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It is a ] with a prescriptive grammar known as ߞߊ߲ߜߍ ({{transl|nqo|kángbɛ}}, ''kán-gbɛ'' "language-manner") codified by ], with the {{lang|man|màninkamóri}} variety, spoken in Kante's native ] region, serving as the mediating ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10681364/ |title=Donaldson, Coleman (2017) ''Clear Language: Script, Register and the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa.'' Doctoral Dissertation, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. |date=January 2017 |pages=1–303 |access-date=2019-02-21 |archive-date=2019-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224128/https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10681364/ |url-status=live |last1=Donaldson |first1=Coleman }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/gse_grad_pubs/2/ |title=Donaldson, Coleman (2017) "Orthography, Standardization and Register: The Case of Manding." In Standardizing Minority Languages: Competing Ideologies of Authority and Authenticity in the Global Periphery, edited by Pia Lane, James Costa, and Haley De Korne, 175–199. Routledge Critical Studies in Multilingualism. New York, NY: Routledge. |journal=Gse Graduate Student Research |date=January 2017 |access-date=2019-02-21 |archive-date=2020-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601132727/https://repository.upenn.edu/gse_grad_pubs/2/ |url-status=live |last1=Donaldson |first1=Coleman |issue=2 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Donaldson|first=Coleman|date=2019-03-01|title=Linguistic and Civic Refinement in the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa|journal=Signs and Society|volume=7|issue=2|pages=156–185; 181|doi=10.1086/702554|s2cid=181625415|issn=2326-4489}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html |title=N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction |access-date=2018-12-01 |archive-date=2021-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610124342/http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It is a ] with a prescriptive grammar known as ߞߊ߲ߜߍ ({{transl|nqo|kángbɛ}}, ''kán-gbɛ'' "language-manner") codified by ], with the {{lang|man|màninkamóri}} variety, spoken in Kante's native ] region, serving as the mediating ].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10681364/ |title=Donaldson, Coleman (2017) ''Clear Language: Script, Register and the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa.'' Doctoral Dissertation, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania. |date=January 2017 |pages=1–303 |access-date=2019-02-21 |archive-date=2019-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221224128/https://repository.upenn.edu/dissertations/AAI10681364/ |url-status=live |last1=Donaldson |first1=Coleman }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://repository.upenn.edu/gse_grad_pubs/2/ |title=Donaldson, Coleman (2017) "Orthography, Standardization and Register: The Case of Manding." In Standardizing Minority Languages: Competing Ideologies of Authority and Authenticity in the Global Periphery, edited by Pia Lane, James Costa, and Haley De Korne, 175–199. Routledge Critical Studies in Multilingualism. New York, NY: Routledge. |journal=Gse Graduate Student Research |date=January 2017 |access-date=2019-02-21 |archive-date=2020-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200601132727/https://repository.upenn.edu/gse_grad_pubs/2/ |url-status=live |last1=Donaldson |first1=Coleman |issue=2 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Donaldson|first=Coleman|date=2019-03-01|title=Linguistic and Civic Refinement in the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa|journal=Signs and Society|volume=7|issue=2|pages=156–185; 181|doi=10.1086/702554|s2cid=181625415|issn=2326-4489}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html |title=N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction |access-date=2018-12-01 |archive-date=2021-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610124342/http://www.fakoli.net/nko/tutorial/intro.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


] in 1999<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manding-English
⚫ ] in 1999<ref>{{Cite book|title=Manding-English Dictionary : (Maninka, Bamana)|last=Vydrin|first=Valentin|year=1999|isbn=9780993996931|location=Lac-Beauport|pages=8|oclc=905517929|author-link=Valentin Vydrin}}</ref> and Coleman Donaldson in 2019<ref name=":0" /> indicated that the popularity of writing Manding languages in the standardized NKo form is growing. This standardized written form is increasingly used for ] among the speakers of different varieties.<ref>Oyler, Dianne White (1994) ''Mande identity through literacy, the NKo writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism''. Toronto : African Studies Association.</ref> It is also commonly used in electronic communication.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/magazine/everyone-speaks-text-message.html|title=Everyone Speaks Text Message|last=Rosenberg|first=Tina|date=2011-12-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-24|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2022-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202051936/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/magazine/everyone-speaks-text-message.html|url-status=live}}</ref>




⚫ y of writing Manding languages in the standardized NKo form is growing. This standardized written form is increasingly used for ] among the speakers of different varieties.<ref>Oyler, Dianne White (1994) ''Mande identity through literacy, the NKo writing system as an agent of cultural nationalism''. Toronto : African Studies Association.</ref> It is also commonly used in electronic communication.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/11/magazine/everyone-speaks-text-message.html|title=Everyone Speaks Text Message|last=Rosenberg|first=Tina|date=2011-12-09|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-24|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2022-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202051936/h
The standard strives to represent all Manding languages in a way that attempts to show a common "proto-Manding" phonology and the words' etymology, including when the actual pronunciation in modern spoken varieties is significantly different. For example, there is at least one such convention, for representing ] between vowels: {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}} or ] may be pronounced, but the spelling will be the same. For example, the word for "name" in ] is {{IPA||lang=bm}} and in ] it is {{IPA||lang=man}}, but the standard written NKo form is {{lang|nqo|ߕߐ߮}} ''tô''. In written communication each person will write it in a single unified way using the NKo script, and yet read and pronounce it as in their own linguistic variety. The standard strives to represent all Manding languages in a way that attempts to show a common "proto-Manding" phonology and the words' etymology, including when the actual pronunciation in modern spoken varieties is significantly different. For example, there is at least one such convention, for representing ] between vowels: {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}} or ] may be pronounced, but the spelling will be the same. For example, the word for "name" in ] is {{IPA||lang=bm}} and in ] it is {{IPA||lang=man}}, but the standard written NKo form is {{lang|nqo|ߕߐ߮}} ''tô''. In written communication each person will write it in a single unified way using the NKo script, and yet read and pronounce it as in their own linguistic variety.


On June 27, 2024, NKo was added to Google Translate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.google/products/translate/google-translate-new-languages-2024/ |title=110 new languages are coming to Google Translate |access-date=2024-06-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://support.google.com/translate/answer/15139004?visit_id=638550958236798747-1807070892&p=TranslateNewLanguages2024&rd=1 |title=What’s new in Google Translate: More than 100 new languages |access-date=2024-06-27 }}</ref> On June 27, 2024, NKo was added to Google Translate.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://blog.google/products/translate/google-translate-new-languages-2024/ |title=110 new languages are coming to Google Translate |access-date=2024-06-27 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://support.google.com/translate/answer/15139004?visit_id=638550958236798747-1807070892&p=TranslateNewLanguages2024&rd=1 |title=What’s new i

== Notes == == Notes ==
{{Notelist}} {{Notelist}}

Revision as of 23:02, 6 September 2024

Standardized Manding koiné of West Africa Not to be confused with N'Ko alphabet.
NKo
ߒߞߏ
RegionGuinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, West Africa
Language familyNiger–Congo
  • Mande
    • Western Mande
      • Central Mande
        • Manding–Jogo
          • Manding–Vai
Writing systemNKo script
Language codes
ISO 639-2nqo
ISO 639-3nqo
Glottolognkoa1234

NKo (ߒߞߏ) is a standardized unified koiné form of several Manding languages written in the NKo alphabet. It is used in Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Ivory Coast, Burkina Faso and some other West African countries, primarily, but not exclusively, in written form, whereas in speech the different varieties of Manding are used: Maninka, Bambara, Dyula and others.

It is a literary register with a prescriptive grammar known as ߞߊ߲ߜߍ (kángbɛ, kán-gbɛ "language-manner") codified by Solomana Kante, with the màninkamóri variety, spoken in Kante's native Kankan region, serving as the mediating compromise dialect.

Valentin Vydrin in 1999Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). It is also commonly used in electronic communication.Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://support.google.com/translate/answer/15139004?visit_id=638550958236798747-1807070892&p=TranslateNewLanguages2024&rd=1 |title=What’s new i

Notes

  1. Sometimes spelled "N'Ko", "N'ko" or "Nko".

References

  1. Donaldson, Coleman (January 2017). "Donaldson, Coleman (2017) Clear Language: Script, Register and the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa. Doctoral Dissertation, Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania". pp. 1–303. Archived from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
  2. Donaldson, Coleman (January 2017). "Donaldson, Coleman (2017) "Orthography, Standardization and Register: The Case of Manding." In Standardizing Minority Languages: Competing Ideologies of Authority and Authenticity in the Global Periphery, edited by Pia Lane, James Costa, and Haley De Korne, 175–199. Routledge Critical Studies in Multilingualism. New York, NY: Routledge". Gse Graduate Student Research (2). Archived from the original on 2020-06-01. Retrieved 2019-02-21.
  3. Donaldson, Coleman (2019-03-01). "Linguistic and Civic Refinement in the N'ko Movement of Manding-Speaking West Africa". Signs and Society. 7 (2): 156–185, 181. doi:10.1086/702554. ISSN 2326-4489. S2CID 181625415.
  4. "N'Ko Language Tutorial: Introduction". Archived from the original on 2021-06-10. Retrieved 2018-12-01.

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