| Revision as of 01:59, 6 May 2024 editSapedder (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users768 edits misunderstanding at best. mcleod, off of one rahitnama; is trying to trace a "seeming" postulated shift in attitudes beginning before colonial Punjab, not the Singh Sabha era. cunningham via mcleod undercuts what jaspal, jakobsh and co., from a modern feminist perspective, are saying. +mann and grewal for a shred of balance; nikky singh is rather singularly set upon hereTag: Reverted← Previous edit | Revision as of 06:26, 6 May 2024 edit undoSouthasianhistorian8 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users4,289 edits Undid revision 1222456611 by Sapedder (talk) discuss on the talk page; undue weight to a RAJ era source + unexplained removal of sourced information, js grewal has also called nikky guninder's work lopsided. religious POV pushingTags: Undo RevertedNext edit → | ||
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| {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | {{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}} | ||
| {{Infobox military unit | {{Infobox military unit | ||
| | unit_name = |
| unit_name = Khalsa | ||
| | native_name = ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ | | native_name = ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ | ||
| | image = Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg | | image = Khanda (Sikh Symbol).svg | ||
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| ] and ]]] | ] and ]]] | ||
| ''' |
'''Khalsa''' ({{lang-pa|ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ}}, {{IPA-pa|ˈkʰaːlsaː|خالص}}, {{literal translation|to be pure|to be clear|to be free from|to be liberated}}) refers to both a community that considers ] as its faith,<ref name=britkhalsa>, Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> as well as a special group of initiated ].<ref>{{cite book|ref=Singh|author1=Singh, Pashaura |author2=Fenech, Louis E. |title=The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8I0NAwAAQBAJ |year=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-969930-8|page=237}}</ref> The ''Khalsa'' tradition was initiated in 1699 by the Tenth ] of Sikhism, ]. Its formation was a key event in the ].<ref name=nikkyxi>{{cite book|author=Singh, Nikky-Guninder Kaur |title=The Birth of the Khalsa : A Feminist Re-Memory of Sikh Identity|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=squPx387FuwC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-0-7914-8266-7|page=xi}}</ref> The founding of Khalsa is celebrated by Sikhs during the festival of ].<ref name=senker10>{{cite book|author=Senker, Cath |title=My Sikh Year|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PsQozVTKW44C&pg=PA10| year= 2007|publisher= The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn= 978-1-4042-3733-9|page=10}}, Quote: "Vaisakhi is the most important mela. It marks the Sikh New Year. At Vaisakhi, Sikhs remember how their community, the Khalsa, first began."</ref><ref name="ColeSambhi1995p63">], p. 63: "The Sikh new year, Vaisakhi, occurs at Sangrand in April, usually on the thirteenth day."</ref><ref name="Jacobsen2008p192">{{cite book|author=Jacobsen, Knut A. |title=South Asian Religions on Display: Religious Processions in South Asia and in the Diaspora |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WT2odZ7_d7MC&pg=PA192 |year=2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-07459-4|page=192}}, '''Quote:''' "(...) for the Sikhs, it celebrates the foundation of the ''Khalsa'' in 1699."</ref> | ||
| Guru Gobind Singh started the ''Khalsa'' tradition after his father, ], was beheaded during the Islamic ] rule of the ] ] ] after the Hindu Brahmins requested for his help to save their religion.<ref name="Mandair2013p53"/><ref name=cs2013/><ref name=fenech4/> Guru Gobind Singh created and initiated the Khalsa as a ] with a duty to protect the innocent from religious persecution.<ref name=colesambhi36/> The founding of the ''Khalsa'' started a new phase in the Sikh tradition. It formulated an initiation ceremony ('']'', nectar ceremony) and rules of conduct for the ''Khalsa'' warriors. It created a new institution for the temporal leadership of the Sikhs, replacing the earlier '']'' system. Additionally, the ''Khalsa'' provided a political and religious vision for the Sikh community.<ref name=britkhalsa/><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Teja| title=A Short History of the Sikhs: Volume One|year=2006|publisher=Punjabi University|location=Patiala |isbn=978-8173800078|page=107 }}</ref><ref name=Singh>{{cite book| last=Singh| first=Kartar|title=Life of Guru Gobind Singh |year=2008|publisher=Lahore Bookshop|location=Ludhiana, India}}</ref>{{rp|127}} | Guru Gobind Singh started the ''Khalsa'' tradition after his father, ], was beheaded during the Islamic ] rule of the ] ] ] after the Hindu Brahmins requested for his help to save their religion.<ref name="Mandair2013p53"/><ref name=cs2013/><ref name=fenech4/> Guru Gobind Singh created and initiated the Khalsa as a ] with a duty to protect the innocent from religious persecution.<ref name=colesambhi36/> The founding of the ''Khalsa'' started a new phase in the Sikh tradition. It formulated an initiation ceremony ('']'', nectar ceremony) and rules of conduct for the ''Khalsa'' warriors. It created a new institution for the temporal leadership of the Sikhs, replacing the earlier '']'' system. Additionally, the ''Khalsa'' provided a political and religious vision for the Sikh community.<ref name=britkhalsa/><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh |first=Teja| title=A Short History of the Sikhs: Volume One|year=2006|publisher=Punjabi University|location=Patiala |isbn=978-8173800078|page=107 }}</ref><ref name=Singh>{{cite book| last=Singh| first=Kartar|title=Life of Guru Gobind Singh |year=2008|publisher=Lahore Bookshop|location=Ludhiana, India}}</ref>{{rp|127}} | ||
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| ==Etymology== | ==Etymology== | ||
| "'' |
"''Khalsa''", is derived from the ] word "Khalis" which means "to be pure, to be clear, to be free from, to be sincere, to be true, to be straight, to be solid".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dictionary.reverso.net/arabic-english/%d8%ae%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5|title = خالص translation in English | Arabic-English dictionary |website=Dictionary.reverso.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.bab.la/dictionary/arabic-english/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5|title = خالِص - Translation in English |website=En.bab.la}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Chohan, Sandeep and Geaves, Ron |year=2001|title=The religious dimension in the struggle for Khalistan and its roots in Sikh history|journal= International Journal of Punjab Studies|volume =8|issue =1| page =85}}</ref><ref>Jain, S. (1994) , Vol. 74, p. 217: The word "Khalsa" (from Persian ''Khalis'') itself means "pure".</ref> | ||
| Sikhism emerged in the northwestern part of ] (now parts of Pakistan and India). During the ] rule, according to professor Eleanor Nesbitt, ''Khalsa'' originally meant the land that was possessed directly by the emperor, which was different from '']'' land granted to lords in exchange for a promise of loyalty and annual tribute to the emperor.<ref name="nesbitt54"/> | Sikhism emerged in the northwestern part of ] (now parts of Pakistan and India). During the ] rule, according to professor Eleanor Nesbitt, ''Khalsa'' originally meant the land that was possessed directly by the emperor, which was different from '']'' land granted to lords in exchange for a promise of loyalty and annual tribute to the emperor.<ref name="nesbitt54"/> | ||
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| The ], in turn, demonstrated their loyalty to the Guru by baptizing him and giving him the title of Singh, as well as still revering him as the Guru.<ref name=":0" /> This act was a recognition of the Guru's spiritual authority and his commitment to the principles of Sikhism. The Panj Pyare were not just the Guru's disciples; they were also his equals (collectively) and his companions in the struggle for justice and equality.<ref name=":1" /> Guru Gobind Singh wrote two famous excerpts collectively known as the ''],'' which can be found in the ''],'' and ''].''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Below is an excerpt of the '']'' from the ]:<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Sarbloh Scholar |url=http://archive.org/details/khalsamahima |title=Khalsa Mahima |date=2021-04-14}}</ref> | The ], in turn, demonstrated their loyalty to the Guru by baptizing him and giving him the title of Singh, as well as still revering him as the Guru.<ref name=":0" /> This act was a recognition of the Guru's spiritual authority and his commitment to the principles of Sikhism. The Panj Pyare were not just the Guru's disciples; they were also his equals (collectively) and his companions in the struggle for justice and equality.<ref name=":1" /> Guru Gobind Singh wrote two famous excerpts collectively known as the ''],'' which can be found in the ''],'' and ''].''<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Below is an excerpt of the '']'' from the ]:<ref>{{Cite book |last=The Sarbloh Scholar |url=http://archive.org/details/khalsamahima |title=Khalsa Mahima |date=2021-04-14}}</ref> | ||
| ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੀ ਜਾਤ ਅਰ |
ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੀ ਜਾਤ ਅਰ ਪਤ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਸੋ ਮਾ ਕੋ ਉਤਪਤ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੋ ਭਵਨ ਭੰਡਾਰਾ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸੇ ਕਰ ਮੇਰੋ ਸਤਿਕਾਰਾ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੋ ਸਵਜਨ ਪਰਵਾਰਾ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੋ ਕਰਤ ਉਧਾਰਾ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੋ ਪਿੰਡ ਪਰਾਨ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੀ ਜਾਨ ਕੀ ਜਾਨ॥ | ||
| ''romanized: khhalasa maeree jath ar path. khhalasa so ma ko outhapath. khhalasa maero bhavan bhanddara. khhalasae kar maero sathikara. khhalasa maero svajan pravara. khhalasa maero karath oudhhara. khhalasa maero pindd paran. khhalasa maeree jan kee jan.'' | |||
| romanized: ''xālasā mērī jāta ara pata. xālasā sō mā kō utapāta. xālasā mērō bhavana bhaṇḍārā. xālasē kara mērō satikārā. xālasā mērō savajana paravārā. xālasā mērō karata udhārā. xālasā mērō piṇḍa parāna. xālasā mērī jāna kī jāna.'' | |||
| Translation: Khalsa is my caste & creed. Because of the Khalsa, I was born. Khalsa is my world treasure. Because of the Khalsa, I have respect. Khalsa is my close family. Khalsa grants me favours. Khalsa is my body and soul. Khalsa is the breath of my life. | Translation: Khalsa is my caste & creed. Because of the Khalsa, I was born. Khalsa is my world treasure. Because of the Khalsa, I have respect. Khalsa is my close family. Khalsa grants me favours. Khalsa is my body and soul. Khalsa is the breath of my life. | ||
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| The famous contemporary Writer, ] (Not to be confused with ]), notes in his book of compositions, or ''vaaran:'' | The famous contemporary Writer, ] (Not to be confused with ]), notes in his book of compositions, or ''vaaran:'' | ||
| ਵਾਹਵਾਹਗੋਬਿੰਦਸਿੰਘਆਪੇਗੁਰੁਚੇਲਾ॥੧॥ | |||
| ਵਾਹਵਾਹਗੋਬਿੰਦਸਿੰਘਆਪੇਗੁਰੁਚੇਲਾ ॥੧॥ | |||
| vaeh vaeh gobi(n)dh si(n)gh aape gur chelaa ||1|| | |||
| ''vāha vāha gōbinda siṅgha āpē guru celā'' | |||
| Hail, hail (Guru) Gobind Singh; He, Himself, is the Master and Disciple too. | |||
| - Bhai Gurdas Singh Ji Vaaran | - Bhai Gurdas Singh Ji Vaaran | ||
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| {{Main|Amrit Sanchar}} | {{Main|Amrit Sanchar}} | ||
| Initiation into the Khalsa is referred to as ] (water of immortality life-cycle rite) or Khande di Pahul (Initiation with the ]).<ref>]</ref> Anyone from any previous religion, age, caste, or knowledge group can take Amrit ( |
Initiation into the Khalsa is referred to as ] (water of immortality life-cycle rite) or Khande di Pahul (Initiation with the ]).<ref>]</ref> Anyone from any previous religion, age, caste, or knowledge group can take Amrit (Amrit Chhakh) when they are convinced that they are ready.<ref>{{cite book|last=Taylor|first=Elizabeth|title=Religion: A Clinical Guide for Nurses|year=2012|publisher=Springer Publishing Company|isbn=9780826108616|page=259}}</ref> This baptism is done by the ] in front of the ]. The devotee must arrive at the place of baptism, usually a ], in the morning after bathing completely including having washed their hair and must be wearing the ] of the Khalsa uniform.<ref>{{cite book|last=Brodd|first=Jeffrey|title=World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery|year=2009|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|isbn=9780884899976|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/worldreligions2000jeff/page/118}}</ref> | ||
| After baptism, the new Singh or Kaur must abide by the four restrictions or must get re-baptised if they break any of them.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosher|first=Lucinda|title=Faith in the Neighborhood: Belonging|year=2005|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781596271517|page=50}}</ref> | After baptism, the new Singh or Kaur must abide by the four restrictions or must get re-baptised if they break any of them.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mosher|first=Lucinda|title=Faith in the Neighborhood: Belonging|year=2005|publisher=Church Publishing, Inc.|isbn=9781596271517|page=50}}</ref> | ||
| === Initiation of women === | === Initiation of women === | ||
| {{see also|Kaur}} | |||
| ] (1812–1851) noted a form of initiation of women into the Khalsa in 1849, the year of the British conquest of the Punjab: | |||
| ⚫ | The initiation of women did not receive mainstream acceptance until the emergence of the ] in the twentieth century. ] produced shortly after the Khalsa's inauguration are exclusively addressed to men, and communicate various notions surrounding women. Although they do not explicitly negate a woman's place in the Khalsa, the exhortations and directives within them are interpreted by scholars such as ] and Doris Jakobsh as women being ancillaries to the initiated men, as opposed to having a formal role. They mandate men to respect women in the same manner that is rendered to their mother, prohibit violence against them, cursing them, and engaging in extramarital affairs. They further regard women as innately untrustworthy never to be confided in or relied on. Men were to partake in righteous warfare and protect their families, whereas women were expected to be housewives raising their children and providing service for their husbands. The ''Chaupa Singh Rahit-nama'' explicitly forbade a woman's initiation conducted through the ]. The Tat Khalsa led nascent efforts in the 1900s to allow women the same initiation as men, which was later emphatically advocated for and codified in the Sikh Rehat Maryada.<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |url=http://archive.org/details/sikhsofkhalsahis0000mcle |title=Sikhs of the Khalsa : A History of the Khalsa Rahit |date=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-567221-3 |pages=243–245}}</ref> According to Jaspal Kaur Singh, the baptism of women and the bestowal of ''Kaur'' was incipient only during the colonial period, during which the ] sought to combat perceived threats to Sikhism, both from ] and ] proselytization, by removing "Hinduized" and "un-Sikh" cultural and religious practices from within their fold and introducing egalitarian practices to the fore of the religion.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Jaspal Kaur |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqTgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT57 |title=Violence and Resistance in Sikh Gendered Identity |date=2020-04-30 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-06026-3 |language=en |chapter=Mughal India and Colonialism: Revising History, Gender Identity, and Violence in Bhai Veer Singh's Sundri}}</ref> | ||
| {{quote|"Women are not usually, but they are sometimes, initiated in form as professors of the Sikh faith. In mingling the sugar and water for women, a one-edged, and not a two-edged, dagger is used."<ref name=mcleod/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Joseph Davey |author-link= Joseph Davey Cunningham |title=A History Of The Sikhs, from the Origin of the Nation to the Battles of the Sutlej |date=1849 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=315 |url=https://archive.org/details/cunninghamshisto00cunnuoft/page/314/mode/2up}}</ref>}} | |||
| According to W.H. McLeod, the early-1700s ''rahitnama'' of Chaupa Singh Chhibbar mentioned "the need for a bride to be initiated, but it seems that in this case a different form of initiation was required" beside that of ]. McLeod nevertheless considered the Khalsa as a primarily male institution, speculating that "progress" took place in the period between the Guru era and the Sikh Empire.<ref name=mcleod/> | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| Gilbert Lewis, an anthropologist, wrote that the rigid delimitation between men and women in the praxis of the Khalsa stemmed from a need to enhance esotericism within their institution and create a tightly bonded brotherhood ready to deal with the harsh exigencies of war and defence. This also manifested through the disparity between male and female naming conventions as prescribed by Guru Gobind Singh; men were mandated the compulsory identifier of ''Singh'', whereas women received no such dictum.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jakobsh |first=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xY_XAAAAMAAJ |title=Sikhism and History |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566708-0 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |pages=180 |language=en |chapter=What's in a Name? Circumscribing Sikh Female Nomenclature}}</ref> | Gilbert Lewis, an anthropologist, wrote that the rigid delimitation between men and women in the praxis of the Khalsa stemmed from a need to enhance esotericism within their institution and create a tightly bonded brotherhood ready to deal with the harsh exigencies of war and defence. This also manifested through the disparity between male and female naming conventions as prescribed by Guru Gobind Singh; men were mandated the compulsory identifier of ''Singh'', whereas women received no such dictum.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jakobsh |first=Doris |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xY_XAAAAMAAJ |title=Sikhism and History |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-566708-0 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Pashaura |pages=180 |language=en |chapter=What's in a Name? Circumscribing Sikh Female Nomenclature}}</ref> | ||
| Nikky |
], in her explication of the inauguration of the Khalsa, maintained that women were allowed into the Khalsa and received the title of ''Kaur'', which she purports was congruent with and indicative of the inherent egalitarianism of the Sikh tradition. Her claims were criticized by Doris Jakobsh who argued that her work revealed the effectiveness and pervasiveness of the Singh Sabha's interpolations.{{sfn|Jakobsh|2004|p=186}} In a later work, Singh wrote that the exact historical origins of the conferral of ''Kaur'' were obscure. Jacob Copeman described her analysis as clearly presenting itself at the level of mythos and salvaging lost potentials. He further asserted that the tradition of appending ''Kaur'', which acquired feminist expositions in Singh's work, lacked supporting historical evidence; while early historical sources extensively mention ''Singh'' as the male Sikh appellation, there was complete silence on injunctions regarding female nomenclature.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Copeman |first=Jacob |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q5PPEAAAQBAJ |title=An Anthropology of Intellectual Exchange: Interactions, Transactions and Ethics in Asia and Beyond |date=2023-09-15 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-1-80539-070-1 |editor-last=Copeman |editor-first=Jacob |pages=145 |language=en |editor-last2=Minh Chau |editor-first2=Lam |editor-last3=Cook |editor-first3=Joanna |editor-last4=Long |editor-first4=Nicholas J.}}</ref> Jakobsh contends that the initiation of women into the Khalsa originated with the ]s, who during the ], were particularly active in preaching for the upliftment of women and against pervading social taboos.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jakobsh |first=Doris |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPARDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA273 |title=Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India |date=2000-02-10 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-512229-9 |editor-last=Bose |editor-first=Mandakranta |pages=273 |language=en |chapter=The Construction of Gender in History and Religion: The Sikh Case}}</ref> She further posits that as the military ethos of the Sikhs reached its apogee under the mandate of Guru Gobind Singh, women were concomitantly made to undertake more traditional roles. She cites tales from the ] and rahit-namas to support her hypothesis; women were often depicted as seducers and thus inhibited men from attaining the warrior-saint status that the Guru wanted to inculcate in his order.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YDLNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT14 |title=Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk |date=2019-07-25 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-099038-1 |language=en |chapter=New Perspectives and Sources}}</ref> According to ], as the influence of the Khalsa grew, women and those not in the Khalsa brotherhood were relegated to secondary status in the Sikh community.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Merry Wiesner |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7QiTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA752 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations |date=2017 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-964692-0 |editor-last=Ulinka |editor-first=Rublack |pages=752 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| ] considers Jakobsh to be fascinated by the "theology of difference," and oversimplifying the issue; ], not attributing the ''Charitropakhyan'' to Guru Gobind Singh, considers both the analyses of Nikky Singh and Jakobsh to be lopsided, as in his view they both glean selectively from the Dasam Granth.<ref name=jsgrewal/> | |||
| ==Initial tensions with the non-Khalsa disciples== | ==Initial tensions with the non-Khalsa disciples== | ||
Revision as of 06:26, 6 May 2024
Sikh community, as well as a special group of initiated Sikhs For the UNESCO Arab-Norman Palermo, see Kalsa. For the armed forces of Guru Gobind Singh, the Sikh Confederacy and Sikh Empire, see Khalsa Fauj, Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army), and Sikh Khalsa Army.
| Khalsa | |
|---|---|
| ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ | |
.svg) Khanda | |
| Active | 13 April 1699 – present |
| Allegiance | Waheguru |
| Branch |  Khalsa Fauj (1699–1730s) Dal Khalsa (1730s–1799) Sikh Khalsa Army (1799–1849) Akali-Nihang (1700s–present) Damdami Taksal (1706–present) |
| Type | Sikh religious order |
| Headquarters | Panj Takht, Akal Takht Sahib, Anandpur Sahib |
| Motto(s) | Deg Tegh Fateh |
| Colors | Navy blue and xanthic |
| Anniversaries | Vaisakhi, Holla Mohalla, Bandi Chhor Divas |
| Commanders | |
| Founders | Guru Gobind Singh Mata Sahib Kaur |
| Panj Pyare | |
| Jathedar of the Akal Takht | disputed
|
| Insignia | |
| Insignia | Khanda |
| Individual/Personal Identification | The Five Ks |
| Corporate/Panthic Identification | Nishan Sahib |
| Predecessor (military) |  Akal Sena |
Khalsa (Template:Lang-pa, Punjabi pronunciation: [ˈkʰaːlsaː], lit. 'to be pure' or 'to be clear' or 'to be free from' or 'to be liberated') refers to both a community that considers Sikhism as its faith, as well as a special group of initiated Sikhs. The Khalsa tradition was initiated in 1699 by the Tenth Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh. Its formation was a key event in the history of Sikhism. The founding of Khalsa is celebrated by Sikhs during the festival of Vaisakhi.
Guru Gobind Singh started the Khalsa tradition after his father, Guru Tegh Bahadur, was beheaded during the Islamic sharia rule of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb after the Hindu Brahmins requested for his help to save their religion. Guru Gobind Singh created and initiated the Khalsa as a warrior with a duty to protect the innocent from religious persecution. The founding of the Khalsa started a new phase in the Sikh tradition. It formulated an initiation ceremony (amrit sanskar, nectar ceremony) and rules of conduct for the Khalsa warriors. It created a new institution for the temporal leadership of the Sikhs, replacing the earlier masand system. Additionally, the Khalsa provided a political and religious vision for the Sikh community.
Upon initiation, a male Sikh was given the title of Singh meaning "lion". Kaur was made the sole, compulsory identifier for female Sikhs in the twentieth century. The rules of life, include a behavioral code called Rahit. Some rules are no tobacco, no intoxicants, no adultery, no Kutha meat, no modification of hair on the body, and a dress code (Five Ks).
Etymology
"Khalsa", is derived from the Arabic word "Khalis" which means "to be pure, to be clear, to be free from, to be sincere, to be true, to be straight, to be solid".
Sikhism emerged in the northwestern part of Indian subcontinent (now parts of Pakistan and India). During the Mughal empire rule, according to professor Eleanor Nesbitt, Khalsa originally meant the land that was possessed directly by the emperor, which was different from jagir land granted to lords in exchange for a promise of loyalty and annual tribute to the emperor.
Prior to Guru Gobind Singh, the religious organization was organized through the masands or agents. The masands would collect revenue from rural regions for the Sikh cause, much like jagirs would for the Islamic emperor. The Khalsa, in Sikhism, came to mean pure loyalty to the Guru, and not to the intermediary masands who were increasingly becoming corrupt, states Nesbitt.
Background
The Sikhs faced religious persecution during the Mughal Empire rule. Guru Arjan Dev, the fifth Guru, was arrested and executed by Mughal Emperor Jahangir in 1606. The following Guru, Guru Hargobind formally militarised the Sikhs and emphasised the complementary nature of the temporal power and spiritual power. In 1675, Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth Guru of the Sikhs and the father of Guru Gobind Singh was executed by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb for resisting religious persecution of non-Muslims, and for refusing to convert to Islam. Guru Gobind Singh's sons were killed since they refused to convert to Islam.
The term Khalsa in Sikhism predates the events of Vaisakhi in 1699. Prior to the formalization of the Khalsa Panth in April 1699, the term Khalsa referred to a very special Sikh whom was held in high-esteem and considered as being close to the Guru. The Khalsa Panth's formalization in 1699 essentially opened this restricted class of Sikhs as a possibility to attain for the wider congregation.
Foundation
In 1699, the tenth Guru of Sikhism, Guru Gobind Singh asked Sikhs to gather at Anandpur Sahib on 13 April 1699, the day of Vaisakhi, the annual harvest festival. Guru Gobind Singh addressed the congregation from the entryway of a tent pitched on a hill, now called Kesgarh Sahib. He drew his sword, according to the Sikh tradition, and then asked for a volunteer from those who gathered, someone willing to sacrifice his head. One came forward, whom he took inside a tent. The Guru returned to the crowd without the volunteer, but with a bloody sword.
He asked for another volunteer and repeated the same process of returning from the tent without anyone and with a bloodied sword four more times. After the fifth volunteer went with him into the tent, the Guru returned with all five volunteers, all safe. Rather, the Guru had slaughtered 5 goats from which the blood had appeared. He called the volunteers the Panj Pyare and the first Khalsa in the Sikh tradition. These five volunteers were : Daya Ram (Bhai Daya Singh), Dharam Das (Bhai Dharam Singh), Himmat Rai (Bhai Himmat Singh), Mohkam Chand (Bhai Mohkam Singh), and Sahib Chand (Bhai Sahib Singh).
Guru Gobind Singh then mixed water and sugar into an iron bowl, stirring it with a double-edged sword while reciting gurbani to prepare what he called Amrit ("nectar"). He then administered this to the Panj Pyare, accompanied with recitations from the Adi Granth, thus founding the khanda ki pahul (baptism ceremony) of a Khalsa – a warrior community. After the first five Khalsa had been baptized, the Guru asked the five to baptize him as a Khalsa. This made the Guru the sixth Khalsa, and his name changed from Guru Gobind Rai to Guru Gobind Singh.
Around 80,000 men were initiated into the Khalsa order in a few days after its formalization on 13 April 1699.
He introduced ideas that indirectly challenged the discriminatory taxes imposed by Islamic authorities. For example, Aurangzeb had imposed taxes on non-Muslims that were collected from the Sikhs as well, for example the jizya (poll tax on non-Muslims), pilgrim tax and Bhaddar tax – the last being a tax to be paid by anyone following the Hindu ritual of shaving the head after the death of a loved one and cremation. Guru Gobind Singh declared that Khalsa do not need to continue this practice, because Bhaddar is not dharam, but a bharam (illusion). Not shaving the head also meant not having to pay the taxes by Sikhs who lived in Delhi and other parts of the Mughal Empire. However, the new code of conduct also led to internal disagreements between Sikhs in the 18th century, particularly between the Nanakpanthi and the Khalsa.
Guru Gobind Singh had a deep respect for the Khalsa, and stated that there is no difference between the True Guru and the Sangat (panth). Before his founding of the Khalsa, the Sikh movement had used the Sanskrit word Sisya (literally, disciple or student), but the favored term thereafter became Khalsa. Additionally, prior to the Khalsa, the Sikh congregations across India had a system of Masands appointed by the Sikh Gurus. The Masands led the local Sikh communities, local temples, collected wealth and donations for the Sikh cause.
Guru Gobind Singh concluded that the Masands system had become corrupt, he abolished them and introduced a more centralized system with the help of Khalsa that was under his direct supervision. These developments created two groups of Sikhs, those who initiated as Khalsa, and others who remained Sikhs but did not undertake the initiation. The Khalsa Sikhs saw themselves as a separate religious entity, while the Nanak-panthi Sikhs retained their different perspective.
The Khalsa warrior community tradition started by Guru Gobind Singh has contributed to modern scholarly debate on pluralism within Sikhism. His tradition has survived into the modern times, with initiated Sikh referred to as Khalsa Sikh, while those who do not get baptized referred to as Sahajdhari Sikhs.
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An inscription naming the five members of the Khalsa Panth, at Takht Keshgarh Sahib, the birthplace of Khalsa on Baisakh 1, 1756 Vikram Samvat.
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The creation of the Khalsa; initiated by Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Sikh Guru.
Dress and code of conduct
Main articles: Five Ks and Rehat
Guru Gobind Singh initiated the Five K's tradition of the Khalsa,
- Kesh: uncut hair.
- Kangha: a wooden comb.
- Kara: an iron or steel bracelet worn on the wrist.
- Kirpan: a sword or dagger.
- Kachera: short breeches.
He also announced a code of discipline for Khalsa warriors. Tobacco, eating meat slaughtered according to Muslim ritual and sexual intercourse with any person other than spouse were forbidden. The Khalsas also agreed to never interact with those who followed rivals or their successors. The co-initiation of men and women from different castes into the ranks of Khalsa also institutionalized the principle of equality in Sikhism regardless of one's caste or gender. According to Owen and Sambhi, Guru Gobind Singh's significance to the Sikh tradition has been very important, as he institutionalized the Khalsa, resisted the ongoing persecution by the Mughal Empire, and continued "the defense of Sikhism and Hinduism against the Muslim assault of Aurangzeb".
According to the Sikh Code of Conduct (Sikh Rehat Maryada), Amritdhari Khalsa Sikh men must wear a turban and the 5 K's. Baptized women are not required to tie a turban, and it remains a personal choice. It also clearly states that it is not appropriate for Sikh women to cover their face with any type of veil as practiced in the Indian, Islamic, or Judeo-Christian traditions. Piercing of the nose or ears for wearing ornaments is forbidden for Sikh men and women. Sikhs cannot wear any token of any other faith. Sikhs must not have their head bare or wear caps. They also cannot wear any ornaments piercing through any part of the body.
Prohibitions
Further information: Prohibitions in SikhismThe four prohibitions or mandatory restrictions of the Khalsa or life of Khalsa at time of Guru Gobind Singh are:
- Not to disturb the natural growth of the hairs.
- Not to eat the Kutha meat.
- Not to cohabit with a person other than one's spouse.
- Not to use tobacco, alcohol or any type of drugs.
A Khalsa who breaks any code of conduct is no longer a Khalsa and is excommunicated from the Khalsa Panth and must go and 'pesh' (get baptized again). Guru Gobind Singh also gave the Khalsa 52 hukams or 52 specific additional guidelines while living in Nanded in 1708.
The Khalsa as a Guru (Guru Khalsa Panth)
The Sikh Rehat Maryada states "The Guru Panth (Panth’s status of Guruhood) means the whole body of committed baptized Sikhs. This body was fostered by all the ten Gurus and the tenth Guru gave it its final shape and invested it with Guruhood".
The Khalsa is considered equal to the Guru in Sikhism.
The five men, known as the Panj Pyare or the Five Beloved Ones, were baptized by the Guru and given the title of Singh, which means lion. They were then given the Amrit, a mixture of sugar and water stirred with a sword, and were asked to drink it. The significance of the Khalsa is reflected in the fact that Guru Gobind Singh considered it his equal. He allowed the Panj Pyare to give him Tankah, or punishment. There are instances where this occurred, as reported in the Suraj Prakash.
Guru Gobind Singh demonstrated his respect for the Panj Pyare by bowing down to them and asking them to baptize him. This act is known as the Pahul ceremony or Amrit Sanchar, and it is still performed in Sikhism today. The Guru's act of bowing down to the Panj Pyare was a symbolic gesture of the Guru's humility and his recognition of the Panj Pyare's spiritual authority as being equal to his own.
The Panj Pyare, in turn, demonstrated their loyalty to the Guru by baptizing him and giving him the title of Singh, as well as still revering him as the Guru. This act was a recognition of the Guru's spiritual authority and his commitment to the principles of Sikhism. The Panj Pyare were not just the Guru's disciples; they were also his equals (collectively) and his companions in the struggle for justice and equality. Guru Gobind Singh wrote two famous excerpts collectively known as the Khalsa Mahima, which can be found in the Dasam Granth, and Sarbloh Granth. Below is an excerpt of the Khalsa Mahima from the Sarbloh Granth:
ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੀ ਜਾਤ ਅਰ ਪਤ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਸੋ ਮਾ ਕੋ ਉਤਪਤ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੋ ਭਵਨ ਭੰਡਾਰਾ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸੇ ਕਰ ਮੇਰੋ ਸਤਿਕਾਰਾ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੋ ਸਵਜਨ ਪਰਵਾਰਾ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੋ ਕਰਤ ਉਧਾਰਾ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੋ ਪਿੰਡ ਪਰਾਨ॥ ਖ਼ਾਲਸਾ ਮੇਰੀ ਜਾਨ ਕੀ ਜਾਨ॥
romanized: khhalasa maeree jath ar path. khhalasa so ma ko outhapath. khhalasa maero bhavan bhanddara. khhalasae kar maero sathikara. khhalasa maero svajan pravara. khhalasa maero karath oudhhara. khhalasa maero pindd paran. khhalasa maeree jan kee jan.
Translation: Khalsa is my caste & creed. Because of the Khalsa, I was born. Khalsa is my world treasure. Because of the Khalsa, I have respect. Khalsa is my close family. Khalsa grants me favours. Khalsa is my body and soul. Khalsa is the breath of my life.
- Sri Manglacharan Purana, pages 519–524, Khalsa Mero Rup Hai Khas
The famous contemporary Writer, Bhai Gurdas Singh (Not to be confused with Bhai Gurdas), notes in his book of compositions, or vaaran:
ਵਾਹਵਾਹਗੋਬਿੰਦਸਿੰਘਆਪੇਗੁਰੁਚੇਲਾ॥੧॥
vaeh vaeh gobi(n)dh si(n)gh aape gur chelaa ||1||
Hail, hail (Guru) Gobind Singh; He, Himself, is the Master and Disciple too.
- Bhai Gurdas Singh Ji Vaaran
Duties and warriors
A Khalsa is enjoined, to be honest, treat everyone as equal, meditate on God, maintain his fidelity, resist tyranny and religious persecution of oneself and others.
One of the duties of the Khalsa is to practice arms. This has been deemed necessary due to the rising persecution of the rulers. Before joining the Khalsa, most of the people were from professions like farming, pottery, masonry, carpenters, Labanas, etc.
,_also_known_as_the_Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri._From_the_%E2%80%98Tawarikh-i_Jahandar_Shah%E2%80%99,_Awadh_or_Lucknow,_ca.1770.jpg)
Guru Gobind Singh in Oct 1708 deputed his disciple Banda Singh Bahadur to lead the Khalsa in an uprising against the Mughals. Banda Singh Bahadur first established a Sikh republic and then brought in the land reforms in the form of breaking up large estates and distributing the land to peasants. He and his comrades were eventually defeated and executed, but he became an icon among the Sikhs. After a long exile the Khalsa regrouped under Nawab Kapur Singh, who gathered local Khalsa leaders and created Dal Khalsa, a coalition army. The Dal Khalsa fought against the Mughals and the Afghans, eventually resulting in the establishment of a number of small aristocratic republics called misls (autonomous confederacies) and later in the formation of the Sikh Empire.
After the fall of the Mughal Empire and the later establishment of the Sikh Empire in Punjab, the Khalsa was converted into a strong, multi-religious and multinational fighting force, modernized according to European principles: the Sikh Khalsa Army which had a huge role in the expansion of the empire. Led by generals like: Maharaja Ranjit Singh himself, Misr Diwan Chand and Hari Singh Nalwa. It successfully defeated all its adversaries, including the Afghan tribals and army, Hill Chiefs, Misldars, Chinese, Tibeans and Gorkhas. By the time of death of Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1839, the whole army of Sikh Empire was assessed at 120,000 men, with 250 artillery pieces. The irregular levies were included.
The official name of the state (Sikh Empire) of Sikhs was "Sarkar-i-Khalsa": Government of the Khalsa. The boundaries of this state stretched from Tibet to Afghanistan and from Kashmir to Sutlej in the south and included regions of Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Kashmir, Ladakh, etc. The "Sarkar-i-Khalsa" was dissolved during two wars fought against the British between 1846 and 1849.
Initiation
Main article: Amrit SancharInitiation into the Khalsa is referred to as Amrit Sanchar (water of immortality life-cycle rite) or Khande di Pahul (Initiation with the double edged sword). Anyone from any previous religion, age, caste, or knowledge group can take Amrit (Amrit Chhakh) when they are convinced that they are ready. This baptism is done by the Panj Pyare in front of the Guru Granth Sahib. The devotee must arrive at the place of baptism, usually a Gurdwara, in the morning after bathing completely including having washed their hair and must be wearing the 5 articles of the Khalsa uniform.
After baptism, the new Singh or Kaur must abide by the four restrictions or must get re-baptised if they break any of them.
Initiation of women
See also: KaurThe initiation of women did not receive mainstream acceptance until the emergence of the Singh Sabha Movement in the twentieth century. Rehat-namas produced shortly after the Khalsa's inauguration are exclusively addressed to men, and communicate various notions surrounding women. Although they do not explicitly negate a woman's place in the Khalsa, the exhortations and directives within them are interpreted by scholars such as W. H. McLeod and Doris Jakobsh as women being ancillaries to the initiated men, as opposed to having a formal role. They mandate men to respect women in the same manner that is rendered to their mother, prohibit violence against them, cursing them, and engaging in extramarital affairs. They further regard women as innately untrustworthy never to be confided in or relied on. Men were to partake in righteous warfare and protect their families, whereas women were expected to be housewives raising their children and providing service for their husbands. The Chaupa Singh Rahit-nama explicitly forbade a woman's initiation conducted through the khanda ceremony. The Tat Khalsa led nascent efforts in the 1900s to allow women the same initiation as men, which was later emphatically advocated for and codified in the Sikh Rehat Maryada. According to Jaspal Kaur Singh, the baptism of women and the bestowal of Kaur was incipient only during the colonial period, during which the Tat Khalsa sought to combat perceived threats to Sikhism, both from Christian missionaries and Arya Samaj proselytization, by removing "Hinduized" and "un-Sikh" cultural and religious practices from within their fold and introducing egalitarian practices to the fore of the religion.
Gilbert Lewis, an anthropologist, wrote that the rigid delimitation between men and women in the praxis of the Khalsa stemmed from a need to enhance esotericism within their institution and create a tightly bonded brotherhood ready to deal with the harsh exigencies of war and defence. This also manifested through the disparity between male and female naming conventions as prescribed by Guru Gobind Singh; men were mandated the compulsory identifier of Singh, whereas women received no such dictum.
Nikky-Guninder Kaur Singh, in her explication of the inauguration of the Khalsa, maintained that women were allowed into the Khalsa and received the title of Kaur, which she purports was congruent with and indicative of the inherent egalitarianism of the Sikh tradition. Her claims were criticized by Doris Jakobsh who argued that her work revealed the effectiveness and pervasiveness of the Singh Sabha's interpolations. In a later work, Singh wrote that the exact historical origins of the conferral of Kaur were obscure. Jacob Copeman described her analysis as clearly presenting itself at the level of mythos and salvaging lost potentials. He further asserted that the tradition of appending Kaur, which acquired feminist expositions in Singh's work, lacked supporting historical evidence; while early historical sources extensively mention Singh as the male Sikh appellation, there was complete silence on injunctions regarding female nomenclature. Jakobsh contends that the initiation of women into the Khalsa originated with the Namdharis, who during the British Raj, were particularly active in preaching for the upliftment of women and against pervading social taboos. She further posits that as the military ethos of the Sikhs reached its apogee under the mandate of Guru Gobind Singh, women were concomitantly made to undertake more traditional roles. She cites tales from the Dasam Granth and rahit-namas to support her hypothesis; women were often depicted as seducers and thus inhibited men from attaining the warrior-saint status that the Guru wanted to inculcate in his order. According to Merry Wiesner-Hanks, as the influence of the Khalsa grew, women and those not in the Khalsa brotherhood were relegated to secondary status in the Sikh community.
Initial tensions with the non-Khalsa disciples
With the creation of Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh had abolished all existing social divisions in line with the teachings of Guru Nanak Dev. In their new order, the former lowest of the low would stand with the former highest; all would become one and drink from the same vessel. All previous beliefs relating to family, occupation, customs and ceremonies were declared useless by the Guru. This caused discomfort to the conservative followers of the Guru and they protested. Many departed from the ceremony, but the Guru declared that the low castes should be raised and would dwell next to him.
The newswriter of the Mughal government, Ghulam Mohyiuddin, reporting to the emperor wrote:
He has abolished caste and custom, old rituals, beliefs and superstitions of the Hindus, Sufis and Shias bonded them in one single brotherhood. No one will be superior or inferior to another. Men of all castes have been made to eat out of the single bowl. Though orthodox men have opposed him, about twenty thousand men and women have taken baptism of steel at his hand on the first day. The Guru has also told the gathering: "I'll call myself Shri Guru Gobind Singh Ji only if I can make the meek sparrows pounce upon the hawks and tear them; only if one combatant of my force faces a legion of the enemy"
Sri Gur Sobha (18th century) by Senapati contains two sections (adhyays) on the controversies that arose, when Guru Gobind Singh's disciples in Delhi heard the news of his new order. Much of the controversy stated in Sri Gur Sobha revolves around bhaddar, the ritual shaving of head after death of a close relative, which was discouraged by Guru Gobind Singh. According to Sainapti, while creating the Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh said that bhaddar is bharam (illusion), and not dharam.
Tensions developed between the Punjabi Khatri disciples of the Guru in Delhi, and members of the newly formed Khalsa. A prominent Khatri disciple was expelled from the place of worship (dharmasala) for refusing to join the Khalsa. Another disciple was expelled for eating with him, starting a chain of further expulsions. The expelled disciples convened a community gathering, at which two wealthy Khatris demanded that the Khalsa produce a written order from the Guru that a new mandatory code of conduct had been promulgated.
A Khatri family that refused to follow the bhaddar ritual was boycotted by the Khatri community. The Khatri council (panch) closed the bazaar to pressure the Khalsa. The Khalsa petitioned the state officials to intervene, who forced reopening of the shops. Later, peace was established between the two groups in a sangat (congregation). However, hostility between some Khatris and the Khalsa persisted in the later years.
In contrast to the Khalsa Sikh, a Sahajdhari Sikh is one who reveres the teachings of the Sikh Gurus, but has not undergone the initiation. Sahajdhari Sikhs do not accept some or all elements of the dress and behavioral codes of the Khalsa Sikhs.
Contemporary status
Today, the Khalsa is respected by the entire gamut of Sikhs; however, not all Sikhs are Amritdharis The issue of Khalsa code of conduct has led to several controversies. In the early 1950s, a serious split occurred in the Canadian Sikh community, when the Khalsa Diwan Society in Vancouver, British Columbia elected a clean-shaven Sikh to serve on its management committee. Although most of the early Sikh immigrants to Canada were non-Khalsa, and a majority of the members of the society were clean-shaven non-Khalsa Sikhs, a faction objected to the election of a non-Khalsa to the management committee. The factions in Vancouver and Victoria, British Columbia broke away from the Khalsa Diwan Society and established their own gurdwara society called Akali Singh.
The Khalsa has been predominantly a male institution in Sikh history, with Khalsa authority with the male leaders. In the contemporary era, it has become open to women but its authority remains with Sikh men.
3HO is a western sect that emerged in 1971, founded by Harbhajan Singh Khalsa also known as Yogi Bhajan. It requires both men and women to wear turbans, and adopt the surname Khalsa.
Each year the Khalsa display their military skills around the world at a festival called Hola Mohalla. During Hola Mohalla, military exercises are performed alongside mock battles followed by kirtan and valor poetry competitions. The Khalsa also lead the Sikhs in the annual Vaisakhi parade.
The Khalsa celebrating the Sikh festival Hola Mohalla or simply Hola.
Demography
Worldwide there are nearly 25-30 million Khalsa Sikhs who follow the 5 Ks strictly and tied turban having long hair with moustache and beard.
See also
- Chakram
- Gatka
- Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex
- Langar
- Nihang
- Sects of Sikhism
- Shastar Vidya
- Sikh history
- Rehat
- Prohibitions in Sikhism
- Diet in Sikhism
- Meat consumption among Sikhs
- Khalsa bole
- Sarbat Khalsa
References
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His was in fact a mimetic violence where the goats were killed instead of the Sikhs.
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The ten Gurus organised their disciples into sangats and infused their personality again into the Sikhs. This led to a remarkable development in the institution of 'Guru-ship', which eventually became the Guru Panth, thus bestowing divinity on the people. ... The Sikh assemblies also acquired great sanctity, owing to the belief that the spirit of the Guru lived and moved among them collectively, the whole body being called the panth. This panth follows the path shown by the way the Gurus lived their lives, as also the precepts laid down by them. In turn, it is regarded as an embodiment of the Guru—Guru Panth. In 1699, Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru, himself received baptism from the five Sikhs he had first initiated. The panth, the assembly and the Guru became one. After his demise, there was no living Guru for the Sikhs. The Shabad, in the presence of the sangat, became the Guru, the guiding light and in presence of Akalpurakh, the Timeless Being. The panth thus was invested with the personality of the Guru, and the incorporated Word became Gyan Guru (knowledge). This panth, called the Khalsa, was to be the Guru in spirit, and was authorised to work with collective responsibility, with Guru Granth Sahib as its guiding spirit.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ Shani, Giorgio. "Toward a post-Western IR: The Umma, Khalsa Panth, and critical international relations theory." International Studies Review 10.4 (2008): 722-734.
- The Sarbloh Scholar (14 April 2021). Khalsa Mahima.
- Major Pearse, Hugh; Ranjit Singh and his white officers. In Gardner, Alexander (1999) . The Fall of Sikh Empire. Delhi, India: National Book Shop. ISBN 978-81-7116-231-4.
- Nesbitt
- Taylor, Elizabeth (2012). Religion: A Clinical Guide for Nurses. Springer Publishing Company. p. 259. ISBN 9780826108616.
- Brodd, Jeffrey (2009). World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery. Saint Mary's Press. p. 118. ISBN 9780884899976.
- Mosher, Lucinda (2005). Faith in the Neighborhood: Belonging. Church Publishing, Inc. p. 50. ISBN 9781596271517.
- McLeod, W. H. (2005). Sikhs of the Khalsa : A History of the Khalsa Rahit. Oxford University Press. pp. 243–245. ISBN 978-0-19-567221-3.
- Singh, Jaspal Kaur (30 April 2020). "Mughal India and Colonialism: Revising History, Gender Identity, and Violence in Bhai Veer Singh's Sundri". Violence and Resistance in Sikh Gendered Identity. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-000-06026-3.
- Jakobsh, Doris (2004). "What's in a Name? Circumscribing Sikh Female Nomenclature". In Singh, Pashaura (ed.). Sikhism and History. Oxford University Press. p. 180. ISBN 978-0-19-566708-0.
- Jakobsh 2004, p. 186.
- Copeman, Jacob (15 September 2023). Copeman, Jacob; Minh Chau, Lam; Cook, Joanna; Long, Nicholas J. (eds.). An Anthropology of Intellectual Exchange: Interactions, Transactions and Ethics in Asia and Beyond. Berghahn Books. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-80539-070-1.
- Jakobsh, Doris (10 February 2000). "The Construction of Gender in History and Religion: The Sikh Case". In Bose, Mandakranta (ed.). Faces of the Feminine in Ancient, Medieval, and Modern India. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 273. ISBN 978-0-19-512229-9.
- Grewal, J. S. (25 July 2019). "New Perspectives and Sources". Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708): Master of the White Hawk. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-099038-1.
- Hanks, Merry Wiesner (2017). Ulinka, Rublack (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of the Protestant Reformations. Oxford University Press. p. 752. ISBN 978-0-19-964692-0.
- Shan, Harnam (2002). Creation Of Khalsa. Chandigarh, India: Guru Nanak Dev Mission Patiala. p. 9.
- ^ Cunningham, Joseph Davey (2002). "Sikhism under Govind". A history of Sikhs. Rupa & Co., New Delhi. pp. 68–69. ISBN 978-8171677641.
- Singh, Sangat (2005). "Evolution of Sikh Panth". The Sikhs in History. Singh Brothers. pp. 67–68. ISBN 978-8172052751.
- Singh, Gopal (1939). A history of the Sikh people. Delhi. pp. 291.
- ^ Deol, pp. 25–26
- Sikhism: Sects and Other Groups, Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ^ Paul Robert Magocsi, ed. (1999) . Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples. University of Toronto Press. p. 1157. ISBN 978-0802029386. OCLC 56300149.
- Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 636. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
- Parsons, Gerald (1994). The Growth of Religious Diversity: Britain from 1945. Routledge. p. 231. ISBN 978-0415083263. OCLC 29957116.
- "Picture of the Day: Los Angeles, CA celebrates Vaisakhi". Americanturban.com. 9 April 2012.
- "Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature". Britannica.com. 3 September 2023.
- "Sikhs in Wolverhampton celebrate 550 years of Guru Nanak". BBC News. 12 November 2019.
Cited sources
- Cole, William Owen; Sambhi, Piara Singh (1995). The Sikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-898723-13-4.
- Deol, Jeevan (2001). "Eighteenth Century Khalsa Identity: Discourse, Praxis and Narrative". In Arvind-pal Singh and Mandair, Gurharpal Singh and Christopher Shackle (ed.). Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity. Routledge. pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0700713899. OCLC 45337782.
- Dhavan, P. (2011) When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699–1799, Oxford University Press: Oxford. ISBN 978-0-19-975655-1.
- Nesbitt, Eleanor (2016). Sikhism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-874557-0.
- Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8.
External links
- Who and What is a Khalsa?
- Creation of the Khalsa
- Rise of the Khalsa Archived 20 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- Order of The Khalsa
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