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| {{short description|Azerbaijani poet (1862-1911)}} | |||
| {{Infobox writer | |||
| {{Infobox writer <!-- for more information see ] --> | |||
| | name = Mirza |
| name = Mirza Ali-Akbar Sabir | ||
| | image = Sabir.jpg | | image = Mirzə Ələkbər Sabir.jpg | ||
| | imagesize |
| imagesize = | ||
| | caption = |
| caption = Portrait of Mirza Ali-Akbar Sabir | ||
| | birth_name = | |||
| | pseudonym = Mirat, Sabir, Hop-Hop, Fasil | |||
| ⚫ | | birth_date = 30 May 1862 | ||
| | birth_name = Alakbar Zeynalabdin oglu Tahirzadeh | |||
| ⚫ | | birth_place = ], ] | ||
| ⚫ | | birth_date = 30 May 1862 | ||
| | death_date = 12 July 1911 | |||
| ⚫ | | birth_place = ], ] | ||
| ⚫ | | death_place = ], ] | ||
| | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1911|07|12|1862|05|30}} | |||
| | resting_place = | |||
| ⚫ | | death_place = ], ] | ||
| | occupation = | | occupation = Satirist and poet | ||
| | language = {{cslist|]|]}} | |||
| | period = 1903-1911 | |||
| | notableworks = | |||
| | genre = ], ], ] | |||
| | |
| years_active = | ||
| | |
| children = | ||
| | signature = | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Mirza |
'''Mirza Ali-Akbar Tahirzada''' ({{lang-az|میرزا علی اکبر صابر}}), commonly known by his ] '''Sabir''' ({{lang|az|صابر}}), was a satirist and poet in the ], who played a leading role in development of ].{{sfn|Javadi|2020}} | ||
| == |
== Biography == | ||
| Sabir was born on 30 May 1862 in the city of ],{{sfn|Javadi|2020}} then ruled by the ]. At the time, it was the largest city in the ] region.{{sfn|Bosworth|2020}} Like the majority of Muslims in the ],{{sfn|Rezvani|2015|p=154}} Sabir's native tongue was ]{{sfn|Hodgkin|2023|p=45}} and he was an adherent of ]. He grew up in a religious, middle-class household where they did not seem to want to give him a modern education. During the start of his adolescence, he became a pupil of the distinguished poet ], who had established a modern institution where ], ], ], ] and other topics were taught. Sabir started translating Persian poetry and writing Azerbaijani poetry with the support of Seyid Azim Shirvani.{{sfn|Javadi|2020}} | |||
| Mirza Alakbar Sabir was born on May 30, 1862, in ] to a poor family. At that time the ] religion dominated the society. His mother, Saltanat, was a religious Muslim. His father Zeynalabdin Tahirzadeh was a merchant. He had 7 sisters and a brother. He received his primary education in a theological school. Sabir was brought up in a patriarchal-religious atmosphere. In 1874, when he was twelve years old, Alakbar entered the school of ], a poet and teacher, where unlike traditional schools, general education subjects, as well as the Azerbaijani and Russian languages were taught. At that time, this school was considered very progressive. Personal contacts with this man greatly influenced the formation of Sabir as a poet. Encouraged by ], Sabir began translating ] and wrote poems in Azerbaijani. | |||
| Sabir's father wanted him to work in the family's ], thinking that a few years of education would be sufficient. However, he eventually allowed Sabir to continue his literary research, due to the latters strong opposition, including an attempt to flee to ] by a caravan. In Shirvan's literary circles, Saber made a lot of acquaintances and composed numerous '']s'' in the style of Persian poets, especially ]. In 1885, he travelled to several cities in ] and ], thus expanding his intellectual knowledge and later serving as an inspiration for his description of the locals there. Following his return home, he married and became the father of eight daughters and one son.{{sfn|Javadi|2020}} | |||
| On April 11, 1908, the poet, who took exams at the Spiritual Department of the Baku Province, went to ] and received a diploma for a mother tongue and a Shariah teacher from the Caucasian Sheikh-ul-Islam Office. However, after a letter he received from ], he worked for some time as an assistant teacher in a Shamakhi school. | |||
| Due to his large family, Saber was forced to work a lot. He made soap for fifteen years, during which time he would joke "I make soap to wash away the external dirt of my countrymen." He attempted to establish a school in the European tradition, but failed. He also received numerous anonymous and hostile letters as a result of his criticism of the conversative factions. It was reportedly the journalist Hasem Beik Vezirov who sent him some of these letters. In the journal Sada, Saber replied to him: "I am a poet, the mirror of my age/ in me everyone sees his own face/ As it happened yesterday, ‘a person’ looked at me /Seeing none other than himself in the mirror." {{sfn|Javadi|2020}} | |||
| In September of that year, Sabir was able to open "Umid" school. There were about 60 students in this school. As in other new schools, students are sitting on the bench, using visual aids, and taking short excursions. At the school, the mother tongue, the Persian language, geography, and nature, as well as the ] and ] lessons were taught. | |||
| In 1903, Sabir's debut poem was published in the ] newspaper ''Sharq-e Rus'' ("East of Russia"). He was unknown outside of Shamakhi at the time. In 1909, he became a writer of the '']'' satirical magazine, which was also based in Tiblisi.{{sfn|Javadi|2020}} During a time where classical Persian poetry was favored by the elite and writers, the ''Molla Nasraddin'' used the everyday language of the Turks of the South Caucasus, a practice which was also taking place in other satirical journals.{{sfn|Hodgkin|2023|pp=42, 45}} Sabir used many ], but was commonly known as Sabir ("patient") and Hophop ("]"). Sabir and the editor of the ''Molla Nasraddin'', ], were well-known proponents of using Turkic in literature.{{sfn|Hodgkin|2023|p=45}} | |||
| Mirza Alekper Sabir died July 12, 1911, in the prime of his creative power. Sabir was buried in his hometown of Shamakhi in the cemetery "Yeddi Gumbez" ("Seven domes"), at the foot of the hill.] | |||
| Compared to the European '']'' and its small circle of Turco-Persian followers, Sabir's poetry had a bigger influence on poetic innovation across the Muslim communities of South Caucasus, Iran, and Central Asia.{{sfn|Hodgkin|2023|p=45}} | |||
| Throughout all his life poverty impacted Sabir. He was bound to take care of his family's welfare, barely earning a living for himself and his household. No time was left for literary activity, the more so as the spectre of poverty took more and more distinct shape. Sabir tried to become a merchant but did not succeed. Instead, he travelled a lot about Central Asia and the Middle East.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/saber|title=ṢĀBER - MIRZĀ ʿALI-AKBAR ṬĀHERZĀDA}}</ref> | |||
| Sabir died on 12 July 1911 in the city of ].{{sfn|Javadi|2020}} | |||
| ⚫ | == |
||
| Mirza Alakbar Sabir wrote his first poem when he was eight years old. His works reflected both positive and negative features of life in Azerbaijan. In the early years, he wrote only ], ], laudatory and mourning poems. His first work was printed in 1903 in the newspaper "Shargi-Rus" ("Russian East"). Between 1903 and 1905, Sabir collaborated in several newspapers and magazines such as "'''Debistan'''" (Sad School), "'''Zenbur'''" (Ovod), "'''Irshad'''" (Guide), "'''Hagigat'''" (Truth), and "'''Hayat'''" (Life).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sabirmuseum.az/en/life-and-activities/|title=LIFE AND ACTIVITIES}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | == References == | ||
| In 1900, after studying abroad, the modern-minded young poet ] returned to Shamakhi, in whose house the local ] often gathered. Sabir attracted the attention of Abbas Sahhat and they began a close friendship that lasted until the death of Sabir. Abbas Sahhat, appreciating Sabir's talent, always encouraged and supported him. | |||
| {{reflist}} | |||
| ⚫ | == Sources == | ||
| The Russian Revolution of 1905 had a powerful effect on Sabir's writing, infusing it with a revolutionary spirit. This revolution, which was followed by the spreading of democratic trends throughout the Russian Empire, marked the beginning of a new era in Sabir's literary activity. The shock waves of upheaval brought about a host of satirical publications. The most prominent of them was the '']'' magazine, which was popular all over the Caucasus, Middle East and Central Asia, its publisher being ]. Sabir's best, most creative mature years are associated with this publication. His pen did not miss a single political event, a single problem typical for the still the feudal-patriarchal Azerbaijani society and he embodied his ideas in stirring, thought-provoking images. He took an active part in the activity of the journal, exposing the negative sites of the society in his poems, passionately condemning the behaviour and actions of the rich people. He wrote about the arbitrariness of Tsarist officials, landowners and ]s ignorant to their people, the backwardness of the clergy, the down-trodden status of women and the social situation of the working people. | |||
| * {{cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_10804|title=Šervān|first=Clifford Edmund|last=Bosworth|authorlink=Clifford Edmund Bosworth|year=2020|access-date=7 October 2024|publisher=]|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica Online}} | |||
| * {{Cite book|last=Hodgkin|first=Samuel|date=2023|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-obtEAAAQBAJ&newbks|title=Persianate Verse and the Poetics of Eastern Internationalism|publisher=]|isbn=978-1009411639}} | |||
| * {{cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2330-4804_EIRO_COM_1088|title=Ṣāber|first=Hasan|last=Javadi|year=2020|access-date=7 October 2024|publisher=]|website=Encyclopaedia Iranica Online}} | |||
| * {{Cite book|last=Rezvani|first=Babak|date=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juziBQAAQBAJ|title=Conflict and Peace in Central Eurasia|series=International Comparative Social Studies|volume=31|publisher=]|isbn=978-90-04-27636-9}} | |||
| == Further reading == | |||
| Sabir contributed significantly to the revolutionary movement in Iran and Turkey between 1905 and 1910. In his poems, he caustically criticized the regime of Sultan Abdul-Hamid and Mohammed Ali Shah. Realism, socio-political lyricism and keen satire - these are the main elements that characterize the work of Sabir, who played a revolutionizing role in educating the young generation. | |||
| * {{EI2|last=Ed.|first=|volume=8|title=Ṣābir|url=https://doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_6375}} | |||
| Sabir's poetry won him the people's respect and popularity, at the same time, placing him in a very risky and dangerous position. He was exposed to persecution, attacks and insults of the officials, mullahs and qochus (bouncers), who threatened him with reprisals. That's why Sabir (this pen-name means patience) had more than fifty pen-names such as Mirat, Fazil, Aglar-Guleghen and others. But even this could not help him escape from persecution. One of his earliest pseudonyms was “Hop-Hop”, which means the name of a type of bird. | |||
| For the first time in Azerbaijani literature, Sabir’s social satires raised the issue of ]. The political satires reflected the dispersal of the ] in Russia, the intrigues of autocracy against the liberation movement in the countries of the Middle East, the intrigues of international reaction. In social satires, “What do we need?”, “Crying”, “Beggar”, “What do I have to do?”, “Complaint of the old man” and others, Sabir, for the first time in the Azerbaijani literature, raised the question of inequality in society. | |||
| Poverty, overstrain, endless cares of his large family and persecution adversely affected his health. He boiled soap for a living and was often ill. In 1910 Sabir's liver disease took a serious turn that turned out to be irreversible. Even when ill, Sabir continued to write. Not long before his death, he said to his friends who stood at his bedside: "I laid my flesh down for my people. But if God would give me more time, I would lay my bones down too..." | |||
| == Hophopname == | |||
| After his death, in honour of Sabir's memory, his wife Bullurnise, and his friends ] and M. Mahmudbeyov collected Sabir`s poems and published them under the name "Hophopname" in 1912. Two years later, the second, better edition of the “Hophopname” was released by the people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.visions.az/en/news/416/d5296a0e/|title=A MIRROR OF HIS TIME: THE POET M. A. SABIR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bakumodernschool.az/kitablar/bedii-edebiyyat/mirze-elekber-sabir-hophopname1-jild.pdf|title=Hophopnamə|website=bakumodernschool.az|access-date=2019-01-14}}</ref> Using a wide range of expressive means, some of which were introduced by him to Azerbaijani poetry for the first time, Sabir made a gallery of social types of carriers of various vices of ignorance, inertia, and moneymakers who betrayed the interests of the people in this book. | |||
| Sabir’s poems, his caustic epigrams, verbal self-character portraits appeared on the pages of Molla Nasreddin magazine with colorful illustrations by the artist ] and became the property of an international reader, as the magazine was received in the cities of ], ], ], ], India, and other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.azerbaijan.az/portal/Culture/Literature/literature_08_r.html|title=КЛАССИКИ АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| *] | |||
| ⚫ | ==References== | ||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| {{Azerbaijani Turkic literature}} | {{Azerbaijani Turkic literature}} | ||
| {{Persian Constitutional Revolution Persions}} | |||
| {{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Sabir, Mirza |
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sabir, Mirza Ali-Akbar}} | ||
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| Mirza Ali-Akbar Sabir | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Mirza Ali-Akbar Sabir | |
| Born | 30 May 1862 Shamakhi, Russian Empire |
| Died | 12 July 1911 Baku, Azerbaijan Democratic Republic |
| Occupation | Satirist and poet |
| Language | |
Mirza Ali-Akbar Tahirzada (Template:Lang-az), commonly known by his pseudonym Sabir (صابر), was a satirist and poet in the Russian Empire, who played a leading role in development of Azerbaijani literature.
Biography
Sabir was born on 30 May 1862 in the city of Shamakhi, then ruled by the Russian Empire. At the time, it was the largest city in the Shirvan region. Like the majority of Muslims in the South Caucasus, Sabir's native tongue was Turkic and he was an adherent of Shia Islam. He grew up in a religious, middle-class household where they did not seem to want to give him a modern education. During the start of his adolescence, he became a pupil of the distinguished poet Seyid Azim Shirvani, who had established a modern institution where Arabic, Persian, Azerbaijani Turkic, Russian and other topics were taught. Sabir started translating Persian poetry and writing Azerbaijani poetry with the support of Seyid Azim Shirvani.
Sabir's father wanted him to work in the family's grocery store, thinking that a few years of education would be sufficient. However, he eventually allowed Sabir to continue his literary research, due to the latters strong opposition, including an attempt to flee to Mashhad by a caravan. In Shirvan's literary circles, Saber made a lot of acquaintances and composed numerous ghazals in the style of Persian poets, especially Nizami Ganjavi. In 1885, he travelled to several cities in Iran and Central Asia, thus expanding his intellectual knowledge and later serving as an inspiration for his description of the locals there. Following his return home, he married and became the father of eight daughters and one son.
Due to his large family, Saber was forced to work a lot. He made soap for fifteen years, during which time he would joke "I make soap to wash away the external dirt of my countrymen." He attempted to establish a school in the European tradition, but failed. He also received numerous anonymous and hostile letters as a result of his criticism of the conversative factions. It was reportedly the journalist Hasem Beik Vezirov who sent him some of these letters. In the journal Sada, Saber replied to him: "I am a poet, the mirror of my age/ in me everyone sees his own face/ As it happened yesterday, ‘a person’ looked at me /Seeing none other than himself in the mirror."
In 1903, Sabir's debut poem was published in the Tiblisi newspaper Sharq-e Rus ("East of Russia"). He was unknown outside of Shamakhi at the time. In 1909, he became a writer of the Molla Nasraddin satirical magazine, which was also based in Tiblisi. During a time where classical Persian poetry was favored by the elite and writers, the Molla Nasraddin used the everyday language of the Turks of the South Caucasus, a practice which was also taking place in other satirical journals. Sabir used many pseudonym, but was commonly known as Sabir ("patient") and Hophop ("hoopoe"). Sabir and the editor of the Molla Nasraddin, Jalil Mammadguluzadeh, were well-known proponents of using Turkic in literature.
Compared to the European avant-garde and its small circle of Turco-Persian followers, Sabir's poetry had a bigger influence on poetic innovation across the Muslim communities of South Caucasus, Iran, and Central Asia.
Sabir died on 12 July 1911 in the city of Baku.
References
- ^ Javadi 2020.
- Bosworth 2020.
- Rezvani 2015, p. 154.
- ^ Hodgkin 2023, p. 45.
- Hodgkin 2023, pp. 42, 45.
Sources
- Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2020). "Šervān". Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. Brill. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
- Hodgkin, Samuel (2023). Persianate Verse and the Poetics of Eastern Internationalism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1009411639.
- Javadi, Hasan (2020). "Ṣāber". Encyclopaedia Iranica Online. Brill. Retrieved 7 October 2024.
- Rezvani, Babak (2015). Conflict and Peace in Central Eurasia. International Comparative Social Studies. Vol. 31. Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-27636-9.
Further reading
- Ed. (1995). "Ṣābir". In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Lecomte, G. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VIII: Ned–Sam. Leiden: E. J. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.