| Revision as of 00:59, 12 April 2024 editTamsier (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users8,433 edits Corrected good faith short descr editTag: Reverted← Previous edit | Revision as of 01:52, 12 April 2024 edit undoTamsier (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users8,433 edits Restored revision 1196071060 by HetmanTheResearcher (talk): Reverted Fula & Wolof POV motivated by anti-Serer sentiments and hate. Will be going through this article in the next few days. Starting now. Dubious claims motivated by hated of the Serer and tribalism & not backed by RS will be removed. This is an encyclopedia. Take your hatred and POV elsehwere.Tags: Twinkle UndoNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Short description|Serer kingdom in present-day Senegal}} | {{Short description|Serer/Wolof kingdom in present-day Senegal}} | ||
| {{for multi|the film|Saloum (film){{!}}''Saloum'' (film)|the river |Saloum River}} | {{for multi|the film|Saloum (film){{!}}''Saloum'' (film)|the river |Saloum River}} | ||
| {{POV|date=August 2015}} | |||
| {{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
| |native_name = Saluum | |native_name = Saluum | ||
| Line 8: | Line 9: | ||
| |status = Protectorate of France (from 1864) and Senegal (from 1960) | |status = Protectorate of France (from 1864) and Senegal (from 1960) | ||
| |status_text = | |status_text = | ||
| |empire = | |empire = Salum Empire | ||
| |government_type = Monarchy | |government_type = Monarchy | ||
| |year_start = |
|year_start = 1494 | ||
| |year_end = 1969 | |year_end = 1969 | ||
| |event_start = |
|event_start = (] and maternal ] dynastic period. Previously paternal Serer and maternal ] dynastic period, before that ]. | ||
| |date_start = | |date_start = | ||
| |event_end = Death of ], last king of Saloum. | |event_end = Death of the ] king, ], last king of Saloum. | ||
| |date_end = | |date_end = | ||
| |event1 = | |event1 = | ||
| Line 32: | Line 33: | ||
| *],<br>] {{small|(early period)}} | *],<br>] {{small|(early period)}} | ||
| *] {{small|(late period)}} | *] {{small|(late period)}} | ||
| |religion = ] - ] introduced later (mainly practiced among the ] and ] ]s) |
|religion = ] - ] introduced later (mainly practiced among the ] and ] ]s)<ref>Klein, Martin A: "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914". Edinburgh University Press (1968), p. 7</ref><ref name="D">Diange, Pathé. "''Les Royaumes Sérères''{{-"}}, ''Présence Africaines'', No. 54 (1965). pp. 142–172.</ref> | ||
| |currency = | |currency = | ||
| |leader1 = ] | |leader1 = ] (Guelowar period) | ||
| |leader2 = Fode N'Gouye Joof | |leader2 = Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof | ||
| |year_leader1 = 1494 – c. 1520 | |year_leader1 = 1494 – c. 1520 | ||
| |year_leader2 = 1935–1969 | |year_leader2 = 1935–1969 | ||
| |title_leader = |
|title_leader = Rulers of Saloum | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Kingdom of Saloum''' (]: ''Saluum'' or ''Saalum'') was a ]/]<ref name="Saine 2012 13">{{cite book |last=Saine|first=Abdoulaye|title=Culture and Customs of Gambia|year=2012|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-35910-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikWccsfwZJAC&q=Wolof+origins+sereer%7CSerer&pg=PA13 |page=13}}</ref> ] in present-day ]. Its kings may have been of ]/] origin.<ref name="Saine 2012 13"/> The capital of Saloum was the city of ]. It was a sister |
The '''Kingdom of Saloum''' (]: ''Saluum'' or ''Saalum'') was a ]/]<ref name="Saine 2012 13">{{cite book |last=Saine|first=Abdoulaye|title=Culture and Customs of Gambia|year=2012|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-35910-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikWccsfwZJAC&q=Wolof+origins+sereer%7CSerer&pg=PA13 |page=13}}</ref> ] in present-day ]. Its kings may have been of ]/] origin.<ref name="Saine 2012 13"/> The capital of Saloum was the city of ]. It was a sister ]. Their history, geography and culture were intricately linked and it was common to refer to them as the ]. | ||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| ⚫ | ] |
||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| Line 50: | Line 48: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| {{further|Serer ancient history|Serer history (medieval era to present)|Timeline of Serer history}} | {{further|Serer ancient history|Serer history (medieval era to present)|Timeline of Serer history}} | ||
| ⚫ | Saloum, just like its sister kingdom (the ]), is known for its many ancient burial mounds or "]" containing the graves of kings and others. The kingdom has numerous mysterious stone circles whose functions and history were unknown until recently.<ref>Becker, Charles. ''"Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer"''. Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M</ref> | ||
| ===Background=== | |||
| ⚫ | Saloum is known for its many ancient burial mounds or ] containing the graves of kings and others. The kingdom has numerous mysterious stone circles whose functions and history |
||
| ⚫ | Historian Donald R. Wright states that "In the last decade of the fifteenth century, a group of nyancho lineages from Kaabu moved north of the Gambia River and took over an area on the southern edge of the weakening Jolof Empire. From a settlement near the mouth of the Saloum River, these lineages soon mixed with the existing Wolof and Serer population and established the state of Saloum."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright|first=Donald |title=The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, the Gambia |year=2010 |edition=3rd |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-2484-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mviA4coG24sC&pg=PA69 |pages=69–70}}</ref> | ||
| Before Mbegan Ndour, Saloum existed in some form (as attested in European written sources), but it is unclear what form it took.{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=161}} The area was ruled by Serer ]s, but was part of the ].{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=158}} The capital was called ''Ngap''.<ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 707 (p 5)</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | According to Abdou Bouri Ba the Kingdom of Saloum was previously known as ''Mbey'' (in ]) and was renamed Saloum by the ] in the later part of the 15th century (c. 1494).<ref>Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976</ref> For several centuries prior to its renaming, its capital was called ''Ngap''.<ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 707 (p 5)</ref> According to ] oral tradition, it was named after Saalum Suwareh, a ] of Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (variation: Mbegani Ndour). The tradition went on to say that, Saalum Suwareh agreed to give a '']'' fetish to Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (originally from the ]) in order to defeat the ] conqueror and his Muslim marabouts provided he promised to rename the country after him once he is victorious. Mbegan Ndour agreed. After this oral contract, Mbegan Ndour defeated Ali Elibana and drove his Muslim marabout forces out of Saloum and reign over the country. | ||
| Ali Elibana, a ] ] was driven out of ] by ] and established himself at ] and controlled the salt-producing part of Saloum known as 'Mbey' in the late 15th century.{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=161}}{{sfn|Sakho|2021|p=112}} Tenguella's wars also severely weakened the Jolof Empire.{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=158}} | |||
| Like the Kingdom of Sine, the population is overrun and ruled by the Serer people. The two are generally referred to as the Serer Kingdoms. Many parts of present-day Gambia were former colonies of the Kingdom of Saloum. Originally, Saloum extended south to the north banks of the ]. Present-day Gambia was referred to as Lower Saloum. Upper Saloum was where modern day Saloum is in Senegal. Saloum also had control for a time the ]. | |||
| The States of Sabakh and Sandial were ruled by the ''Fara Sabakh'' and ''Fara Sandial'' (respective titles of the chiefs),<ref name="B">Ba, Abdou Bouri, "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin", p 18</ref> and were both tributary to the king at ] (the ]). Around 1862, Sambou Oumanneh Touray, a disciple of ] launched a ] in Sabakh and Sandial. Having defeated the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial, he joined the two countries together (hence : ''Sabakh-Sandial'') and ruled it.<ref name="B"/> The final Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial died in that jihad.<ref name="B"/><ref>Klein, pp74-5</ref> | |||
| ===Founding=== | |||
| During the ] and ] dynasties from the 15th century to 1969, nearly 50 kings have been enthroned.<ref>Bâ, Abdou Boury, ''Essai sur l'histoire du Saloum et du Rip,'', Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Vctor Martin. Publié dans Le Bulletin De L'institut Fondamental D'afrique Noire. Tome 38, Série B, n° 4, Octobre 1976, P. Volume 38</ref><ref>], ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum.'' Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987)</ref> The kings continued to hold their court in ], but the city was eclipsed commercially by neighboring ]. | |||
| ⚫ | Historian Donald R. Wright states that "In the last decade of the fifteenth century, a group of |
||
| ] may have already been ] (King of the ]) before conquering Saloum. Around the turn of the 16th century, he launched a religious conflict against the Muslim Elibana, strenghthened by the purchase of horses and guns from European merchants on the coast. In the legend, after proving unable to overcome him on the battlefield, Ndour transformed into a snake and hid outside Elibana's mosque; when the marabout emerged from his prayers, the snake bit him, and he died. He then fought and defeated Diattara Tambedou, who was either Elibana's successor or a former ally of Ndour's. Tambedou, a Muslim ], was likely a salt merchant. Control over this vital resource underpinned the conflict as much or more than religious differences.{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=158-9}}{{sfn|Sakho|2021|p=112-3}} | |||
| Ndour established a kingdom modeled on his homeland, Sine, with his capital at Kahone, from which he could control the economically vital salt pans.{{sfn|Boulegue|2013|p=159}}{{sfn|Sakho|2021|p=113}} | |||
| ===Height=== | |||
| At its height, Saloum extended south to the north banks of the ], where ] ] bear the name today. Saloum also had control for a time the ].{{cn|date=March 2024}} Control of Gambia river ports allowed the export of salt east towards the ].{{sfn|Sakho|2021|p=116}} | |||
| Portuguese explorers in the 15th century referred to Saloum as the kingdom of ''Borçalo'', after 'Bor-ba-Saloum' (Wolof corruption for "King of Saloum" - ]).<ref>Teixeira da Mota (1946: Pt. 1, p.58). For detailed 16th-century Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Saloum, see Almada (1594: Ch.2)</ref> | Portuguese explorers in the 15th century referred to Saloum as the kingdom of ''Borçalo'', after 'Bor-ba-Saloum' (Wolof corruption for "King of Saloum" - ]).<ref>Teixeira da Mota (1946: Pt. 1, p.58). For detailed 16th-century Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Saloum, see Almada (1594: Ch.2)</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | Although the Kingdom won some major battles against the ], it was later defeated. However, like the Kingdom of Sine, the royal dynasty survived up to 1969, when the last king of Saloum, Fode N'Gouye Joof had died. His year of death corresponded with the death of ], who was king of Sine. These two kings were the last Serer kings and the last kings of the ]. After their deaths, both Kingdoms were incorporated into the new Republic of independent Senegal which gained its independence in 1960. Thus the Kingdom of Sine and the Kingdom of Saloum were the last pre-colonial kingdoms of Senegambia to have survived up to the 20th century. | ||
| ===19th Century=== | |||
| In 1861, ], a Muslim cleric, took control of Badibbu, also known as Rip, on Saloum's southern edge. The Saloum vassal states of Sabakh and Sandial were ruled by the ''Fara Sabakh'' and ''Fara Sandial'' respectively. Around 1862, Sambou Oumanneh Touray, a Maba disciple defeated and killed the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial, joined the two countries together (hence : ''Sabakh-Sandial'') and ruled it.<ref name = Ba/>{{rp|18}}{{sfn|Klein|1968|pp=74-5}} Maba soon controlled most of Saloum and part of ].{{sfn|Charles|1977|pp=54}} His forces clashed with the French and, despite a defeat, continued to attract new recruits, with the army numbering up to 11,000 fighting men. In 1864 the French recognized him as ] of Baddibu and Saloum, but his growing power threatened to unify Senegambia against them.<ref name="Isichei">{{cite book |last1=Isichei |first1=Elizabeth |title=History of West Africa since 1800 |date=1977 |publisher=Africana Publishing Company |location=New York |page=51 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestafrOOOOisic |access-date=31 May 2023}}</ref> An alarmed French governor ] marched on Saloum at the head of 1,600 regulars, 2,000 cavalry, and 4,000 volunteers and footsoldiers. At the ] outside of Nioro, however, the marabout forces led by ] drove the French back towards ].{{sfn|Barry|1998|pp=199}} | |||
| As well as converting traditional states and their populations to ], Maba Diakhou Bâ's forces sought to abolish the traditional caste system of the ] aristocratic states.<ref name = Isichei/> In 1867, he invaded the ], but was defeated and killed at the ].{{sfn|Barry|1998|pp=199}} | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| ==People and language== | ==People and language== | ||
| Ethnically, Saloum was ],<ref name=" |
Ethnically, Saloum was ],<ref name="D"/><ref name="K"/><ref name="C"/> but gradually the ] immigrants<ref name="D"/><ref name="K"/> have settled in along with the ], ], etc.<ref name=D/><ref>Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914,'' p 7, ] (1968), {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref> Unlike the Kingdom of Sine which is ethnically Serer and deeply rooted in "Serer-]", such as the preservation of ], culture, traditions, etc.,<ref name="D"/><ref name="K"/> Saloum is more ] and multi-religious. This explains why some Serer traditionalists who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion are reluctant to afford it the same religious status afforded to Sine as one of the ], in spite of housing many of the Serer sites (see ]).<ref name="D"/><ref name="C">Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M</ref> Although very cosmopolitan, it is also ethnically Serer, the other ethnic groups are migrants.<ref name=D/><ref name="K">Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914,'' p. 7. Published by Edingburg University Press (1968). {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref> The ] and ] are both widely spoken in Saloum. The ] are also spoken. | ||
| ==Economy== | |||
| Saloum includes flat, swampy tideland areas inland from the ] ], which allowed for a flourishing industry of ]-manufacture. The kingdom exported this highly valuable resource regionally, with Kahone as a major trade center. The ''coubal'' was a tax in kind on salt levied by the Maad Saloum. He exercised a monopoly on salt sales, and production was restricted to women to prevent rival princes from using the saltpans as a revenue source with which they could challenge the king.{{sfn|Sakho|2021|p=115}} | |||
| == Commerce and geography == | |||
| Saloum includes flat, swampy tideland areas inland from the ] ]. In recent years large areas of ] growth have been destroyed. There was a flourishing industry of ]-manufacture at the salt flats along the delta. Its economic base was ] trade, exporting large quantities of nuts to Europe.<ref>{{cite book |author=Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie Colvin Phillip |title=Historical Dictionary of Senegal: Second Edition |location=Metuchen, New Jersey |publisher=The Scarecrow Press |date=1994 |page=232}}</ref> | |||
| {{Portal|Senegal|Gambia|Mauritania | {{Portal|Senegal|Gambia|Mauritania | ||
| Line 94: | Line 77: | ||
| *Almada, André Alvares (1594) ''Tratado breve dos Rios de Guiné do Cabo-Verde: desde o Rio do Sanagá até aos baixos de Sant' Anna'' 1841 edition, Porto: Typographia Commercial Portuense. | *Almada, André Alvares (1594) ''Tratado breve dos Rios de Guiné do Cabo-Verde: desde o Rio do Sanagá até aos baixos de Sant' Anna'' 1841 edition, Porto: Typographia Commercial Portuense. | ||
| * Ba, Abdou Bouri. ''"Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip"''(avant-propos par Charles Becker and Victor Martin), ''Bulletin de l'IFAN'', vol. 38, série B, number 4, October 1976. | |||
| *{{cite book |last1=Barry |first1=Boubacar |title=Senegambia and the Atlantic slave trade |date=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK}} | |||
| * Becker, Charles. ''Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer''. Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M. | |||
| *{{cite book |last1=Boulegue |first1=Jean |title=Les royaumes wolof dans l'espace sénégambien (XIIIe-XVIIIe siècle) |date=2013 |publisher=Karthala Editions |location=Paris |language=French}} | |||
| *Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie Colvin Phillips, ''Historical Dictionary of Senegal'', Second Edition Published as No. 65 of African Historical Dictionaries, (Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1994) p. 246-247 | |||
| *{{cite book |last1=Charles |first1=Eunice A. |title=Precolonial Senegal : the Jolof Kingdom, 1800-1890 |date=1977 |publisher=African Studies Center, Boston University |location=Brookline, MA |url=https://archive.org/details/precolonialseneg00char/page/n15/mode/2up |access-date=15 July 2023}} | |||
| * Diange, Pathé. "''Les Royaumes Sérères"''. ''Présence Africaines''. No. 54 (1965). pp. 142–172. | * Diange, Pathé. "''Les Royaumes Sérères"''. ''Présence Africaines''. No. 54 (1965). pp. 142–172. | ||
| *Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 707 (p 5) | *Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 707 (p 5) | ||
| * |
* Klein, Martin A. ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914''. Edinburgh University Press (1968). | ||
| *{{cite book |last1=Sakho |first1=Oumar Malle |editor1-last=Fall |editor1-first=Mamadou |editor2-last=Fall |editor2-first=Rokhaya |editor3-last=Mane |editor3-first=Mamadou |title=Bipolarisation du Senegal du XVIe - XVIIe siecle |date=2021 |publisher=HGS Editions |location=Dakar |pages=101-117 |language=French |chapter=:Le sel dans la formation de l'espace du Saloum: XVIeme=XVII siecle}} | |||
| *Teixera da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", ''Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa'', P. 1 in Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jan), p. 11-68. | *Teixera da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", ''Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa'', P. 1 in Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jan), p. 11-68. | ||
| * ]. ''"Histoire du Sine-Saloum"'', Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker. ''BIFAN''. vol. 46, Serie B, number 3–4, 1986–1987. | * ]. ''"Histoire du Sine-Saloum"'', Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker. ''BIFAN''. vol. 46, Serie B, number 3–4, 1986–1987. | ||
Revision as of 01:52, 12 April 2024
Serer/Wolof kingdom in present-day Senegal For the film, see Saloum (film). For the river, see Saloum River. | The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (August 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
| Kingdom of SaloumSaluum | |
|---|---|
| 1494–1969 | |
 Saloum ca. 1850 | |
| Status | Protectorate of France (from 1864) and Senegal (from 1960) |
| Capital | Kahone |
| Common languages |
|
| Religion | Serer religion - Islam introduced later (mainly practiced among the Wolof and Fula immigrants) |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Rulers of Saloum | |
| • 1494 – c. 1520 | Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (Guelowar period) |
| • 1935–1969 | Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof |
| Historical era | Medieval |
| • (Paternal Serer and maternal Guelowar dynastic period. Previously paternal Serer and maternal Wagadou dynastic period, before that the Lamanic period. | 1494 |
| • Death of the Serer king, Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof, last king of Saloum. | 1969 |
The Kingdom of Saloum (Serer language: Saluum or Saalum) was a Serer/Wolof kingdom in present-day Senegal. Its kings may have been of Mandinka/Kaabu origin. The capital of Saloum was the city of Kahone. It was a sister kingdom of Sine. Their history, geography and culture were intricately linked and it was common to refer to them as the Sine-Saloum.
History
Saloum, just like its sister kingdom (the Kingdom of Sine), is known for its many ancient burial mounds or "tumuli" containing the graves of kings and others. The kingdom has numerous mysterious stone circles whose functions and history were unknown until recently.
Historian Donald R. Wright states that "In the last decade of the fifteenth century, a group of nyancho lineages from Kaabu moved north of the Gambia River and took over an area on the southern edge of the weakening Jolof Empire. From a settlement near the mouth of the Saloum River, these lineages soon mixed with the existing Wolof and Serer population and established the state of Saloum."
According to Abdou Bouri Ba the Kingdom of Saloum was previously known as Mbey (in Serer) and was renamed Saloum by the Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour in the later part of the 15th century (c. 1494). For several centuries prior to its renaming, its capital was called Ngap. According to Serer oral tradition, it was named after Saalum Suwareh, a marabout of Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (variation: Mbegani Ndour). The tradition went on to say that, Saalum Suwareh agreed to give a juju fetish to Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (originally from the Kingdom of Sine) in order to defeat the Toucouleur conqueror and his Muslim marabouts provided he promised to rename the country after him once he is victorious. Mbegan Ndour agreed. After this oral contract, Mbegan Ndour defeated Ali Elibana and drove his Muslim marabout forces out of Saloum and reign over the country. Like the Kingdom of Sine, the population is overrun and ruled by the Serer people. The two are generally referred to as the Serer Kingdoms. Many parts of present-day Gambia were former colonies of the Kingdom of Saloum. Originally, Saloum extended south to the north banks of the Gambia River. Present-day Gambia was referred to as Lower Saloum. Upper Saloum was where modern day Saloum is in Senegal. Saloum also had control for a time the Kingdom of Baol. The States of Sabakh and Sandial were ruled by the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial (respective titles of the chiefs), and were both tributary to the king at Kahone (the Maad Saloum). Around 1862, Sambou Oumanneh Touray, a disciple of Maba Diakhou Bâ launched a jihad in Sabakh and Sandial. Having defeated the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial, he joined the two countries together (hence : Sabakh-Sandial) and ruled it. The final Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial died in that jihad. During the Serer paternal and Guelowar maternal dynasties from the 15th century to 1969, nearly 50 kings have been enthroned. The kings continued to hold their court in Kahone, but the city was eclipsed commercially by neighboring Kaolack.
Portuguese explorers in the 15th century referred to Saloum as the kingdom of Borçalo, after 'Bor-ba-Saloum' (Wolof corruption for "King of Saloum" - Maad Saloum).
Although the Kingdom won some major battles against the French, it was later defeated. However, like the Kingdom of Sine, the royal dynasty survived up to 1969, when the last king of Saloum, Fode N'Gouye Joof had died. His year of death corresponded with the death of Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof, who was king of Sine. These two kings were the last Serer kings and the last kings of the Senegambia. After their deaths, both Kingdoms were incorporated into the new Republic of independent Senegal which gained its independence in 1960. Thus the Kingdom of Sine and the Kingdom of Saloum were the last pre-colonial kingdoms of Senegambia to have survived up to the 20th century.
People and language
Ethnically, Saloum was Serer, but gradually the Wolof immigrants have settled in along with the Fulas, Mandinkas, etc. Unlike the Kingdom of Sine which is ethnically Serer and deeply rooted in "Serer-conservatism", such as the preservation of Serer religion, culture, traditions, etc., Saloum is more cosmopolitan and multi-religious. This explains why some Serer traditionalists who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion are reluctant to afford it the same religious status afforded to Sine as one of the sacred Serer holy sites, in spite of housing many of the Serer sites (see Serer ancient history). Although very cosmopolitan, it is also ethnically Serer, the other ethnic groups are migrants. The Serer language and Wolof are both widely spoken in Saloum. The Cangin languages are also spoken.
Commerce and geography
Saloum includes flat, swampy tideland areas inland from the Saloum River delta. In recent years large areas of mangrove growth have been destroyed. There was a flourishing industry of salt-manufacture at the salt flats along the delta. Its economic base was groundnut trade, exporting large quantities of nuts to Europe.
Notes
- Klein, Martin A: "Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914". Edinburgh University Press (1968), p. 7
- ^ Diange, Pathé. "Les Royaumes Sérères", Présence Africaines, No. 54 (1965). pp. 142–172.
- ^ Saine, Abdoulaye (2012). Culture and Customs of Gambia. Greenwood Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-313-35910-1.
- Becker, Charles. "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M
- Wright, Donald (2010). The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, the Gambia (3rd ed.). M.E. Sharpe. pp. 69–70. ISBN 978-0-7656-2484-0.
- Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976
- Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 707 (p 5)
- ^ Ba, Abdou Bouri, "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin", p 18
- Klein, pp74-5
- Bâ, Abdou Boury, Essai sur l'histoire du Saloum et du Rip,, Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Vctor Martin. Publié dans Le Bulletin De L'institut Fondamental D'afrique Noire. Tome 38, Série B, n° 4, Octobre 1976, P. Volume 38
- Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum. Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987)
- Teixeira da Mota (1946: Pt. 1, p.58). For detailed 16th-century Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Saloum, see Almada (1594: Ch.2)
- ^ Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, p. 7. Published by Edingburg University Press (1968). ISBN 0-85224-029-5
- ^ Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M
- Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, p 7, Edinburgh University Press (1968), ISBN 0-85224-029-5
- Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie Colvin Phillip (1994). Historical Dictionary of Senegal: Second Edition. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press. p. 232.
References
- Almada, André Alvares (1594) Tratado breve dos Rios de Guiné do Cabo-Verde: desde o Rio do Sanagá até aos baixos de Sant' Anna 1841 edition, Porto: Typographia Commercial Portuense. online
- Ba, Abdou Bouri. "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip"(avant-propos par Charles Becker and Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, vol. 38, série B, number 4, October 1976.
- Becker, Charles. Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer. Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M.
- Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie Colvin Phillips, Historical Dictionary of Senegal, Second Edition Published as No. 65 of African Historical Dictionaries, (Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1994) p. 246-247
- Diange, Pathé. "Les Royaumes Sérères". Présence Africaines. No. 54 (1965). pp. 142–172.
- Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 707 (p 5)
- Klein, Martin A. Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914. Edinburgh University Press (1968).
- Teixera da Mota, Avelino (1946) "A descoberta da Guiné", Boletim cultural da Guiné Portuguesa, P. 1 in Vol. 1, No. 1 (Jan), p. 11-68.
- Sarr, Alioune. "Histoire du Sine-Saloum", Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker. BIFAN. vol. 46, Serie B, number 3–4, 1986–1987.
- Gravrand, Henry. "La civilisation sereer, I. Coosan". Dakar, Nouvelles Editions Africaines (1983).
| Serer topics | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peoples | |||||||||
| Religion |
| ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| Demographics |
| ||||||||
| Culture | |||||||||
| Royalty |
| ||||||||
| Related people | |||||||||