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| {{Short description|De facto region in Aleppo}} | |||
| {{About|one of seven regions of the self-declared ]|the Region's defunct subdivision|Afrin Canton|the previous Syrian district|Afrin District}} | |||
| {{Multiple issues| | |||
| {{unreliable sources|date=December 2020}} | |||
| {{Update|date=July 2019}}}} | |||
| {{Infobox settlement | |||
| | name = Afrin Region | |||
| | native_name = Herêma Efrînê<br/>إقليم عفرين<br/>ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܥܦܪܝܢ| | |||
| | native_name_lang = ku | |||
| | settlement_type = ''De facto'' region | |||
| | image_skyline = | |||
| | image_alt = | |||
| | image_caption = | |||
| | image_flag = Flag of the Afrin Canton.svg | |||
| | flag_alt = | |||
| | image_seal = Coat of Arms of the Afrin Canton.svg | |||
| | seal_alt = | |||
| | image_shield = | |||
| | shield_alt = | |||
| | nickname = | |||
| | motto = | |||
| | image_map = Regions of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria.png | |||
| | map_alt = | |||
| | map_caption = The ] of the ], the Afrin region in orange | |||
| | pushpin_map = | |||
| | pushpin_label = | |||
| | pushpin_label_position = | |||
| | pushpin_map_alt = | |||
| | pushpin_map_caption = | |||
| | coordinates = <!--| parts_type = Occupation | |||
| | parts_style = para | |||
| | parts = | |||
| | p1 ={{flagicon image|Flag of Syria 2011, observed.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkey.svg}} ] --> | |||
| | coor_pinpoint = Afrin | |||
| | coordinates_footnotes = | |||
| | subdivision_type = Country | |||
| | subdivision_name = {{flag|Syria}} | |||
| | subdivision_type1 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_name1 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_type2 = De facto Administration | |||
| | subdivision_name2 = ] | |||
| | subdivision_type3 = | |||
| | subdivision_name3 = | |||
| | established_title = Autonomy declared | |||
| | established_date = {{start date|2014|01|29}} | |||
| | founder = | |||
| | seat_type = Administrative center | |||
| | seat = * ] (until 2018){{sfn|Abboud|2018|loc=Table 4.1 Cantons of the Rojava Administration}}<ref>{{cite web| url = https://syriadirect.org/news/turkish-backed-rebels-poised-to-encircle-afrin-city-after-days-of-swift-advances/ | title = Turkish-backed rebels poised to encircle Afrin city after days of swift advances | date = 12 March 2018 | author1 = Walid Al Nofal | author2 = Tariq Adely | website = Syria Direct | access-date = 16 December 2020 }}</ref> | |||
| * Seat-in-exile in ] since 2018<ref>{{cite web| url = https://anfenglish.com/news/afrin-canton-executive-council-we-promise-to-return-home-28681 | title = Afrin Canton Executive Council: We promise to return home | date = 2 August 2018 | website = ANF | access-date = 16 December 2020 }}</ref> | |||
| | government_footnotes = | |||
| | leader_party = | |||
| | leader_title = Prime Minister | |||
| | leader_name = ] | |||
| | unit_pref = Metric | |||
| <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | |||
| <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = | |||
| | area_urban_footnotes = <!-- <ref name="auto"> </ref> --> | |||
| | area_rural_footnotes = <!-- <ref name="auto"/> --> | |||
| | area_metro_footnotes = <!-- <ref name="auto"/> --> | |||
| | area_magnitude = <!-- <ref name="auto"/> --> | |||
| | area_note = | |||
| | area_water_percent = | |||
| | area_rank = | |||
| | area_blank1_title = | |||
| | area_blank2_title = <!-- square kilometers --> | |||
| | area_total_km2 = | |||
| | area_land_km2 = | |||
| | area_water_km2 = | |||
| | area_urban_km2 = | |||
| | area_rural_km2 = | |||
| | area_metro_km2 = | |||
| | area_blank1_km2 = | |||
| | area_blank2_km2 = <!-- hectares --> | |||
| | area_total_ha = | |||
| | area_land_ha = | |||
| | area_water_ha = | |||
| | area_urban_ha = | |||
| | area_rural_ha = | |||
| | area_metro_ha = | |||
| | area_blank1_ha = | |||
| | area_blank2_ha = | |||
| | length_km = | |||
| | width_km = | |||
| | dimensions_footnotes = | |||
| | elevation_footnotes = | |||
| | elevation_m = | |||
| | population_footnotes = | |||
| | population_est = 323,000<ref name=rudaw2018>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/270120184|title=UN 'alarmed' over children casualties in Afrin}}</ref> | |||
| | pop_est_as_of = 2018 | |||
| | population_density_km2 = auto | |||
| | population_demonym = | |||
| | population_note = | |||
| | timezone = ] | |||
| | utc_offset = +2 | |||
| | timezone_DST = ] | |||
| | utc_offset_DST = +3 | |||
| | postal_code_type = | |||
| | postal_code = | |||
| | area_code_type = Area code | |||
| | area_code = +963 21 | |||
| | iso_code = | |||
| | website = | |||
| | footnotes = | |||
| | official_name = | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Afrin Region''' ({{lang-ku|Herêma Efrînê}}, {{lang-ar|إقليم عفرين}}, {{lang-syc|ܦܢܝܬܐ ܕܥܦܪܝܢ|translit=Ponyotho d'Afrin}}) is the westernmost of the ] of the ]. | |||
| The region previously had two subordinate cantons, the ], consisting of the ] area (with the Şêrewa, Mobata, Şêra and Maydankah districts subordinate to it), the ] area (with the Şiyê district subordinate to it), ] area (with the ], Maydana and Bahdina districts subordinate to it), as well as the ] consisting of the ] area (with the Ahraz, ] and ] districts subordinate to it).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.hawarnews.com/the-administrative-division-of-efrin-region/ |title=The administrative division of Efrîn region | ANHA |access-date=2017-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170920190747/http://en.hawarnews.com/the-administrative-division-of-efrin-region/ |archive-date=2017-09-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The status of ] was unclear; while some reports described it as part of the Shabha Canton and Afrin Region, communal and regional elections weren't held there, and official documents that clarified the new regional framework didn't refer to Manbij.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rojava authorities |title=Announce elections |url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/29072017 |website=Rudaw}}</ref><ref name="Salim Muslim interview">{{cite web|last1=Muslim|first1=Salim|title=Only way to keep Syria united by the adoption of a decentralised, democratic and secular system|url=https://www.vrede.be/nieuws/de-enige-manier-om-syrie-bij-elkaar-te-houden-de-invoering-van-een-gedecentraliseerd|website=vrede.be|publisher=Vrede vzw|access-date=5 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Iddon|first1=Paul|title=The power plays behind Russia's deconfliction in Afrin|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/analysis/10092017|access-date=5 January 2018|work=Rudaw|agency=Rudaw|date=10 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Rudaw2017-07-28">{{cite news|title=Kurdish force may leave Raqqa campaign if Turkey continues attacks|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/syria/28022017|access-date=5 January 2018|work=Rudaw|agency=Rudaw|date=28 July 2017|ref=Rudaw2017-07-28}}</ref> | |||
| Afrin Region was first declared autonomous under the name of Afrin Canton in January 2014.<ref name=mednuce>{{cite web|url=http://mednuce.com/en//haber/2344/democratic-autonomy-has-declared-in-afrin-canton-in-rojava.html|title=Democratic autonomy has declared in Afrin canton in Rojava|publisher=Mednuce|access-date=23 October 2014|date=29 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706022020/http://mednuce.com/en//haber/2344/democratic-autonomy-has-declared-in-afrin-canton-in-rojava.html|archive-date=6 July 2018|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=firat>{{cite web|url=http://supportkurds.org/news/monday-27-january-2013/|title=After Cizîre, Kobanê Canton has been declared|date=28 January 2014 |publisher=Firat News|access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> The subdivision of the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria was renamed to Afrin Region during subdivision-congresses held in July and August 2017, while the name 'Afrin Canton' was then given to one of its two subdivisions as the canton or province became the name for second-level subdivisions in the Federation. Most of the Region's territory (including Afrin Canton) is under the ] since early 2018. The last elected prime minister of Afrin Region was ]. The administrative centre of the region was the city of Afrin (now Tell Rifaat).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://civiroglu.net/the-constitution-of-the-rojava-cantons/|title=The Constitution of the Rojava Cantons; Personal Website of Mutlu Civiroglu|date=28 April 2014 |publisher=civiroglu.net|access-date=23 October 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ==Demographics== | |||
| ] | |||
| The western, mountainous part of Afrin Region area is overwhelmingly ethnic ], to the degree that this area has been described as "homogeneously Kurdish".<ref>{{cite web|title=Rojava's Sustainability and the PKK's Regional Strategy|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/rojavas-sustainability-and-the-pkks-regional-strategy|work=Washington Institute|date=2 August 2016|access-date=2016-10-18}}</ref> The central and eastern parts of Afrin region have a mixed ethnicity are ethnically highly diverse<ref>{{cite web|title=Syria: Ethnic Composition|url=http://gulf2000.columbia.edu/images/maps/Syria_Ethnic_Detailed_lg.png|work=]|publisher=]|date=1997–2016|access-date=2016-10-18}}</ref> population of area consists of ] and ] found throughout the area, as well as a considerable ] and ] population in the city of ] and a considerable ] and Arabized Turkmen population toward the north of this area. A smaller minority are ]. Toponymy and maps published by the French colonial authorities indicate that a significant percentage of inhabitants of this area who are officially classified as Arabs actually have Kurdish origins.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/rojavas-sustainability-and-the-pkks-regional-strategy|title=Rojava's Sustainability and the YPG's Regional Strategy|last=Balanche|first=Fabrice|date=2016-08-24|publisher=The Washington Institute for Near East Policy|access-date=2017-01-22|author-link=Fabrice Balanche}}</ref> | |||
| Manbij and Tell Rifaat are the largest cities administered by '']'' autonomous civil administrations operating under the umbrella of the ]. According to the 2004 Syrian census ] had 99,497<ref name="CBS_Manbij"> {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120729212839/http://www.cbssyr.org/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-28-2004.htm |date=2012-07-29 }}. ] (CBS). Aleppo Governorate.{{in lang|ar}}</ref> inhabitants, and ] had 20,514.<ref name="CBS_Tel_Rifaat"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208135223/http://www.cbssyr.sy/new%20web%20site/General_census/census_2004/NH/TAB02-24-2004.htm |date=2015-12-08 }}. ] (CBS). Aleppo Governorate.{{in lang|ar}}</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ==History== | |||
| {{see also|Rojava conflict}} | |||
| The Afrin region area has seen human settlement since the early neolithic.<ref>{{citation |last1=Besançon |first1=J. |last2=Sanlaville |first2=P. |year=1981 |title=Aperçu géomorpholoqique sur la vallée de l' Euphrate syrien |journal=Paléorient |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=5–18 (14) |url=http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/paleo_0153-9345_1981_num_7_2_4295?_Prescripts_Search_isPortletOuvrage=false# |doi=10.3406/paleo.1981.4295 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Muhesen |first1=Sultan |editor1-first=Takeru |editor1-last=Akazawa |editor2-first=Kenichi |editor2-last=Aoki |editor3-first=Ofer |editor3-last=Bar-Yosef |editor3-link=Ofer Bar-Yosef |title=Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia |year=2002 |publisher=Kluwer |location=New York |isbn=0-306-47153-1 |doi=10.1007/0-306-47153-1_7 |pages=95–105 (102)|chapter=The Earliest Paleolithic Occupation in Syria }}</ref> | |||
| According to ], the region of Kurd-Dagh and the plain near ] were settled by Kurds since antiquity.<ref name=dussaud>{{cite book|last1=Dussaud|first1=René|title= Topographie historique de la Syrie antique et médiévale|year=1927|publisher=Geuthner|pages=425}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan|last=Chaliand|first=Gérard|publisher=Zed Books|year=1993|isbn=9781856491945|pages=196}}</ref> Stefan Sperl says that there is a reason to believe that Kurdish settlements in the ] go back to the ] era, since those regions stood in the path to ]; Kurds in the early periods served as mercenaries and mounted archers.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Kreyenbroek|first1=P.G.|last2=Sperl|first2=S.|title= The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview|year=1992|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JZ6JAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415072654|pages=116}}</ref> In any case, the Kurd Mountains were already Kurdish-inhabited when the ] broke out at the end of the 11th century.<ref name=sperl>{{cite book|last1=Kreyenbroek|first1=P.G.|last2=Sperl|first2=S.|title=The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview|year=1992|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415072654|pages=|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/kurds00pkre/page/114}}</ref> | |||
| In Classical Antiquity, the region was part of Chalybonitis (with its center at Chalybon or Aleppo), Chalcidice (with its center at ] العيس), and ] (with its center at ] النبي حوري). This area was one of the most fertile and populated of the region. Under the Romans the region was made in 193 CE part of the province of ] or Magna Syria, which was ruled from ]. The province of Euphratensis was established in the 4th century CE in the east, its center was Hierapolis Bambyce (]) which is still the main city of the region. | |||
| ] | |||
| Under the ] and ] Muslim dynasties, the region was part of the Jund Qinnasrīn. In the ] period the region was under the independent rule of the ]s. The ]s and later the ]s governed the area until 1918. During the ] (1299–1922), the region was part of the ]. The largest of the ] tribal groups in northern Syria was the Reshwan confederation, which was initially based in ] but eventually also settled throughout Anatolia. The Milli confederation, mentioned in 1518 onward, was the most powerful group and dominated the entire northern ] in the second half of the 18th century. The Kurdish dynasty of ] ruled the region of ] as Ottoman governors in 1591–1607.<ref>{{cite book|last=Salibi|first= Kamal S.|title=A House of Many Mansions: The History of Lebanon Reconsidered|year=1990|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520071964|page=154}}</ref> At the beginning of the 17th century, districts of ] and Seruj on the left bank of the ] had been settled by Kurds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Syria's Kurds: History, Politics and Society|last=Tejel|first=Jordi|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|isbn=9781134096435|pages=10}}</ref> | |||
| During the ] the region was part of the brief ]. In modern post-independence Syria, the Kurdish society of the region was subject to heavy-handed ] policies by the Damascus government.<ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web|title=SYRIA: The Silenced Kurds; Vol. 8, No. 4(E)|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Syria.htm|website=Human Rights Watch|date=1996}}</ref> | |||
| In the course of the ], Damascus government forces pulled back from the region in spring 2012 to give way to autonomous self-administration within the ] framework, which was formally declared on 29 January 2014, and the territory of Afrin Region virtually never saw civil war combat.<ref name=schmiedinger>{{cite web|url=https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/community/2016/02/24/afrin-and-the-race-for-the-azaz-corridor|title=Afrin and the Race for the Azaz Corridor|author=Thomas Schmidinger|publisher=Newsdeeply|date=24 February 2016|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref> It was however at various times the target of artillery shelling by ] rebel groups<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2015/08/nusra-militants-shell-kurdish-areas-in-syrias-afrin-kurds-respond/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150830041702/http://aranews.net/2015/08/nusra-militants-shell-kurdish-areas-in-syrias-afrin-kurds-respond/|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 30, 2015|title=Nusra militants shell Kurdish areas in Syria's Afrin, Kurds respond|publisher=ARA News|date=30 August 2015|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref> as well as by ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.syriahr.com/en/?p=50392|title=Turkish forces shell Afrin countryside, killing and injuring about 16 most of them from the self-defense forces and Asayish|publisher=SOHR|date=9 July 2016|access-date=2016-10-23}}</ref><ref name=schmiedinger /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2016/02/turkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported/|title=Turkey strikes Kurdish city of Afrin northern Syria, civilian casualties reported|publisher=ARA News|date=19 February 2016|access-date=2016-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103054447/http://aranews.net/2016/02/turkey-bombs-kurdish-city-of-afrin-northern-syria-civilian-casualties-reported/|archive-date=2016-11-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> In response, Russian military troops reportedly stationed themselves in Afrin as part of an agreement to protect the YPG from further Turkish attacks.<ref>{{cite news|title=US and Russian military units patrol Kurdish-controlled areas in northern Syria|url=https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pictures-us-russian-military-units-patrol-kurdish-controlled-areas-northern-syria/|agency=Al-Masdar|date=May 1, 2017|access-date=May 1, 2017|archive-date=October 13, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013233406/https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/pictures-us-russian-military-units-patrol-kurdish-controlled-areas-northern-syria/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| In early 2018 Afrin and surrounding areas were occupied by Turkish backed forces.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Military occupation of Syria by Turkey {{!}} Rulac|url=https://www.rulac.org/browse/conflicts/military-occupation-of-syria|access-date=2020-12-20|website=www.rulac.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Human rights situations that require the Council's attention|url=https://undocs.org/pdf?symbol=en/A/HRC/40/NGO/121|access-date=19 December 2020|website=United Nations}}</ref> Since, the forces supported by Turkey have been accused of human rights violations by the ], ].<ref>{{Cite web|title=OHCHR {{!}} Syria: Violations and abuses rife in areas under Turkish-affiliated armed groups – Bachelet|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=26258|access-date=2020-12-20|website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> | |||
| {{see|Operation Olive Branch|Turkish occupation of northern Syria}} | |||
| ==Politics and administration== | |||
| {{See also|Constitution of Rojava|List of political parties in Rojava}} | |||
| According to the ], Afrin Region's Legislative Assembly on its 29 January 2014 session declared autonomy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Syrian Kurds celebrate Auto Administration| website=] |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TLjfhCqR6f4|access-date=13 June 2015}}</ref> The assembly elected ] prime minister, who appointed Remzi Şêxmus and Ebdil Hemid Mistefa her deputies. | |||
| The remaining Executive Council was appointed as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ozgur-gundem.com/?haberID=96419&action=haber_detay&module=nuce|title=ÇİFTE DEVRİM - Gerçekler karanlıkta kalmayacak - Özgür Gündem|date=30 January 2014}}</ref> | |||
| {| class="wikitable sortable" | |||
| ! Name | |||
| ! colspan=2| Party | |||
| ! Office | |||
| ! Elected | |||
| ! Notes | |||
| |- | |||
| | ] | |||
| | style="background-color: #FEE801"| | |||
| | ] | |||
| | Prime Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Remzi Şêxmus | |||
| | style="background-color: #FEE801"| | |||
| | ] | |||
| | Deputy Prime Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Ebdil Hemid Mistefa | |||
| | style="background-color: #FEE801"| | |||
| | ] | |||
| | Deputy Prime Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Silêman Ceefer | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Foreign Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Ebdo Îbrahîm | |||
| | style="background-color: #FF0000"| | |||
| | ] | |||
| | Defense Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Hesen Beyrem | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Interior Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Nûrşan Hisên | |||
| | style="background-color: #00ff00"| | |||
| | PADKS | |||
| | Regional Commissions,<br /> Councils and Planning Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Remezan Elî | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Finance Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Erîfe Bekir | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Labour and Social Security Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Riyaz Menle Mehemed | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Education Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Eyûb Mihemed | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Minister of Agriculture | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Xelîl Şêx Hesen | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Health Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Ehmed Yûsif | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Economy and Trade Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Riyaz Ebdilhenan Şêxo | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Minister of Martyrs' Families | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Hêvîn Şêxo | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Culture Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Welîd Selame | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Transport Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Fazil Robcî | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Youth and Sports Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Reşîd Ehmed | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | History and Tourism Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Mihemed Hemîd Qasim | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Religious Affairs Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Fatme Lekto | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Women and Family Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Xelîl Sîno | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Human Rights Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Etûf Ebdo | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Supervision Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Ebdil Rehman Selman | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Information Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Seîd Esmet Xûbarî | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Justice Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| | Kamîran Ehmed Şefîi Bilal | |||
| | | |||
| | N/A | |||
| | Energy Minister | |||
| | 2014 | |||
| | | |||
| |- | |||
| |} | |||
| ==Economy== | |||
| ] | |||
| {{see also|Economy of Syria|Rojava#Economy}} | |||
| Afrin is well known for its olive groves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ahvalnews.com/|title=Ahval {{!}} Spotlight on Turkey: Facts and Views|website=Ahval|language=en|access-date=2019-10-17}}</ref> The areas governed by the SDC are under a blockade imposed by neighbouring Turkey,<ref>{{cite news|title=Rojava'dan ikazlar|url=http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/dunya/242591/Rojava_dan_ikazlar.html#|publisher=Cumhuriyet}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The situation as of 2015 isn’t “is”.|date=July 2019}} which places high burdens on international import and export. For example, transportation of Aleppo soap to international markets, as far as possible at all, has at least four times the transportation cost as compared to pre-war years.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bio-Seife aus dem Kriegsgebiet|url=http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/syrien-bio-seife-aus-aleppo-findet-abnehmer-a-1077210.html|publisher=Der Spiegel|date=13 February 2016|access-date=6 October 2016}}</ref> In 2015 there were 32 tons of Aleppo soap produced and exported to other parts of Syria, but also to international markets.<ref name=sufficiency>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/kurdish-areas-norther-syria-economy-self-sufficiency.html|title=Will Syria's Kurds succeed at self-sufficiency?|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=3 May 2016|access-date=2016-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508233809/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/04/kurdish-areas-norther-syria-economy-self-sufficiency.html|archive-date=2016-05-08|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| ==Education== | |||
| {{See also|Education in Syria|Rojava#Education, media, culture}} | |||
| Like in the other Rojava regions, primary education in the public schools is initially by mother tongue instruction either Kurdish or Arabic, with the aim of ] in Kurdish and Arabic in secondary schooling.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://anfenglish.com/culture/education-in-rojava-after-the-revolution|title=Education in Rojava after the revolution|publisher=ANF|date=2016-05-16|access-date=2016-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/11/syria-kurdistan-self-governance-teach-kurdish-language.html|title=After 52-year ban, Syrian Kurds now taught Kurdish in schools|publisher=Al-Monitor|date=2015-11-06|access-date=2016-05-18}}</ref> Curricula are a topic of continuous debate between the regions' Boards of Education and the Syrian central government in Damascus, which partly pays the teachers.<ref name=syriaclanguage>{{cite web|url=http://syrianobserver.com/EN/News/31729/Hassakeh_Syriac_Language_Be_Taught_PYD_controlled_Schools/|title=Hassakeh: Syriac Language to Be Taught in PYD-controlled Schools|publisher=The Syrian Observer|date=3 October 2016|access-date=2016-10-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://aranews.net/2015/10/kurds-introduce-own-curriculum-at-schools-of-rojava-2/|title=Kurds introduce own curriculum at schools of Rojava|publisher=Ara News|date=2015-10-02|access-date=2016-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606071936/http://aranews.net/2015/10/kurds-introduce-own-curriculum-at-schools-of-rojava-2/|archive-date=2017-06-06|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://new-compass.net/articles/revolutionary-education-rojava|title=Revolutionary Education in Rojava|publisher=New Compass|date=2015-02-17|access-date=2016-05-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kurdishquestion.com/oldsite/index.php/kurdistan/west-kurdistan/education-system-in-rojava/538-education-system-in-rojava.html/|title=Education in Rojava: Academy and Pluralistic versus University and Monisma|publisher=Kurdishquestion|date=2014-01-12|access-date=2016-05-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510103830/http://kurdishquestion.com/oldsite/index.php/kurdistan/west-kurdistan/education-system-in-rojava/538-education-system-in-rojava.html/|archive-date=2016-05-10|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| The federal, regional and local administrations in Rojava put much emphasis on promoting libraries and educational centers, to facilitate learning and social and artistic activities.<ref name=k24education>{{cite web|url=http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/dfa4b335-fe1c-4a3c-b5b6-7bc5848e9e97/Kurds-establish-university-in-Rojava-amid-Syrian-instability|title=Kurds establish university in Rojava amid Syrian instability|publisher=Kurdistan24|date=2016-07-07|access-date=2016-07-07}}</ref> | |||
| Afrin Region has institution of higher education. Most notably previously the ], founded in 2015. After teaching three programs (Electromechanical Engineering, Kurdish Literature and Economy) in the first academic year, the second academic year with an increased 22 professors and 250 students has three additional programs (Human Medicine, Journalism and Agricultural Engineering).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.hawarnews.com/afrin-university-is-opened-today/|title=Afrin University is opened today|publisher=]|date=9 October 2016|access-date=2016-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018171102/http://en.hawarnews.com/afrin-university-is-opened-today/|archive-date=2016-10-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| === Works cited === | |||
| * {{cite book |last = Abboud |first = Samer N. |title= Syria: Hot Spots in Global Politics |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=RnxoDwAAQBAJ |year = 2018 |publisher= ] |location= Cambridge |isbn= 978-1-509-52241-5 }} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * by Gulf2000 project of ] | |||
| {{Rojava topics}} | |||
| {{coord missing|Syria}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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