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{{Short description|Type of rock used in manufacture of ceramics}} {{Short description|Type of rock used in manufacture of ceramics}}
] in China]] ] extraction]]
⚫ '''Petuntse''' ({{lang-zh|白墩子}}, {{translit|zh|báidūnzì}}),{{sfnp|Needham & al.|2004|p=}} also known as '''petunse''', '''baidunzi''', '''pottery stone''',<ref>’Oxygen, Hydrogen And Carbon Isotopic Study Of The Amakusa Pottery Stone Deposits In Altered Rhyolite Dikes, Kyushu, Southwest Japan’ Y. Matsuhisa And Y. Togash. Geochemical Journal, Vol. 13, Pp. 173 To 179, 1979; ’Characterization Of Clay Raw Materials In Nepal And Heir Applicability For Porcelain Raw Material. J. Bhattarai And K. Okada. Clay Science 8, 393-402 (1992); ’Quality Improvement Of Lampang Clay For Porcelain Bodies’ S. Thiansem, W. Schulle, K. Kaew-Kam-Nerd. P. Thavornyutikarn, S. Phanichphant. Scienceasia 28 (2002): 145-152; ’Clay Mineral Associations And Mineralogical Properties Of Quartz In Some Pottery Stones Of Western Kyushu, Japan’ M. Nakagawa. Applied Clay Science, 8 (1994) 331-347 Elsevier Science; ’Ammonium-Bearing Mica And Mica/Smectite Of Several Pottery Stone And Pyrophyllite Deposits In Japan: Their Mineralogical Properties And Utilization’ S. Higashi. Applied Clay Science 16 (2000) 171-184; ’Phase Composition And Morphology Of Pottery Stone Microcrystalline Powders Synthesized By Hydrothermal Method’ A. Larpkasemsuk, S. Chuayjuljit, D. Pongkao Kashima. Advanced Materials Research (Volume 664); ’Effects Of Analcime Zeolite Synthesized From Local Pottery Stone As Nucleating Agent On Crystallization Behaviors And Mechanical Properties Of Isotactic Polypropylene’
'''Petuntse''' (from {{Lang-zh|c=白墩子}}, ]: {{pinyin|bai2 dun1 zi4}}), also spelled '''petunse''' and '''''bai dunzi''''', '''''baidunzi''''', is a historic term for a wide range of ] or ] rocks. However, all will have been subject to geological ] of ]s that result in materials which, after processing, are suitable as a raw material for some ] formulations. The name means "little white bricks", referring to the form in which it was transported to the potteries (compare ]).<ref>Rawson, pp. 215–216, 361.</ref>
⚫ S. Chuayjuljit, A. Larpkasemsuk, P. Chaiwutthinan, D. Pongkao Kashima, A. Boonmahitthisud. Journal Of Vinyl And Additive Technology. Volume24, Issues. Special Issue: Additives And Fillers, May 2018. Pages E85-E95; ‘State Of Flux - Feldspar Developments Continue Apace.’ ''Asian Ceramics''. September 2002, pp. 32–33, 35, 37.; ‘High Mechanical Strength Porcelain Body Prepared From Amakusa Pottery Stone Containing Soda Feldspar.’ K. Hamano, A.Hatano, S.Okada. ''J. Ceram. Soc. Jap.'' 101, No.9, 1993, pp. 1038–1043.; ‘Refinement Of The Low-Grade Pottery Stone By Hydrothermal Treatment.’ K.Kimura, H.Tateyama, K.Jinnai. ''Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft. Proc. Silicer '90 Nurnberg'', 26–28 September 1990, p. 103–110.</ref> and '''porcelain stone''',{{sfnp|Needham & al.|2004|p=}}{{sfnp|Vainker|p=124}}<ref>‘Chinese Porcelain’. N.Wood. ''Pottery Q''. 12, (47), 101, 1977.</ref> is the name of a class of ] and/or ] ] used with ] in the production of ].


==Name==
⚫ It was, and to some extent continues to be, an important raw material for ]. The name ''Pottery stone'' is now used.<ref>’Oxygen, Hydrogen And Carbon Isotopic Study Of The Amakusa Pottery Stone Deposits In Altered Rhyolite Dikes, Kyushu, Southwest Japan’ Y. Matsuhisa And Y. Togash. Geochemical Journal, Vol. 13, Pp. 173 To 179, 1979</ref><ref>’Characterization Of Clay Raw Materials In Nepal And Heir Applicability For Porcelain Raw Material. J. Bhattarai And K. Okada. Clay Science 8, 393-402 (1992) </ref><ref>’Quality Improvement Of Lampang Clay For Porcelain Bodies’ S. Thiansem, W. Schulle, K. Kaew-Kam-Nerd. P. Thavornyutikarn, S. Phanichphant. Scienceasia 28 (2002): 145-152</ref><ref>’Clay Mineral Associations And Mineralogical Properties Of Quartz In Some Pottery Stones Of Western Kyushu, Japan’ M. Nakagawa. Applied Clay Science, 8 (1994) 331-347 Elsevier Science</ref><ref>’Ammonium-Bearing Mica And Mica/Smectite Of Several Pottery Stone And Pyrophyllite Deposits In Japan: Their Mineralogical Properties And Utilization’ S. Higashi. Applied Clay Science 16 (2000) 171-184</ref><ref>’Phase Composition And Morphology Of Pottery Stone Microcrystalline Powders Synthesized By Hydrothermal Method’ A. Larpkasemsuk, S. Chuayjuljit, D. Pongkao Kashima. Advanced Materials Research (Volume 664) </ref><ref>’Effects Of Analcime Zeolite Synthesized From Local Pottery Stone As Nucleating Agent On Crystallization Behaviors And Mechanical Properties Of Isotactic Polypropylene’
The name {{translit|zh|báidūnzì}} ("white lumps") is now ] within ] itself but was popularized in ] by the ] ] ]'s 1712 letter in which he detailed the production of ]'s ]. At the time, the stone was pulverized, thrown into water to skim the lightest fragments, and then formed into bricks for transport from ] in ] to ] in ]. Compare ].<ref>Rawson, pp. 215–216, 361.</ref>
⚫ S. Chuayjuljit, A. Larpkasemsuk, P. Chaiwutthinan, D. Pongkao Kashima, A. Boonmahitthisud. Journal Of Vinyl And Additive Technology. Volume24, Issues. Special Issue: Additives And Fillers, May 2018. Pages E85-E95</ref><ref>‘State Of Flux - Feldspar Developments Continue Apace.’ ''Asian Ceramics''. September 2002, pp. 32–33, 35, 37.</ref><ref>‘High Mechanical Strength Porcelain Body Prepared From Amakusa Pottery Stone Containing Soda Feldspar.’ K. Hamano, A.Hatano, S.Okada. ''J. Ceram. Soc. Jap.'' 101, No.9, 1993, pp. 1038–1043.</ref><ref>‘Refinement Of The Low-Grade Pottery Stone By Hydrothermal Treatment.’ K.Kimura, H.Tateyama, K.Jinnai. ''Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft. Proc. Silicer '90 Nurnberg'', 26–28 September 1990, p. 103–110.</ref> The alternative name of ''Porcelain stone'' is occasionally used.<ref>Kerr, Needham & Wood, 225; Vainker, 124.</ref><ref>‘Chinese Porcelain’. N.Wood. ''Pottery Q''. 12, (47), 101, 1977.</ref>


==Composition==
According to one source, it is mixed with ] in proportions varying according to the grade of porcelain to be produced; equal quantities for the best and two thirds petuntse to one third kaolin for everyday ware.<ref>Macintosh, p. 196</ref> There were large deposits of high-quality stone in ] province in south-eastern China, which became a centre for porcelain production, especially in ].<ref>Vainker, p. 124.</ref>
Jingdezhen's petuntse and its equivalents elsewhere include ] and ] that have been subject to geological ] to allow thorough ]. Under the Qing, petuntse was mixed with ] in varying proportions to produce different grades of products. The highest quality used a 1:1 ratio, whereas everyday ware used a ratio of 2 parts petuntse for each part of kaolin.{{sfnp|Macintosh|p=196}}


==Non-Chinese pottery stones== ==Non-Chinese pottery stones==
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==References== ==References==
===Citations===
{{reflist}} {{reflist|30em}}


==Further reading== ==Further reading==

Revision as of 15:29, 23 June 2024

Type of rock used in manufacture of ceramics
A 19th-century French depiction of Chinese petuntse and kaolin extraction

Petuntse (Chinese: 白墩子, báidūnzì), also known as petunse, baidunzi, pottery stone, and porcelain stone, is the name of a class of micaceous and/or feldspathic rocks used with kaolin in the production of hard-paste porcelain.

Name

The name báidūnzì ("white lumps") is now archaic within Chinese itself but was popularized in European languages by the French Jesuit François Xavier d'Entrecolles's 1712 letter in which he detailed the production of China's Jingdezhen porcelain. At the time, the stone was pulverized, thrown into water to skim the lightest fragments, and then formed into bricks for transport from Qimen in Anhui to Jingdezhen in Jiangxi. Compare ball clay.

Composition

Jingdezhen's petuntse and its equivalents elsewhere include mica and feldspar that have been subject to geological alteration to allow thorough kaolinization. Under the Qing, petuntse was mixed with kaolin in varying proportions to produce different grades of products. The highest quality used a 1:1 ratio, whereas everyday ware used a ratio of 2 parts petuntse for each part of kaolin.

Non-Chinese pottery stones

A lump of Japanese pottery stone

Similar material is found, and used, in Japan, Korea and Thailand.

China stone, which is found uniquely in southwestern England, shares some similarities to Asian pottery stones, although there are differences in mineralogy. Relatively similar material to China stone has been mined, and exported to England for ceramics use, in the Isle of Man and Jersey.

References

Citations

  1. ^ Needham & al. (2004), p. 225. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFNeedham_&_al.2004 (help)
  2. ’Oxygen, Hydrogen And Carbon Isotopic Study Of The Amakusa Pottery Stone Deposits In Altered Rhyolite Dikes, Kyushu, Southwest Japan’ Y. Matsuhisa And Y. Togash. Geochemical Journal, Vol. 13, Pp. 173 To 179, 1979; ’Characterization Of Clay Raw Materials In Nepal And Heir Applicability For Porcelain Raw Material. J. Bhattarai And K. Okada. Clay Science 8, 393-402 (1992); ’Quality Improvement Of Lampang Clay For Porcelain Bodies’ S. Thiansem, W. Schulle, K. Kaew-Kam-Nerd. P. Thavornyutikarn, S. Phanichphant. Scienceasia 28 (2002): 145-152; ’Clay Mineral Associations And Mineralogical Properties Of Quartz In Some Pottery Stones Of Western Kyushu, Japan’ M. Nakagawa. Applied Clay Science, 8 (1994) 331-347 Elsevier Science; ’Ammonium-Bearing Mica And Mica/Smectite Of Several Pottery Stone And Pyrophyllite Deposits In Japan: Their Mineralogical Properties And Utilization’ S. Higashi. Applied Clay Science 16 (2000) 171-184; ’Phase Composition And Morphology Of Pottery Stone Microcrystalline Powders Synthesized By Hydrothermal Method’ A. Larpkasemsuk, S. Chuayjuljit, D. Pongkao Kashima. Advanced Materials Research (Volume 664); ’Effects Of Analcime Zeolite Synthesized From Local Pottery Stone As Nucleating Agent On Crystallization Behaviors And Mechanical Properties Of Isotactic Polypropylene’ S. Chuayjuljit, A. Larpkasemsuk, P. Chaiwutthinan, D. Pongkao Kashima, A. Boonmahitthisud. Journal Of Vinyl And Additive Technology. Volume24, Issues. Special Issue: Additives And Fillers, May 2018. Pages E85-E95; ‘State Of Flux - Feldspar Developments Continue Apace.’ Asian Ceramics. September 2002, pp. 32–33, 35, 37.; ‘High Mechanical Strength Porcelain Body Prepared From Amakusa Pottery Stone Containing Soda Feldspar.’ K. Hamano, A.Hatano, S.Okada. J. Ceram. Soc. Jap. 101, No.9, 1993, pp. 1038–1043.; ‘Refinement Of The Low-Grade Pottery Stone By Hydrothermal Treatment.’ K.Kimura, H.Tateyama, K.Jinnai. Deutsche Keramische Gesellschaft. Proc. Silicer '90 Nurnberg, 26–28 September 1990, p. 103–110.
  3. Vainker, p. 124. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFVainker (help)
  4. ‘Chinese Porcelain’. N.Wood. Pottery Q. 12, (47), 101, 1977.
  5. Rawson, pp. 215–216, 361.
  6. Macintosh, p. 196. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMacintosh (help)
  7. ’Oxygen, Hydrogen And Carbon Isotopic Study Of The Amakusa Pottery Stone Deposits In Altered Rhyolite Dikes, Kyushu, Southwest Japan’ Y. Matsuhisa And Y. Togash. Geochemical Journal, Vol. 13, Pp. 173 To 179, 1979
  8. ’Clay Mineral Associations And Mineralogical Properties Of Quartz In Some Pottery Stones Of Western Kyushu, Japan’ M. Nakagawa. Applied Clay Science, 8 (1994) 331-347 Elsevier Science
  9. ’Ammonium-Bearing Mica And Mica/Smectite Of Several Pottery Stone And Pyrophyllite Deposits In Japan: Their Mineralogical Properties And Utilization’ S. Higashi. Applied Clay Science 16 (2000) 171-184
  10. ’Phase Composition And Morphology Of Pottery Stone Microcrystalline Powders Synthesized By Hydrothermal Method’ A. Larpkasemsuk, S. Chuayjuljit, D. Pongkao Kashima. Advanced Materials Research (Volume 664)
  11. ’Effects Of Analcime Zeolite Synthesized From Local Pottery Stone As Nucleating Agent On Crystallization Behaviors And Mechanical Properties Of Isotactic Polypropylene’ S. Chuayjuljit, A. Larpkasemsuk, P. Chaiwutthinan, D. Pongkao Kashima, A. Boonmahitthisud. Journal Of Vinyl And Additive Technology. Volume24, Issues. Special Issue: Additives And Fillers, May 2018. Pages E85-E95
  12. ’A Scientific Study Of Traditional Korean Celadons And Their Modern Developments’C. K. Koh Choo. Archeometry. Vol/ 37, Issue1. Feb. 1995. Pgs. 53-81
  13. ’A Quarter Century Of Scientific Study On Korean Traditional Ceramics Culture: From Mounds Of Waste Shards To Masterpieces Of Bisaek Celadon’ C. Choo. Conservation And Restoration Of Cultural Heritage. Vol.1, No.1, , Dec. 2012. Pgs. 39-48
  14. ’Quality Improvement Of Lampang Clay For Porcelain Bodies’ S. Thiansem, W. Schulle, K. Kaew-Kam-Nerd. P. Thavornyutikarn, S. Phanichphant. Scienceasia 28 (2002): 145-152
  15. 'Changes & Developments Of Non-plastic Raw Materials. A. Sugden. International Ceramics, Issue 2 2001.
  16. 'Mineral Resource Information For Development Plans - Cornwall: Resources And Constraints. British Geological Survey. 1997. Pg. 12
  17. 'Ceramic Raw Materials. W.E.Worrall. The Institute Of Ceramics / Pergamon Press, 1982
  18. ’Dictionary of Ceramics’ 3rd edition. A. Dodd, D. Murfin, The Institute of Materials, 1994
  19. ’Manx Mines Rocks And Minerals’ F. J. Radcliffe. Manx Heritage Foundation, 1994
  20. ’Leadless Decorative Tiles - Faience And Mosaic’ W. J. Furnival, 1904. Pg. 321-323
  21. ’An Encyclopaedia Of The Ceramic Industries’ A. B. Searle. Ernest Benn Limited, 1929. Pg. 223
  22. Transactions of the Ceramic Society. Ceramic Society (Great Britain). Vol. 37, 1937. Pgs. 36-37
  23. ’A Dictionary of Mining, Mineral, and Related Terms’ United States Bureau of Mines, 1968. Pg. 203

Further reading

  • Macintosh, D., Chinese Blue and White Porcelain, 3rd ed., 1994, Antique Collectors' Club, ISBN 978-1-85149-210-7
  • Rose Kerr, Joseph Needham, Nigel Wood, Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 12, Ceramic Technology, 2004, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-83833-7, google books
  • Rawson, Jessica (ed). The British Museum Book of Chinese Art, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7141-2446-9
  • Vainker, S.J., Chinese Pottery and Porcelain, 1991, British Museum Press, ISBN 978-0-7141-1470-5
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