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'''Hadji Mustafa Pasha''' ({{lang-sh|Hadži Mustafa-paša}}, Хаџи Мустафа-паша, {{lang-tr|Hacı Mustafa Şinikoğlu Paşa}}; 1733—27 December 1801) was an Ottoman commander and politician of ] origin who lived in ] (in modern-day ]). He fought in the ] and the ]. In the period between 1793 and 1801 he was Vizier of the Sanjak of Smederevo (also known as ''Belgrade Pashaluk''). On 15 December 1801 he was murdered by ], one of four rebel Janissary leaders (]) who took control over the sanjak. '''Hadji Mustafa Pasha''' ({{lang-sh|Hadži Mustafa-paša}}, Хаџи Мустафа-паша, {{lang-tr|Hacı Mustafa Şinikoğlu Paşa}}; 1733 – 27 December 1801) was an Ottoman commander and politician of ] origin who lived in ] (in modern-day ]). He fought in the ] and the ]. In the period between 1793 and 1801 he was Vizier of the Sanjak of Smederevo (also known as ''Belgrade Pashaluk''). On 15 December 1801 he was murdered by ], one of four rebel Janissary leaders (]) who took control over the sanjak.


== Biography == == Biography ==
Born in 1733, of ] origin,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzhUIjkdEUIC | title=Posebna izdanja | year=1927 | volume=64-66 | publisher=Serbian Academy of Science and Arts | page=128|quote=<!--Када је Хаџи-Мустафа постављен за београдског пашу било му је шесет година-->}}</ref> he was surnamed '''Şinikoğlu''' ({{lang-sh|Šinikdžić}}).{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} As '']'', he carried out a pilgrimage to ] and ], and was also a member of the ].{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} He was among the notable Ottomans who had fought during the ] and the ].{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Born in 1733, of ] origin,<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SzhUIjkdEUIC | title=Posebna izdanja | year=1927 | volume=64-66 | publisher=Serbian Academy of Science and Arts | page=128|quote=<!--Када је Хаџи-Мустафа постављен за београдског пашу било му је шесет година-->}}</ref> he was surnamed '''Şinikoğlu''' ({{lang-sh|Šinikdžić}}).{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} As '']'', he carried out a pilgrimage to ] and ], and was also a member of the ].{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} He was among the notable Ottomans who had fought during the ] and the ].{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}


Mustafa Pasha was the main government architect (''bina emin'') in the Pashalik of Belgrade before he became ] of the ] in July 1793.{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} He closely collaborated with ] and according to some sources both of them were members of one ].{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} As a friend of the Serb people, he was nicknamed the "Serbian mother".{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} Mustafa Pasha was the main government architect (''bina emin'') in the Pashalik of Belgrade before he became ] of the ] in July 1793.{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} He closely collaborated with ] and according to some sources both of them were members of one ].{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} As a friend of the Serb people, he was nicknamed the "Serbian mother".{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}}


In 1793 and 1796 ] proclaimed ]s in which gave more rights to Serbs. Among other things, taxes were to be collected by local Serbian rulers with the title of ''obor-knez'' (dukes); freedom of trade and religion were granted and ordinary Serbs began to live in peace. In 1793 and 1796 ] proclaimed ]s in which gave more rights to Serbs. Among other things, taxes were to be collected by local Serbian rulers with the title of ''obor-knez'' (dukes); freedom of trade and religion were granted and ordinary Serbs began to live in peace.


] also decreed that some unpopular ] were to leave the Belgrade Pashaluk as he saw them as a threat to the central authority of Hadži Mustafa Pasha. Many of those Janissaries were employed by or found refuge with ], a renegade opponent of Sultan ] in the ]. Fearing the dissolution of the Janissary command in ], Osman Pazvantoğlu launched a series of raids against Serbian brigands without the permission of Sultan ] causing much volatility and fear in the region.<ref name=vonRanke>{{Citation | editor-last = von Ranke | editor-first = Leopold | title = History of Servia and the Servian Revolution (Europe 1815-1945 Series) | year = 1973 | publisher = Da Capo Pr | isbn = 978-0-306-70051-4 }}</ref> ] also decreed that some unpopular ] were to leave the Belgrade Pashaluk as he saw them as a threat to the central authority of Hadži Mustafa Pasha. Many of those Janissaries were employed by or found refuge with ], a renegade opponent of Sultan Selim III in the ]. Fearing the dissolution of the Janissary command in ], Osman Pazvantoğlu launched a series of raids against Serbian brigands without the permission of Sultan Selim III causing much volatility and fear in the region.<ref name=vonRanke>{{Citation | editor-last = von Ranke | editor-first = Leopold | title = History of Servia and the Servian Revolution (Europe 1815-1945 Series) | year = 1973 | publisher = Da Capo Pr | isbn = 978-0-306-70051-4 }}</ref>


Mustafa Pasha engaged mercenary forces in order to fight against forces of Osman Pazvantoğlu. To finance these forces Mustafa Pasha had to increase taxes. He accepted the proposal of local ober knezes to allow them to establish their own forces consisting of 16,000 Serbs led by Serb officers, commanded by ] from Veliko Selo, to prevent the rebellion because of the increased taxes.<ref name=Filipovic>{{cite book | title=Podrinsko-kolubarski region | publisher=RNIRO "Glas Podrinja" | author=Filipović, Stanoje R. | year=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqAMAAAAIAAJ | page=60|quote=На чело српског одреда, у који се пријавило 16.000 Срба, био је постављен Станко Арамбашић. То је био зачетак српске народне војске која је иступила у одбрану Београдског пашалука од јаничара крајем новембра 1797.}}</ref> Mustafa Pasha engaged mercenary forces in order to fight against forces of Osman Pazvantoğlu. To finance these forces Mustafa Pasha had to increase taxes. He accepted the proposal of local ober knezes to allow them to establish their own forces consisting of 16,000 Serbs led by Serb officers, commanded by ] from Veliko Selo, to prevent the rebellion because of the increased taxes.<ref name=Filipovic>{{cite book | title=Podrinsko-kolubarski region | publisher=RNIRO "Glas Podrinja" | author=Filipović, Stanoje R. | year=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqAMAAAAIAAJ | page=60|quote=На чело српског одреда, у који се пријавило 16.000 Срба, био је постављен Станко Арамбашић. То је био зачетак српске народне војске која је иступила у одбрану Београдског пашалука од јаничара крајем новембра 1797.}}</ref>


In the summer of 1797 the sultan appointed Mustafa Pasha on position of ] of ] and he left Serbia for ] to fight against the Vidin rebels of Pazvantoğlu.{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} During the absence of Mustafa Pasha the forces of Pazvantoğlu together with Janissaries captured Požarevac and besieged Belgrade fortress.{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} At the end of November 1797 ober knezes from ] ], ] and ] brought their forces to Belgrade and forced besieging Janissary forces to retreat to ].<ref>{{cite book | title=Podrinsko-kolubarski region | publisher=RNIRO "Glas Podrinja" | author=Filipović, Stanoje R. | year=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqAMAAAAIAAJ | page=60|quote=Ваљевски кнезови Алекса Ненадовић, Илија Бирчанин и Никола Грбовић довели су своју војску у Београд и учествовали у оштрој борби са јаничарима који су се побеђени повукли.}}</ref>{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} In the summer of 1797 the sultan appointed Mustafa Pasha on position of ] of ] and he left Serbia for ] to fight against the Vidin rebels of Pazvantoğlu.{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} During the absence of Mustafa Pasha the forces of Pazvantoğlu together with Janissaries captured Požarevac and besieged Belgrade fortress.{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}} At the end of November 1797 ober knezes from ] ], ] and ] brought their forces to Belgrade and forced besieging Janissary forces to retreat to ].<ref>{{cite book | title=Podrinsko-kolubarski region | publisher=RNIRO "Glas Podrinja" | author=Filipović, Stanoje R. | year=1982 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UqAMAAAAIAAJ | page=60|quote=Ваљевски кнезови Алекса Ненадовић, Илија Бирчанин и Никола Грбовић довели су своју војску у Београд и учествовали у оштрој борби са јаничарима који су се побеђени повукли.}}</ref>{{sfn|Ćorović|2001}}


In January 1798 Mustafa Pasha ordered his forces together with Serb forces under command of ] to attack Janissary forces in ].<ref name=Filipovic/> However, on January 30, 1799, the court of Sultan Selim III allowed the Janissaries to return, referring to them as local Muslims from the ]. Initially the Janissaries accepted the authority of the ] Pasha under Hadži Mustafa Pasha. Then two Janissaries in Šabac, Bego Novljanin and Ćurt-oglija, demanded from a Serb a surcharge and murdered the Serb when he refused to pay. Fearing the worst, Hadži Mustafa Pasha marched on ] with a force of 600 to ensure that the Janissaries were brought to justice and order was restored. On the 27 of December three of the 200 of those guarding Hadži Mustafa Pasha's quarters entered his room and after a short exchange one of the three, Kučuk Alija, shot Mustafa. The body of the Pasha was then displayed through the streets of Belgrade.<ref>Pantelić, Dušan (1949). Beogradski pašaluk pred Prvi srpski ustanak 1794-1804. Beograd: Naučna knjiga. page281</ref> Before his death Mustafa Pasha allegedly instructed his son, Dervish Bey, to unite his forces with Serb forces and capture Belgrade from dahias.<ref>{{cite book | title=Russia and the first Serbian revolution: a diplomatic and political study, the initial phase, 1804-1807 | publisher=Dept. of History | author=Paxton, Roger Viers | year=1968 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKVCAAAAIAAJ | page=28}}</ref> In January 1798 Mustafa Pasha ordered his forces together with Serb forces under command of ] to attack Janissary forces in ].<ref name=Filipovic/> However, on January 30, 1799, the court of Sultan Selim III allowed the Janissaries to return, referring to them as local Muslims from the ]. Initially the Janissaries accepted the authority of the ] Pasha under Hadži Mustafa Pasha. Then two Janissaries in Šabac, Bego Novljanin and Ćurt-oglija, demanded from a Serb a surcharge and murdered the Serb when he refused to pay. Fearing the worst, Hadži Mustafa Pasha marched on ] with a force of 600 to ensure that the Janissaries were brought to justice and order was restored. On the 27 of December three of the 200 of those guarding Hadži Mustafa Pasha's quarters entered his room and after a short exchange one of the three, Kučuk Alija, shot Mustafa. The body of the Pasha was then displayed through the streets of Belgrade.<ref>Pantelić, Dušan (1949). Beogradski pašaluk pred Prvi srpski ustanak 1794-1804. Beograd: Naučna knjiga. page281</ref> Before his death Mustafa Pasha allegedly instructed his son, Dervish Bey, to unite his forces with Serb forces and capture Belgrade from dahias.<ref>{{cite book | title=Russia and the first Serbian revolution: a diplomatic and political study, the initial phase, 1804-1807 | publisher=Dept. of History | author=Paxton, Roger Viers | year=1968 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pKVCAAAAIAAJ | page=28}}</ref>

Revision as of 21:05, 22 March 2024

Ottoman-Greek commander and politician
Hajji
Mustafa
Pasha
Hadži Mustafa Pasha's assassination by Kuchuk Alija, plate from 1802
Native nameHacı Mustafa Şinikoğlu Paşa
Nickname(s)"Serbian mother"
Born1733
Died27 December 1801 (aged 67–68)
Belgrade, Sanjak of Smederevo, Ottoman Empire
Allegiance Ottoman Empire
Rankpasha, vizier

Hadji Mustafa Pasha (Template:Lang-sh, Хаџи Мустафа-паша, Template:Lang-tr; 1733 – 27 December 1801) was an Ottoman commander and politician of Greek Muslim origin who lived in Sanjak of Smederevo (in modern-day Serbia). He fought in the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) and the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774). In the period between 1793 and 1801 he was Vizier of the Sanjak of Smederevo (also known as Belgrade Pashaluk). On 15 December 1801 he was murdered by Kučuk-Alija, one of four rebel Janissary leaders (dahije) who took control over the sanjak.

Biography

Born in 1733, of Greek Muslim origin, he was surnamed Şinikoğlu (Template:Lang-sh). As hajji, he carried out a pilgrimage to Mecca and Medina, and was also a member of the Bektashi Order. He was among the notable Ottomans who had fought during the Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) and the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774).

Mustafa Pasha was the main government architect (bina emin) in the Pashalik of Belgrade before he became Vizier of the Belgrade Pashaluk in July 1793. He closely collaborated with Petar Ičko and according to some sources both of them were members of one masonic lodge. As a friend of the Serb people, he was nicknamed the "Serbian mother".

In 1793 and 1796 Selim III proclaimed firmans in which gave more rights to Serbs. Among other things, taxes were to be collected by local Serbian rulers with the title of obor-knez (dukes); freedom of trade and religion were granted and ordinary Serbs began to live in peace.

Selim III also decreed that some unpopular Janissaries were to leave the Belgrade Pashaluk as he saw them as a threat to the central authority of Hadži Mustafa Pasha. Many of those Janissaries were employed by or found refuge with Osman Pazvantoğlu, a renegade opponent of Sultan Selim III in the Sanjak of Vidin. Fearing the dissolution of the Janissary command in Sanjak of Smederevo, Osman Pazvantoğlu launched a series of raids against Serbian brigands without the permission of Sultan Selim III causing much volatility and fear in the region.

Mustafa Pasha engaged mercenary forces in order to fight against forces of Osman Pazvantoğlu. To finance these forces Mustafa Pasha had to increase taxes. He accepted the proposal of local ober knezes to allow them to establish their own forces consisting of 16,000 Serbs led by Serb officers, commanded by Stanko Arambašić from Veliko Selo, to prevent the rebellion because of the increased taxes.

In the summer of 1797 the sultan appointed Mustafa Pasha on position of beglerbegi of Rumelia Eyalet and he left Serbia for Plovdiv to fight against the Vidin rebels of Pazvantoğlu. During the absence of Mustafa Pasha the forces of Pazvantoğlu together with Janissaries captured Požarevac and besieged Belgrade fortress. At the end of November 1797 ober knezes from Valjevo Aleksa Nenadović, Ilija Birčanin and Nikola Grbović brought their forces to Belgrade and forced besieging Janissary forces to retreat to Smederevo.

In January 1798 Mustafa Pasha ordered his forces together with Serb forces under command of Ilija Birčanin to attack Janissary forces in Smederevo. However, on January 30, 1799, the court of Sultan Selim III allowed the Janissaries to return, referring to them as local Muslims from the Sanjak of Smederevo. Initially the Janissaries accepted the authority of the Belgrade Pasha under Hadži Mustafa Pasha. Then two Janissaries in Šabac, Bego Novljanin and Ćurt-oglija, demanded from a Serb a surcharge and murdered the Serb when he refused to pay. Fearing the worst, Hadži Mustafa Pasha marched on Šabac with a force of 600 to ensure that the Janissaries were brought to justice and order was restored. On the 27 of December three of the 200 of those guarding Hadži Mustafa Pasha's quarters entered his room and after a short exchange one of the three, Kučuk Alija, shot Mustafa. The body of the Pasha was then displayed through the streets of Belgrade. Before his death Mustafa Pasha allegedly instructed his son, Dervish Bey, to unite his forces with Serb forces and capture Belgrade from dahias.

Citations

  1. "Posebna izdanja". 64–66. Serbian Academy of Science and Arts. 1927: 128. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ Ćorović 2001.
  3. von Ranke, Leopold, ed. (1973), History of Servia and the Servian Revolution (Europe 1815-1945 Series), Da Capo Pr, ISBN 978-0-306-70051-4
  4. ^ Filipović, Stanoje R. (1982). Podrinsko-kolubarski region. RNIRO "Glas Podrinja". p. 60. На чело српског одреда, у који се пријавило 16.000 Срба, био је постављен Станко Арамбашић. То је био зачетак српске народне војске која је иступила у одбрану Београдског пашалука од јаничара крајем новембра 1797.
  5. Filipović, Stanoje R. (1982). Podrinsko-kolubarski region. RNIRO "Glas Podrinja". p. 60. Ваљевски кнезови Алекса Ненадовић, Илија Бирчанин и Никола Грбовић довели су своју војску у Београд и учествовали у оштрој борби са јаничарима који су се побеђени повукли.
  6. Pantelić, Dušan (1949). Beogradski pašaluk pred Prvi srpski ustanak 1794-1804. Beograd: Naučna knjiga. page281
  7. Paxton, Roger Viers (1968). Russia and the first Serbian revolution: a diplomatic and political study, the initial phase, 1804-1807. Dept. of History. p. 28.

Sources

Preceded byAbu Bekir Vizier of Belgrade
1793–1801 		VacantTitle next held byBekir Pasha
Preceded by Beylerbey of Rumelia
1797 		Succeeded by
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