| Revision as of 01:52, 12 April 2024 editTamsier (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users8,433 edits Restored revision 1196071060 by HetmanTheResearcher (talk): Reverted Fula & Wolof POV motivated by anti-Serer sentiments and hate. Will be going through this article in the next few days. Starting now. Dubious claims motivated by hated of the Serer and tribalism & not backed by RS will be removed. This is an encyclopedia. Take your hatred and POV elsehwere.Tags: Twinkle Undo← Previous edit | Revision as of 04:46, 12 April 2024 edit undoTamsier (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users8,433 edits c/e & +refs. Typonymy, not etymology. If the dubious source doesn't know Nyanthios ruled Kaabu, & Geulowars ruled Sine & Saloum which all credible sources worth their price in gold knows & should know by now, then not credible ref. Removing pseudo history not supported by any academic source. Serer patrilineage & "Guelowar" matrilineage of Sine (not "Nyanthio"), moved to Saloum - hence Mbegane (1st Guelowar King of Saloum). Absolutely shocking that's the best source you could find. Will be backTag: harv-errorNext edit → | ||
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| {{Short description|Serer |
{{Short description|Serer kingdom in present-day Senegal}} | ||
| {{for multi|the film|Saloum (film){{!}}''Saloum'' (film)|the river |Saloum River}} | {{for multi|the film|Saloum (film){{!}}''Saloum'' (film)|the river |Saloum River}} | ||
| {{POV|date=August 2015}} | |||
| {{Infobox country | {{Infobox country | ||
| |native_name = Saluum | |native_name = Saluum | ||
| Line 7: | Line 6: | ||
| |common_name = Saluum | |common_name = Saluum | ||
| |era = Medieval | |era = Medieval | ||
| |status = |
|status = | ||
| |status_text = | |status_text = | ||
| |empire = |
|empire = | ||
| |government_type = Monarchy | |government_type = Monarchy | ||
| |year_start = 1494 | |year_start = c. 1494 | ||
| |year_end = 1969 | |year_end = 1969 | ||
| |event_start = | |||
| |event_start = (] and maternal ] dynastic period. Previously paternal Serer and maternal ] dynastic period, before that ]. | |||
| |date_start = | |date_start = | ||
| |event_end = Death of |
|event_end = Death of ], last absolute monarch of Saloum. | ||
| |date_end = | |date_end = | ||
| |event1 = | |event1 = | ||
| Line 31: | Line 30: | ||
| |capital = ] | |capital = ] | ||
| |common_languages = | |common_languages = | ||
| *],<br>] |
*],<br>] | ||
| *] {{small|(late period)}} | *] {{small|(late period)}} | ||
| |religion = ] |
|religion = ] <br>] introduced later (mainly practiced among the ] and ] ]s){{sfn|Klein|1968|pp=7}}<ref name="D">Diange, Pathé. "''Les Royaumes Sérères''{{-"}}, ''Présence Africaines'', No. 54 (1965). pp. 142–172.</ref> | ||
| |currency = | |currency = | ||
| |leader1 = ] (Guelowar period) | |leader1 = ] (] period) | ||
| |leader2 = Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof | |leader2 = ] | ||
| |year_leader1 = 1494 – c. 1520 | |year_leader1 = 1494 – c. 1520 | ||
| |year_leader2 = 1935–1969 | |year_leader2 = 1935–1969, and 2017–present following the coronation of Thierno Coumba Daga Ndao | ||
| |title_leader = |
|title_leader = ] | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | The '''Kingdom of Saloum''' (]: ''Saluum'' or ''Saalum'') was a ] ] in present-day ] as well as parts of Gambia, then called Lower Saluum. The precolonial capital of Saloum was the city of ]. It was a sister to the ]. Their history, geography and culture were intricately linked and it was common to refer to them as the ] and the Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum. | ||
| ==Typonymy== | |||
| ⚫ | The '''Kingdom of Saloum''' (]: ''Saluum'' or ''Saalum'') was a ] |
||
| ] oral traditions recount that the area was named Saluum/Saloum by the ] ] upon succeeding to the throne, which was in the later part of the 15th century (c. 1493/4).<ref name = Ba>Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976</ref> It was named after Saalum Suwareh, the ] of Mbegan Ndour. | |||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| Line 48: | Line 49: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| {{further|Serer ancient history|Serer history (medieval era to present)|Timeline of Serer history}} | {{further|Serer ancient history|Serer history (medieval era to present)|Timeline of Serer history}} | ||
| Saloum, just like its sister kingdom |
Saloum, just like its sister kingdom, ], is known for its many ancient burial mounds or "]" containing the graves of kings and others. The Kingdom has numerous mysterious stone circles.<ref>Becker, Charles. ''"Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer"''. Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | The Kingdom of Saloum was previously known as ''Mbey'' (in ]) and was renamed Saloum by the Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour in the later part of the 15th century (c. 1494).<ref>Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976</ref> For several centuries prior to its renaming, its capital was called ''Ngap''.<ref>Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 707 (p 5)</ref> According to ] oral tradition, Mbegane Ndour named the Kingdom after his marabout, Saalum Suwareh. | ||
| Historian Donald R. Wright states that "In the last decade of the fifteenth century, a group of nyancho lineages from Kaabu moved north of the Gambia River and took over an area on the southern edge of the weakening Jolof Empire. From a settlement near the mouth of the Saloum River, these lineages soon mixed with the existing Wolof and Serer population and established the state of Saloum."<ref>{{cite book |last=Wright|first=Donald |title=The World and a Very Small Place in Africa: A History of Globalization in Niumi, the Gambia |year=2010 |edition=3rd |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-0-7656-2484-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mviA4coG24sC&pg=PA69 |pages=69–70}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | Like the Kingdom of Sine, the population is overrun and ruled by the Serer people. The two are generally referred to as the Serer Kingdoms. Many parts of present-day Gambia were former colonies of the Kingdom of Saloum. Originally, Saloum extended south to the north banks of the ]. Present-day Gambia was referred to as Lower Saloum. Upper Saloum was where modern day Saloum is in Senegal. | ||
| ⚫ | |||
| The States of Sabakh and Sandial were ruled by the ''Fara Sabakh'' and ''Fara Sandial'' (respective titles of the chiefs),<ref name="B">Ba, Abdou Bouri, "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin", p 18</ref> and were both tributary to the ] who took residence at ]. Around 1862, Sambou Oumanneh Touray, a disciple of ] (later foe) launched a ] in Sabakh and Sandial. Having defeated the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial, he joined the two countries together (hence : ''Sabakh-Sandial'') and ruled it.<ref name="B"/> The final Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial died in that jihad.<ref name="B"/><ref>Klein, pp74-5</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | Like the Kingdom of Sine, the population is overrun and ruled by the Serer people. The two are generally referred to as the Serer Kingdoms. Many parts of present-day Gambia were former colonies of the Kingdom of Saloum. Originally, Saloum extended south to the north banks of the ]. Present-day Gambia was referred to as Lower Saloum. Upper Saloum was where modern day Saloum is in Senegal. |
||
| During the Serer paternal and ] dynasties from the 15th century to 1969, nearly 50 kings have been enthroned.<ref>Bâ, Abdou Boury, ''Essai sur l'histoire du Saloum et du Rip,'', Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Vctor Martin. Publié dans Le Bulletin De L'institut Fondamental D'afrique Noire. Tome 38, Série B, n° 4, Octobre 1976, P. Volume 38</ref><ref>], ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum.'' Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987)</ref> The kings continued to hold their court in ], but the city was eclipsed commercially by neighboring ]. | |||
| During the ] and ] dynasties from the 15th century to 1969, nearly 50 kings have been enthroned.<ref>Bâ, Abdou Boury, ''Essai sur l'histoire du Saloum et du Rip,'', Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Vctor Martin. Publié dans Le Bulletin De L'institut Fondamental D'afrique Noire. Tome 38, Série B, n° 4, Octobre 1976, P. Volume 38</ref><ref>], ''Histoire du Sine-Saloum.'' Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987)</ref> The kings continued to hold their court in ], but the city was eclipsed commercially by neighboring ]. | |||
| Portuguese explorers in the 15th century referred to Saloum as the kingdom of ''Borçalo'', after 'Bor-ba-Saloum' (Wolof corruption for "King of Saloum" - ]).<ref>Teixeira da Mota (1946: Pt. 1, p.58). For detailed 16th-century Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Saloum, see Almada (1594: Ch.2)</ref> | Portuguese explorers in the 15th century referred to Saloum as the kingdom of ''Borçalo'', after 'Bor-ba-Saloum' (Wolof corruption for "King of Saloum" - ]).<ref>Teixeira da Mota (1946: Pt. 1, p.58). For detailed 16th-century Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Saloum, see Almada (1594: Ch.2)</ref> | ||
| Although the Kingdom won some major battles against the ], it was later defeated. However, like the Kingdom of Sine, the royal dynasty survived up to 1969, when the last absolute monarch of Saloum, ] had died. His year of death corresponded with the death of ], who was the last absolute monarch of Sine. These two kings were the last Serer and ] kings with ]. After their deaths, both Kingdoms were incorporated into the new Republic of independent Senegal which gained its independence in 1960. Thus the Kingdom of Sine and the Kingdom of Saloum were the last pre-colonial kingdoms of Senegambia to have survived up to the 20th century. In 2017, the Serer of Saloum decided to reinstate their monarchy, and Thierno Coumba Daga Ndao was selected from the Guelowar matrilineage to succeed the throne. After a contentious election, he was crowned King on 21 May 2017 at Kahone.<ref>Leral.net, "Guédel Mbodj et Thierno Ndaw intronisés: Un Saloum, deux Buur." (23 May 2017) (retrieved 12 April 2017)</ref> He is the current King of Saloum as of 2024, and the maternal uncle of the current King of Sine, Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf,<ref name="Xibaaru - King of Sine Niokhobaye">Xibaaru, "Situation politique les chefs coutumiers banissent la violence." (24 February 2023) (retrieved 12 April 2024)</ref> from ]. The Sine reinstated their monarchy in 2019, and Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf from the Royal House of Semou Njekeh and of Guelowar matrilineage was crowned on 8 February 2019 at ], the precolonial capital of Sine.<ref name="Royal site">Boursine.org (the official website of the Royal Institution of Sine), "Intronisation du Maad sinig Niokhobaye Diouf" (posted on 12 February 2020) (retrieved: 27 March 2024)</ref><ref name="ACTUSE">Actu Sen, "Intronisation du Roi “Maad a Sinig” de Diakhao : 51 ans après, le Sine restaure la couronne." By Matar Diouf (10 February 2020) (retrieved: 27 March 2024)</ref><ref name="LEQUO">], "Caravane de la paix : Les rois d’Oussouye et du Sine apôtres de la bonne parole." By Alioune Badara Ciss (27 May 2023) (retrieved: 27 March 2024)</ref><ref name="THE POINT">], "King of Madala Sinic visits Senegalese Embassy in Gambia." By Adama Jallow (23 May 2023). (retrieved: 27 March 2024)</ref> The current Kings of Sine and Saloum are not ] compaired to their predecessors. Their roles are merely ceremonial and diplomatic. Although the have influence, especially the King of Sine, they have no official powers as Sine and Saloum are now part of indpendent Senegal. They ruled under a form of ] with no official powers. Despite their lack of power, the King of Sine in particular is very influential, and has been able utilise his influence on the ] (notably ]), and the old pleasant cousinship between the ] and ] by liaising with the King of ] (Maan Sibiloumbaye Diédhiou) to help bring about economic and cultural development in the Senegambia region, and peace in ], after decades of the ]—which has plagued ], ], and ] since 1982.<ref>], "Casamance : Le roi Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf et le roi Sibiloumbaye Diédhiou cultivent la paix." By Absa Diongue (15 My 2023) (retrieved: 27 March 2024)</ref><ref name="LEQUO"/><ref name="THE POINT"/> He has also been very vocal in calling for a peaceful transition of political power since 2023, in preparation for Senegal's 2024 Presidential Elections.<ref name="Xibaaru - King of Sine Niokhobaye"/> | |||
| Although the Kingdom won some major battles against the ], it was later defeated. However, like the Kingdom of Sine, the royal dynasty survived up to 1969, when the last king of Saloum, Fode N'Gouye Joof had died. His year of death corresponded with the death of ], who was king of Sine. These two kings were the last Serer kings and the last kings of the ]. After their deaths, both Kingdoms were incorporated into the new Republic of independent Senegal which gained its independence in 1960. Thus the Kingdom of Sine and the Kingdom of Saloum were the last pre-colonial kingdoms of Senegambia to have survived up to the 20th century. | |||
| ==People and language== | ==People and language== | ||
| Ethnically, Saloum was ],<ref name="D"/><ref name="K"/><ref name="C"/> but gradually the ] immigrants<ref name="D"/><ref name="K"/> have settled in along with the ], ], etc.<ref name=D/><ref>Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914,'' p 7, ] (1968), {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref> Unlike the Kingdom of Sine which is ethnically Serer and deeply rooted in "Serer-]", such as the preservation of ], culture, traditions, etc.,<ref name="D"/><ref name="K"/> Saloum is more ] and multi-religious. This explains why some Serer traditionalists who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion are reluctant to afford it the same religious status afforded to Sine as one of the ], in spite of housing many of the Serer sites (see ]).<ref name="D"/><ref name="C">Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M</ref> Although very cosmopolitan, it is also ethnically Serer, the other ethnic groups are migrants.<ref name=D/><ref name="K">Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914,'' p. 7. Published by Edingburg University Press (1968). {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref> The ] and ] are both widely spoken in Saloum. The ] are also spoken. | Ethnically, Saloum was and still is ],<ref name="D"/><ref name="K"/><ref name="C"/> but gradually the ] immigrants<ref name="D"/><ref name="K"/> have settled in along with the ], ], etc.<ref name=D/><ref>Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914,'' p 7, ] (1968), {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref> Unlike the Kingdom of Sine which is ethnically Serer and deeply rooted in "Serer-]", such as the preservation of ], culture, traditions, etc.,<ref name="D"/><ref name="K"/> Saloum is more ] and multi-religious. This explains why some Serer traditionalists who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion are reluctant to afford it the same religious status afforded to Sine as one of the ], in spite of housing many of the Serer sites (see ]).<ref name="D"/><ref name="C">Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M</ref> Although very cosmopolitan, it is also ethnically Serer, the other ethnic groups are migrants.<ref name=D/><ref name="K">Klein, Martin A., ''Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914,'' p. 7. Published by Edingburg University Press (1968). {{ISBN|0-85224-029-5}}</ref> The ] and ] are both widely spoken in Saloum. The ] are also spoken. | ||
| == Commerce and geography == | == Commerce and geography == | ||
Revision as of 04:46, 12 April 2024
Serer kingdom in present-day Senegal For the film, see Saloum (film). For the river, see Saloum River.| Kingdom of SaloumSaluum | |
|---|---|
| c. 1494–1969 | |
 Saloum ca. 1850 | |
| Capital | Kahone |
| Common languages |
|
| Religion | Serer religion Islam introduced later (mainly practiced among the Wolof and Fula immigrants) |
| Government | Monarchy |
| Maad Saloum | |
| • 1494 – c. 1520 | Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour (Guelowar period) |
| • 1935–1969, and 2017–present following the coronation of Thierno Coumba Daga Ndao | Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof |
| Historical era | Medieval |
| • Established | c. 1494 |
| • Death of Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof, last absolute monarch of Saloum. | 1969 |
The Kingdom of Saloum (Serer: Saluum or Saalum) was a Serer kingdom in present-day Senegal as well as parts of Gambia, then called Lower Saluum. The precolonial capital of Saloum was the city of Kahone. It was a sister to the Kingdom of Sine. Their history, geography and culture were intricately linked and it was common to refer to them as the Sine-Saloum and the Serer Kingdoms of Sine and Saloum.
Typonymy
Serer oral traditions recount that the area was named Saluum/Saloum by the Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour upon succeeding to the throne, which was in the later part of the 15th century (c. 1493/4). It was named after Saalum Suwareh, the marabout of Mbegan Ndour.
History
Saloum, just like its sister kingdom, Sine, is known for its many ancient burial mounds or "tumuli" containing the graves of kings and others. The Kingdom has numerous mysterious stone circles.
The Kingdom of Saloum was previously known as Mbey (in Serer) and was renamed Saloum by the Maad Saloum Mbegan Ndour in the later part of the 15th century (c. 1494). For several centuries prior to its renaming, its capital was called Ngap. According to Serer oral tradition, Mbegane Ndour named the Kingdom after his marabout, Saalum Suwareh.
Like the Kingdom of Sine, the population is overrun and ruled by the Serer people. The two are generally referred to as the Serer Kingdoms. Many parts of present-day Gambia were former colonies of the Kingdom of Saloum. Originally, Saloum extended south to the north banks of the Gambia River. Present-day Gambia was referred to as Lower Saloum. Upper Saloum was where modern day Saloum is in Senegal. The States of Sabakh and Sandial were ruled by the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial (respective titles of the chiefs), and were both tributary to the king of Saloum who took residence at Kahone. Around 1862, Sambou Oumanneh Touray, a disciple of Maba Diakhou Bâ (later foe) launched a jihad in Sabakh and Sandial. Having defeated the Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial, he joined the two countries together (hence : Sabakh-Sandial) and ruled it. The final Fara Sabakh and Fara Sandial died in that jihad. During the Serer paternal and Guelowar maternal dynasties from the 15th century to 1969, nearly 50 kings have been enthroned. The kings continued to hold their court in Kahone, but the city was eclipsed commercially by neighboring Kaolack.
Portuguese explorers in the 15th century referred to Saloum as the kingdom of Borçalo, after 'Bor-ba-Saloum' (Wolof corruption for "King of Saloum" - Maad Saloum).
Although the Kingdom won some major battles against the French, it was later defeated. However, like the Kingdom of Sine, the royal dynasty survived up to 1969, when the last absolute monarch of Saloum, Maad Saloum Fode N'Gouye Joof had died. His year of death corresponded with the death of Maad a Sinig Mahecor Joof, who was the last absolute monarch of Sine. These two kings were the last Serer and Senegambian kings with absolute power. After their deaths, both Kingdoms were incorporated into the new Republic of independent Senegal which gained its independence in 1960. Thus the Kingdom of Sine and the Kingdom of Saloum were the last pre-colonial kingdoms of Senegambia to have survived up to the 20th century. In 2017, the Serer of Saloum decided to reinstate their monarchy, and Thierno Coumba Daga Ndao was selected from the Guelowar matrilineage to succeed the throne. After a contentious election, he was crowned King on 21 May 2017 at Kahone. He is the current King of Saloum as of 2024, and the maternal uncle of the current King of Sine, Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf, from the Royal House of Semou Njekeh Joof. The Sine reinstated their monarchy in 2019, and Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf from the Royal House of Semou Njekeh and of Guelowar matrilineage was crowned on 8 February 2019 at Diakhao, the precolonial capital of Sine. The current Kings of Sine and Saloum are not absolute monarchs compaired to their predecessors. Their roles are merely ceremonial and diplomatic. Although the have influence, especially the King of Sine, they have no official powers as Sine and Saloum are now part of indpendent Senegal. They ruled under a form of constitutional monarchy with no official powers. Despite their lack of power, the King of Sine in particular is very influential, and has been able utilise his influence on the President of Senegal (notably Macky Sall), and the old pleasant cousinship between the Serer and Jola people by liaising with the King of Oussouye (Maan Sibiloumbaye Diédhiou) to help bring about economic and cultural development in the Senegambia region, and peace in Casamance, after decades of the Casamance conflict—which has plagued the Gambia, Senegal, and Guinea-Bissau since 1982. He has also been very vocal in calling for a peaceful transition of political power since 2023, in preparation for Senegal's 2024 Presidential Elections.
People and language
Ethnically, Saloum was and still is Serer, but gradually the Wolof immigrants have settled in along with the Fulas, Mandinkas, etc. Unlike the Kingdom of Sine which is ethnically Serer and deeply rooted in "Serer-conservatism", such as the preservation of Serer religion, culture, traditions, etc., Saloum is more cosmopolitan and multi-religious. This explains why some Serer traditionalists who adhere to the tenets of Serer religion are reluctant to afford it the same religious status afforded to Sine as one of the sacred Serer holy sites, in spite of housing many of the Serer sites (see Serer ancient history). Although very cosmopolitan, it is also ethnically Serer, the other ethnic groups are migrants. The Serer language and Wolof are both widely spoken in Saloum. The Cangin languages are also spoken.
Commerce and geography
Saloum includes flat, swampy tideland areas inland from the Saloum River delta. In recent years large areas of mangrove growth have been destroyed. There was a flourishing industry of salt-manufacture at the salt flats along the delta. Its economic base was groundnut trade, exporting large quantities of nuts to Europe.
Notes
- Klein 1968, pp. 7. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKlein1968 (help)
- ^ Diange, Pathé. "Les Royaumes Sérères", Présence Africaines, No. 54 (1965). pp. 142–172.
- Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976
- Becker, Charles. "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M
- Ba, Abdou Bouri, « Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip » (avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, tome 38, série B, numéro 4, octobre 1976
- Diouf, Niokhobaye, "Chronique du royaume du Sine", Suivie de notes sur les traditions orales et les sources écrites concernant le royaume du Sine par Charles Becker et Victor Martin. (1972). Bulletin de l'Ifan, Tome 34, Série B, n° 4, (1972), p 707 (p 5)
- ^ Ba, Abdou Bouri, "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip. Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Victor Martin", p 18
- Klein, pp74-5
- Bâ, Abdou Boury, Essai sur l'histoire du Saloum et du Rip,, Avant-propos par Charles Becker et Vctor Martin. Publié dans Le Bulletin De L'institut Fondamental D'afrique Noire. Tome 38, Série B, n° 4, Octobre 1976, P. Volume 38
- Sarr, Alioune, Histoire du Sine-Saloum. Introduction, bibliographie et Notes par Charles Becker, BIFAN, Tome 46, Serie B, n° 3-4, 1986–1987)
- Teixeira da Mota (1946: Pt. 1, p.58). For detailed 16th-century Portuguese description of the Kingdom of Saloum, see Almada (1594: Ch.2)
- Leral.net, "Guédel Mbodj et Thierno Ndaw intronisés: Un Saloum, deux Buur." (23 May 2017) (retrieved 12 April 2017)
- ^ Xibaaru, "Situation politique les chefs coutumiers banissent la violence." (24 February 2023) (retrieved 12 April 2024)
- Boursine.org (the official website of the Royal Institution of Sine), "Intronisation du Maad sinig Niokhobaye Diouf" (posted on 12 February 2020) (retrieved: 27 March 2024)
- Actu Sen, "Intronisation du Roi “Maad a Sinig” de Diakhao : 51 ans après, le Sine restaure la couronne." By Matar Diouf (10 February 2020) (retrieved: 27 March 2024)
- ^ Le Quotidien, "Caravane de la paix : Les rois d’Oussouye et du Sine apôtres de la bonne parole." By Alioune Badara Ciss (27 May 2023) (retrieved: 27 March 2024)
- ^ The Point, "King of Madala Sinic visits Senegalese Embassy in Gambia." By Adama Jallow (23 May 2023). (retrieved: 27 March 2024)
- Seneweb, "Casamance : Le roi Niokhobaye Fatou Diène Diouf et le roi Sibiloumbaye Diédhiou cultivent la paix." By Absa Diongue (15 My 2023) (retrieved: 27 March 2024)
- ^ Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, p. 7. Published by Edingburg University Press (1968). ISBN 0-85224-029-5
- ^ Becker, Charles: "Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer". Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M
- Klein, Martin A., Islam and Imperialism in Senegal Sine-Saloum, 1847–1914, p 7, Edinburgh University Press (1968), ISBN 0-85224-029-5
- Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie Colvin Phillip (1994). Historical Dictionary of Senegal: Second Edition. Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press. p. 232.
References
- Almada, André Alvares (1594) Tratado breve dos Rios de Guiné do Cabo-Verde: desde o Rio do Sanagá até aos baixos de Sant' Anna 1841 edition, Porto: Typographia Commercial Portuense. online
- Ba, Abdou Bouri. "Essai sur l’histoire du Saloum et du Rip"(avant-propos par Charles Becker and Victor Martin), Bulletin de l'IFAN, vol. 38, série B, number 4, October 1976.
- Becker, Charles. Vestiges historiques, trémoins matériels du passé clans les pays sereer. Dakar. 1993. CNRS - ORS TO M.
- Clark, Andrew F. and Lucie Colvin Phillips, Historical Dictionary of Senegal, Second Edition Published as No. 65 of African Historical Dictionaries, (Metuchen, New Jersey: The Scarecrow Press, 1994) p. 246-247
- Diange, Pathé. "Les Royaumes Sérères". Présence Africaines. No. 54 (1965). pp. 142–172.
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