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{{Short description|African-American fraternity}} {{Short description|African-American fraternity}}
{{Infobox Fraternity {{Infobox Fraternity
| name = Sigma Pi Phi | name = Sigma Pi Phi
| letters = {{lang|grc|ΣΠΦ}} | letters = {{lang|grc|ΣΠΦ}}
| crest = BouleLogo.gif | crest = BouleLogo.gif
| image_size = 160px | image_size = 160px
| founded = {{start date and age|1904}} | founded = {{start date and age|1904}}
| birthplace = ] | birthplace = ]
| affiliation = Independent | affiliation = Independent
| status = Active | status = Active
| type = Professional
| type = ]
| emphasis = ]<br />non-collegiate | emphasis = ]<br />non-collegiate
| scope = International | scope = International
| motto = <!-- Add the motto, italicized, if desired.--> | motto = <!-- Add the motto, italicized, if desired.-->
| chapters = 144 | chapters = 144
| members = 5,800 | members =
| colors = {{color box|#00629B}} ] | colors = {{color box|#00629B}} ]
| publication = ''The Boulé Journal'' | publication = ''The Boulé Journal''
| nickname = Boulé, "a council of noblemen" | nickname = Boulé, "a council of noblemen"
| free = | free =
| address = 260 Peachtree Street NW, Suite 1604 | address = 260 Peachtree Street NW, Suite 1604
| city = ] | city = ]
| state = ] | state = ]
| ZIP code = 30303 | ZIP code = 30303
| country = United States | country = United States
| homepage = {{official website|http://www.sigmapiphi.org}} | homepage = {{url||http://www.sigmapiphi.org}}
| lifetime = 5,800
}} }}
{{African American topics sidebar}} {{African American topics sidebar}}
'''Sigma Pi Phi''' ('''{{lang|grc|ΣΠΦ}}'''), also known as '''The Boulé''',<!--See the Talk page for an explanation on usage of the accent over the "E" in the name.--> founded in 1904, is the oldest ] ]. The fraternity does not have collegiate chapters and is designed for professionals at mid-career or older. Sigma Pi Phi was founded in ], ]. '''Sigma Pi Phi''' ('''{{lang|grc|ΣΠΦ}}'''), also known as '''The Boulé''',<!--See the Talk page for an explanation on usage of the accent over the "E" in the name.-->is an African American professional fraternity. Founded in in ], ]. in 1904, it is the oldest ] ]. The fraternity does not have collegiate chapters and is designed for professionals in mid-career or older. Sigma Pi Phi has over 5,000 members and 139 chapters throughout the United States, the United Kingdom, The Bahamas, Colombia and Brazil.<ref name=":1">{{cite press release|title=Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity Supports Scholarships for UAlbany Students|author=Olechowski, Carol|publisher=University at Albany, SUNY|date=April 25, 2002}}</ref>


== History ==
⚫ The fraternity quickly established chapters (referred to as "member boulés"{{efn-ua|The word ''boulé'',<!--See the Talk page for an explanation on usage of the accent over the "E" in the name.--> derived from ancient Greek ], originally referred to a council of nobles advising a king. It is also used by the African-American sorority ].}}) in ], ] and then ], ].<ref>{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.betalambdaboule.org/mserver/History_1.aspx|website=Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity — Beta Lambda|accessdate=25 October 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722101438/http://www.betalambdaboule.org/mserver/History_1.aspx|archivedate=2012-07-22}}</ref>
The founders included two doctors, a dentist and a pharmacist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usip.edu/alumnifriends/profiles/ |title=University of the Sciences: A Science and Healthcare College &#124; Philadelphia, PA &#124; University of the Sciences |publisher=Usip.edu |date=2018-06-12 |accessdate=2018-06-20}}</ref> When Sigma Pi Phi was founded, black professionals were not offered participation in the professional and cultural associations organized by the white community.<ref name="unityfirst1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.unityfirst.com/pressreleaseboule.htm|title=UnityFirst.com|date=May 29, 2004|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040529202002/http://www.unityfirst.com/pressreleaseboule.htm|accessdate=Jan 12, 2021|archive-date=2004-05-29}}</ref> Sigma Pi Phi has over 5,000 members and 139 chapters throughout the United States, the United Kingdom, The Bahamas, Colombia and Brazil.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity Supports Scholarships for UAlbany Students|author=Olechowski, Carol|publisher=University at Albany, SUNY|date=April 25, 2002}}</ref> Sigma Pi Phi was founded in ], ] in 1904. The fraternity does not have collegiate chapters and is designed to be a professional fraternity for African American men at mid-career or older. When Sigma Pi Phi was founded, black professionals were not offered participation in the professional and cultural associations organized by the white community.<ref name="unityfirst1">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2004 |title=UnityFirst.com |url=http://www.unityfirst.com/pressreleaseboule.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040529202002/http://www.unityfirst.com/pressreleaseboule.htm |archive-date=2004-05-29 |accessdate=Jan 12, 2021}}</ref>


Its founders were:.<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-06-12 |title=University of the Sciences: A Science and Healthcare College &#124; Philadelphia, PA &#124; University of the Sciences |url=http://www.usip.edu/alumnifriends/profiles/ |accessdate=2018-06-20 |publisher=Usip.edu}}</ref>
==Founders==
⚫ * ] (1875–1929), graduated at the top of his 1895 class at ] Medical School (and was its first Black graduate) who earned the highest score ever awarded at that point on the state’s medical certification test, the Pennsylvania State Qualifying Examination for Physicians, in 1897 (where he scored 97.3% out of 100%).<ref>https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/robert-jones-abele-1875-1929/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=William H. |title=African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8131-3662-2 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Tamara L. |edition=2nd |location=104 |pages=104 |language=en |editor-last2=Parks |editor-first2=Gregory S. |editor-last3=Phillips |editor-first3=Clarenda M.}}</ref>
* ], PhG (December 25, 1870 - December 29, 1946) -
⚫ * ] - a medical doctor and cofounder of Mercy Hospital in Philadelphia, which opened in 1907.<ref name=":0" />
Pharmacist and doctor who was Superintendent of the Mercy Hospital of Philadelphia for 24 years <ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Harris |first=William H. |title=African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-8131-3662-2 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Tamara L. |edition=2nd |location=104 |pages=104 |language=en |editor-last2=Parks |editor-first2=Gregory S. |editor-last3=Phillips |editor-first3=Clarenda M.}}</ref>

* Eugene T. Hinson, MD -
⚫ * ] (October 21, 1846 – May 10, 1912) member of the Harvard Medical School Class of 1869 who practiced medicine in Charleston South Carolina and then Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he founded ] in 1895 and Mercy Hospital in 1907<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://perspectivesofchange.hms.harvard.edu/node/40 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
⚫ Cofounder of Black founded and operated Mercy Hospital in Philadelphia, which opened in 1907.<ref name=":0" />
⚫ * ] (1878–1942), prominent African American physician, surgeon, writer, and columnist who contributed profoundly to the ''National Negro Health Movement'', an organization that sought to uplift African Americans by educating them on preventative medicine and public health.<ref name=":0" />
* Robert J. Abele, MD (1875–1929)
* ], pharmacist and doctor who was superintendent of the Mercy Hospital of Philadelphia<ref name=":0" />
⚫ Robert J. Abele graduated at the top of his 1895 class at ] Medical School (and was its first Black graduate) who earned the highest score ever awarded at that point on the state’s medical certification test, the Pennsylvania State Qualifying Examination for Physicians, in 1897 (where he scored 97.3% out of 100%).<ref>https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/robert-jones-abele-1875-1929/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

* ], MD (1878–1942)
⚫ * Richard J. Warrick Jr. (1880–1957) Penn Dental School (Class of 1899), where he was the second Black person to graduate<ref>https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/richard-john-warrick-jr-1880-1957/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sigmapiphi.org/home/history-of-the-boule.php|title=Sigma Pi Phi &#124; History of the Boulé|website=www.sigmapiphi.org|accessdate=Jan 12, 2021}}</ref>
⚫ A prominent African American physician, surgeon, writer, and columnist who contributed profoundly to the ''National Negro Health Movement'', an organization which sought to uplift African Americans by educating them on preventative medicine and public health.<ref name=":0" />
⚫ Sigma Pi Phi quickly established chapters (referred to as "member boulés"{{efn-ua|The word ''boulé'',<!--See the Talk page for an explanation on the usage of the accent over the "E" in the name.--> derived from ancient Greek ], originally referred to a council of nobles advising a king. It is also used by the African-American sorority ].}}) in ], ] and then ], ].<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.betalambdaboule.org/mserver/History_1.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722101438/http://www.betalambdaboule.org/mserver/History_1.aspx |archivedate=2012-07-22 |accessdate=25 October 2015 |website=Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity — Beta Lambda}}</ref>
* Edwin C.J.T. Howard, MD (Oct 21, 1846 - May 10, 1912)

⚫ Harvard Medical School Class of 1869 who practiced medicine in Charleston South Carolina and then Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he founded Frederick Douglass Hospital in 1895 and Mercy Hospital in 1907<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://perspectivesofchange.hms.harvard.edu/node/40 {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
Founded as an organization for professionals, Sigma Pi Phi never established collegiate chapters and eliminated undergraduate membership during its infant stages.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Mar 6, 2001 |title=Historical Moment#30 |url=http://skipmason.com/hm/hm30.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306090057/http://skipmason.com/hm/hm30.htm |archive-date=2001-03-06 |accessdate=Jan 12, 2021}}</ref> However, Sigma Pi Phi has historically had a congenial relationship with ], as many members of Sigma Pi Phi are members of both.
* Richard J. Warrick Jr., DDS (1880–1957)

⚫ Penn Dental School (Class of 1899), where he was 2nd Black person to graduate and oldest historically black university, Cheney University<ref>https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/richard-john-warrick-jr-1880-1957/ {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sigmapiphi.org/home/history-of-the-boule.php|title=Sigma Pi Phi &#124; History of the Boulé|website=www.sigmapiphi.org|accessdate=Jan 12, 2021}}</ref>
Sigma Pi Phi has over 5,000 members and 139 chapters throughout the United States, the United Kingdom, The Bahamas, Colombia and Brazil.<ref name=":1" />

== Symbols and traditions ==
The organization is known as "the Boulé," which means, in Ancient Greek "the Council".<ref>{{Cite web |date=Sep 28, 2007 |title=Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity Beta Lambda Boule |url=http://www.betalambdaboule.org/mserver/History_1.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928070358/http://www.betalambdaboule.org/mserver/History_1.aspx |archive-date=2007-09-28 |accessdate=Jan 12, 2021}}</ref>


== Membership == == Membership ==
Membership in Sigma Pi Phi is highly exclusive, numbering only about 5,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skipmason.com/hm/hm19.htm |title=Historical Moment#19 |accessdate=2008-01-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128073031/http://skipmason.com/hm/hm19.htm |archivedate=2007-11-28 }}</ref> Sigma Pi Phi is open to members of all races.
Membership in Sigma Pi Phi is highly exclusive, numbering only about 5,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skipmason.com/hm/hm19.htm |title=Historical Moment#19 |accessdate=2008-01-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128073031/http://skipmason.com/hm/hm19.htm |archivedate=2007-11-28 }}</ref> The organization is known as "the Boulé," which means, in Ancient Greek "the Council".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.betalambdaboule.org/mserver/History_1.aspx|title=Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity Beta Lambda Boule|date=Sep 28, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928070358/http://www.betalambdaboule.org/mserver/History_1.aspx|accessdate=Jan 12, 2021|archive-date=2007-09-28}}</ref> Founded as an organization for professionals, Sigma Pi Phi never established collegiate chapters, and eliminated undergraduate membership during its infant stages.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://skipmason.com/hm/hm30.htm|title=Historical Moment#30|date=Mar 6, 2001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010306090057/http://skipmason.com/hm/hm30.htm|accessdate=Jan 12, 2021|archive-date=2001-03-06}}</ref> However, Sigma Pi Phi has historically had a congenial relationship with ], as many members of Sigma Pi Phi are members of both. Sigma Pi Phi founder ] and ] were both members of ], while ] was a member of ]. ] and L. ] are members of ]. James Weldon Johnson was a member of ], as was civil rights leader and member of Congress ] (D-GA). University of Massachusetts-Boston Chancellor, Dr. J. Keith Motley, and Hibernia Southcoast Capital CEO (Retired), Joseph Williams are members of ]. Members of Sigma Pi Phi have provided leadership and service during the ], ], ], the ], and addressed social issues such as urban housing, and other economic, cultural, and political issues affecting ].


==Notable members== ==Notable members==
Members of Sigma Pi Phi include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacp.org/about/history/timeline/ |title=NAACP - Timeline |accessdate=2016-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617133445/http://www.naacp.org/about/history/timeline/ |archivedate=2010-06-17 }}</ref>
Members of Sigma Pi Phi include:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacp.org/about/history/timeline/ |title=NAACP - Timeline |accessdate=2016-01-26 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617133445/http://www.naacp.org/about/history/timeline/ |archivedate=2010-06-17 }}</ref> ], civil rights leader and one of the founders of the NAACP; Rev. ], civil rights leader; Robert J. Abele, Sigma Pi Phi founder and brother of ], who served as the lead architect of Duke University; former NAACP President ]; ], a ] Ambassador and first African-American winner of the ]; ], civil rights leader and a ]; ], a mayor of Atlanta; ], a ]; ], a ]; ]; ]; ]; ], a ];<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sigmapiphi.org/home/boul-delegation-returns-to-capitol-hill-for-third-trip-and-meets-with-lawmakers-and-with-two-members-of-obamas-cabinet.php|title=Boulé Delegation Returns to Capitol Hill for Third Trip and Meets With Lawmakers and With Two Members of Obama's Cabinet - Sigma Pi Phi|last=fullahead.org|website=www.sigmapiphi.org}}</ref> ]; ]; ]; ];<ref>{{cite journal|author=Watt, Mel|authorlink=Mel Watt|url=http://www.washingtonwatchdog.org/war_and_peace/documents/cr/06/fe/28/cr28fe06-167.html|title=Honoring Black History Month|publisher=]|date=February 28, 2006|accessdate=2006-10-08}}</ref> ], the first African-American to win an Olympic Gold Medal; and ], first African-American County Executive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-02-24/entertainment/28623660_1_black-history-month-american-triumph-typhoid-fever|title=Archives - Philly.com|website=articles.philly.com}}</ref> Numerous other American leaders are among the men who have adopted the fraternity’s purpose of "creating a forum wherein they could pursue social and intellectual activities in the company of peers."<ref name="unityfirst1"/>

⚫ Sigma Pi Phi is open to members of all races, as can be demonstrated by its well-known Jewish member ], who succeeded ] as the leader of the ]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_11_59/ai_n6158341|title=1904–2004: the Boule at 100: Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity holds centennial celebration|work=Ebony|date=September 2004|accessdate=September 11, 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041123041041/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_11_59/ai_n6158341|archive-date=November 23, 2004}}</ref>
* ], Sigma Pi Phi founder and brother of ]
* ], professional ] player who won three ] titles
* ], first African-American County Executive<ref>{{cite web |title=Archives - Philly.com |url=http://articles.philly.com/2011-02-24/entertainment/28623660_1_black-history-month-american-triumph-typhoid-fever |website=articles.philly.com}}</ref>
* ], ], ], and ]
* ], ] and Chair of the ]
* ], a ] Ambassador and first African-American winner of the ]
* ], a ]
* ], civil rights leader and one of the founders of the ]
⚫ * ], succeeded ] as the leader of the ]<ref>{{cite news |date=September 2004 |title=1904–2004: the Boule at 100: Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity holds centennial celebration |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_11_59/ai_n6158341 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041123041041/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_11_59/ai_n6158341 |archive-date=November 23, 2004 |accessdate=September 11, 2006 |work=Ebony}}</ref>
* ], a ]<ref>{{cite web |last=fullahead.org |title=Boulé Delegation Returns to Capitol Hill for Third Trip and Meets With Lawmakers and With Two Members of Obama's Cabinet - Sigma Pi Phi |url=https://www.sigmapiphi.org/home/boul-delegation-returns-to-capitol-hill-for-third-trip-and-meets-with-lawmakers-and-with-two-members-of-obamas-cabinet.php |website=www.sigmapiphi.org}}</ref>
* ], ]
* ], lawyer and civil rights activist
* ], civil rights leader
* ], former NAACP President
* ], ] and ]
* ], ]
* ], the first African-American to win an Olympic Gold Medal
* ], ] and director of the ], and ]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Watt, Mel |date=February 28, 2006 |title=Honoring Black History Month |url=http://www.washingtonwatchdog.org/war_and_peace/documents/cr/06/fe/28/cr28fe06-167.html |publisher=] |authorlink=Mel Watt |accessdate=2006-10-08}}</ref>
* ], a ]
* ], civil rights leader and a ]


==In media== ==In media==

Revision as of 05:30, 25 August 2024

African-American fraternity
Sigma Pi Phi
ΣΠΦ
Founded1904; 120 years ago (1904)
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
TypeProfessional
AffiliationIndependent
StatusActive
EmphasisAfrican American
non-collegiate
ScopeInternational
Colors  Pantone 3015 (Blue)
PublicationThe Boulé Journal
Chapters144
Members5,800 lifetime
NicknameBoulé, "a council of noblemen"
Headquarters260 Peachtree Street NW, Suite 1604
Atlanta, Georgia 30303
United States
Websitehttp://www.sigmapiphi.org
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Sigma Pi Phi (ΣΠΦ), also known as The Boulé,is an African American professional fraternity. Founded in in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. in 1904, it is the oldest fraternity for African Americans. The fraternity does not have collegiate chapters and is designed for professionals in mid-career or older. Sigma Pi Phi has over 5,000 members and 139 chapters throughout the United States, the United Kingdom, The Bahamas, Colombia and Brazil.

History

Sigma Pi Phi was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1904. The fraternity does not have collegiate chapters and is designed to be a professional fraternity for African American men at mid-career or older. When Sigma Pi Phi was founded, black professionals were not offered participation in the professional and cultural associations organized by the white community.

Its founders were:.

  • Robert J. Abele (1875–1929), graduated at the top of his 1895 class at Hahnemann University Medical School (and was its first Black graduate) who earned the highest score ever awarded at that point on the state’s medical certification test, the Pennsylvania State Qualifying Examination for Physicians, in 1897 (where he scored 97.3% out of 100%).
  • Eugene T. Hinson - a medical doctor and cofounder of Mercy Hospital in Philadelphia, which opened in 1907.
  • Edwin C .J. T. Howard (October 21, 1846 – May 10, 1912) member of the Harvard Medical School Class of 1869 who practiced medicine in Charleston South Carolina and then Philadelphia, Pennsylvania where he founded Frederick Douglass Hospital in 1895 and Mercy Hospital in 1907
  • Algernon B. Jackson (1878–1942), prominent African American physician, surgeon, writer, and columnist who contributed profoundly to the National Negro Health Movement, an organization that sought to uplift African Americans by educating them on preventative medicine and public health.
  • Henry McKee Minton, pharmacist and doctor who was superintendent of the Mercy Hospital of Philadelphia
  • Richard J. Warrick Jr. (1880–1957) Penn Dental School (Class of 1899), where he was the second Black person to graduate

Sigma Pi Phi quickly established chapters (referred to as "member boulés") in Chicago, Illinois and then Baltimore, Maryland.

Founded as an organization for professionals, Sigma Pi Phi never established collegiate chapters and eliminated undergraduate membership during its infant stages. However, Sigma Pi Phi has historically had a congenial relationship with intercollegiate Black Greek-letter organizations, as many members of Sigma Pi Phi are members of both.

Sigma Pi Phi has over 5,000 members and 139 chapters throughout the United States, the United Kingdom, The Bahamas, Colombia and Brazil.

Symbols and traditions

The organization is known as "the Boulé," which means, in Ancient Greek "the Council".

Membership

Membership in Sigma Pi Phi is highly exclusive, numbering only about 5,000. Sigma Pi Phi is open to members of all races.

Notable members

Members of Sigma Pi Phi include:

In media

Lawrence Otis Graham reports on the organization and his membership in it in the 1999 book Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class.

See also

Notes

  1. The word boulé, derived from ancient Greek βουλή, originally referred to a council of nobles advising a king. It is also used by the African-American sorority Alpha Kappa Alpha.

References

  1. ^ Olechowski, Carol (April 25, 2002). "Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity Supports Scholarships for UAlbany Students" (Press release). University at Albany, SUNY.
  2. "UnityFirst.com". May 29, 2004. Archived from the original on 2004-05-29. Retrieved Jan 12, 2021.
  3. "University of the Sciences: A Science and Healthcare College | Philadelphia, PA | University of the Sciences". Usip.edu. 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2018-06-20.
  4. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/robert-jones-abele-1875-1929/
  5. ^ Harris, William H. (2012). Brown, Tamara L.; Parks, Gregory S.; Phillips, Clarenda M. (eds.). African American Fraternities and Sororities: The Legacy and the Vision (2nd ed.). 104: University Press of Kentucky. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-8131-3662-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  6. https://perspectivesofchange.hms.harvard.edu/node/40
  7. https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/people-african-american-history/richard-john-warrick-jr-1880-1957/
  8. "Sigma Pi Phi | History of the Boulé". www.sigmapiphi.org. Retrieved Jan 12, 2021.
  9. "History". Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity — Beta Lambda. Archived from the original on 2012-07-22. Retrieved 25 October 2015.
  10. "Historical Moment#30". Mar 6, 2001. Archived from the original on 2001-03-06. Retrieved Jan 12, 2021.
  11. "Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity Beta Lambda Boule". Sep 28, 2007. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved Jan 12, 2021.
  12. "Historical Moment#19". Archived from the original on 2007-11-28. Retrieved 2008-01-02.
  13. "NAACP - Timeline". Archived from the original on 2010-06-17. Retrieved 2016-01-26.
  14. "Archives - Philly.com". articles.philly.com.
  15. "1904–2004: the Boule at 100: Sigma Pi Phi Fraternity holds centennial celebration". Ebony. September 2004. Archived from the original on November 23, 2004. Retrieved September 11, 2006.
  16. fullahead.org. "Boulé Delegation Returns to Capitol Hill for Third Trip and Meets With Lawmakers and With Two Members of Obama's Cabinet - Sigma Pi Phi". www.sigmapiphi.org.
  17. Watt, Mel (February 28, 2006). "Honoring Black History Month". Congressional Record. Retrieved 2006-10-08. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. Lawrence Otis Graham (January 6, 1999). Our Kind of People: Inside America's Black Upper Class (First ed.). Harper. ISBN 0060183527.

External links

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