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| {{Short description|Hindu caste classification}} | {{Short description|Hindu caste classification}} | ||
| ] or ''' |
] or '''Sacchudra''' ({{IPAc-en|s|æ|t|ʃ|uː|d|r|ə}} ]: सच्छूद्र, {{IAST3|Sacchūdra}} {{IPA-sa|ˈsʌtʃuːdrə|}}) also known as Pure Sudra, is a caste classification found in ] texts and mentioned in several ] records. | ||
| Sat-sudra is a classification used to describe ] who are originally ], ], or ] but do not follow their Vedic rites, hence becoming sudras in ritual rank. | Sat-sudra is a classification used to describe ] who are originally ], ], or ] but do not follow their Vedic rites, hence becoming sudras in ritual rank. | ||
| Sat-Sudras, placed after Brahmins,<ref>{{Cite book |last=BHAGWAN |first=SWAMINARAYAN |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVJ1DwAAQBAJ&dq=sat+shudra&pg=PA26 |title=SHIKSHAPATRI: Sanskrit - Hindi - English |date=2018-10-30 |publisher=purnavallabhswamiji@gmail.com |isbn=978-81-939354-3-9 |language=en}}</ref> were considered higher caste, different from ] or asat-Sudras.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVIzAQAAMAAJ&q=sat+shudra |title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt.2 No special title |date=2008 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7304-561-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMk9AAAAMAAJ&q=degraded+brahmins+sudra |title=Caste and Class in India |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bergunder |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&dq=sat+sudras&pg=PA96 |title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India |last2=Frese |first2=Heiko |last3=Schröder |first3=Ulrike |date=2011 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-21-4 |language=en}}</ref> | Sat-Sudras, placed after Brahmins,<ref>{{Cite book |last=BHAGWAN |first=SWAMINARAYAN |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVJ1DwAAQBAJ&dq=sat+shudra&pg=PA26 |title=SHIKSHAPATRI: Sanskrit - Hindi - English |date=2018-10-30 |publisher=purnavallabhswamiji@gmail.com |isbn=978-81-939354-3-9 |language=en}}</ref> were considered higher caste, different from ] or asat-Sudras.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AVIzAQAAMAAJ&q=sat+shudra |title=A Comprehensive History of India: pt.2 No special title |date=2008 |publisher=People's Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7304-561-5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ghurye |first=Govind Sadashiv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uMk9AAAAMAAJ&q=degraded+brahmins+sudra |title=Caste and Class in India |date=1957 |publisher=Popular Book Depot |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bergunder |first1=Michael |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OcEM2IsnA1AC&dq=sat+sudras&pg=PA96 |title=Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India |last2=Frese |first2=Heiko |last3=Schröder |first3=Ulrike |date=2011 |publisher=Primus Books |isbn=978-93-80607-21-4 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
| ==Etymology== | |||
| According to Puranic texts, the ], ], ], ], and ] are Noble Kshatriyas all described as part of the ]. They are said to have become vratya Kshatriyas or ] (foreign) caste during the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aLoxEAAAQBAJ&dq=yavana+kshatriya&pg=PT71 |title=Brahma Purana 1: English Translation only without Slokas: English Translation without Slokas |date=2021-05-15 |publisher=Kausiki Books |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sagar |first=Krishna Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0UA4rkm9MgkC&dq=saka+kshatriya&pg=PA152 |title=Foreign Influence on Ancient India |date=1992 |publisher=Northern Book Centre |isbn=978-81-7211-028-4 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumāra |first=Braja Bihārī |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-lJI9avHstYC&dq=yavana+kshatriya&pg=PA14 |title=India and Central Asia: Classical to Contemporary Periods |date=2007 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-457-8 |language=en}}</ref> During the British periods, certain Brahmin communities, such as the ], ], and ], were classified as degraded Brahmins. Despite this perception, they maintained significant wealth and status as ] in the ] era or Medieval India.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Eisenstadt |first1=Shmuel Noah |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aTzX3GJjYkYC&dq=degraded+brahmin&pg=PA16 |title=Orthodoxy, Heterodoxy, and Dissent in India |last2=Kahane |first2=Reuven |last3=Shulman |first3=David Dean |date=1984 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-009659-0 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Anurag |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zVmaEAAAQBAJ&dq=degraded+brahmin&pg=PT51 |title=BRAHMINS WHO REFUSED TO BEG: BRIEF HISTORY OF BHUMIHARS, "AYACHAK" BRAHMINS OF EAST INDIA) |date=2022-11-12 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=979-8-88833-371-6 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| According to the sacred Hindu text ] verse 13.2: "''Janmanā jāyate śūdraḥ saṁskārād dhi bhaved dvijaḥ,''" meaning everyone is born śūdra by birth, by samskara one upgrades to ] status.<ref>https://vedabase.io/en/library/sb/6/5/20/</ref> | |||
| ==Hiranyagarbha ritual== | |||
| In ], Brahmins and Kshatriyas rulers performed a ritual called ], which was used to reclaim their lost varna rites. It was a sacrifice aimed at obtaining divine sanction from the original creator – ] or ] – who were believed to be born from a Hiranyagarbha, or golden conception. This concept, though simple, was considered expensive during that period.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gail |first1=Adalbert J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QwkOdPtZmVcC&pg=PA145 |title=Script and Image: Papers on Art and Epigraphy |last2=Mevissen |first2=Gerd J. R. |last3=Salomon |first3=Richard |date=2006 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publisher |isbn=978-81-208-2944-2 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Centre |first=Sri Sathya Sai Media |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vPScEAAAQBAJ&dq=hiranyagarbha&pg=RA1-PR922 |title=Sri Sathya Sai Speaks Volume 01 to 43: Divine Discourses from 1953 to 2010 |publisher=Sri Sathya Sai Media Centre |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Samarpan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=btDLEAAAQBAJ&dq=hiranyagarbha&pg=PT128 |title=Veda Vihangam: The Essential Veda |date=2023-07-27 |publisher=Pan Macmillan |isbn=978-93-95624-65-7 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
| The term "hiranyagarbha" translates to "golden womb," symbolizing both a golden pot (kunda) offered to a Brahmana and the deity Vishnu. During the ritual, the donor conducts an archana (worship ritual) and recites a mantra praising Vishnu as Hiranyagarbha. Subsequently, the donor enters the "golden womb" while priests perform rites similar to those for a pregnant woman, including garbhadhana, pumsavana, and simantonnayana. Upon emerging from the "golden womb," the priests perform jatakarma and other rites customary for a newborn. The donor then recites a mantra proclaiming a "rebirth" from the divine womb, thus referred to as "born of the hiranyagarbha." After the ceremony, the donor gifts the "golden womb" and other offerings to the ]. | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
Revision as of 10:38, 23 August 2024
Hindu caste classificationSat-Sudra or Sacchudra (/sætʃuːdrə/ Sanskrit: सच्छूद्र, IAST: Sacchūdra [ˈsʌtʃuːdrə]) also known as Pure Sudra, is a caste classification found in ancient Hindu texts and mentioned in several British Raj records. Sat-sudra is a classification used to describe high-caste groups who are originally Brahmins, Kshatriyas, or Vaishyas but do not follow their Vedic rites, hence becoming sudras in ritual rank. Sat-Sudras, placed after Brahmins, were considered higher caste, different from Sudras or asat-Sudras.
References
- BHAGWAN, SWAMINARAYAN (2018-10-30). SHIKSHAPATRI: Sanskrit - Hindi - English. purnavallabhswamiji@gmail.com. ISBN 978-81-939354-3-9.
- A Comprehensive History of India: pt.2 No special title. People's Publishing House. 2008. ISBN 978-81-7304-561-5.
- Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1957). Caste and Class in India. Popular Book Depot.
- Bergunder, Michael; Frese, Heiko; Schröder, Ulrike (2011). Ritual, Caste, and Religion in Colonial South India. Primus Books. ISBN 978-93-80607-21-4.