach, California: University of California Press Berkeley, ISBN 0-520-03056-7 Chapter 2: Archimedean polyhedra, prisma and antiprisms, p. 25 Pseudo-rhombicuboctahedron

External links

Johnson solids
Pyramids, cupolae and rotundae
Modified pyramids
Modified cupolae and rotundae
Augmented prisms
Modified Platonic solids
Modified Archimedean solids
Other elementary solids
(See also List of Johnson solids, a sortable table)
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