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History of the borders of Alabama
{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox Political post
|post = Lieutenant Governor
|body = Alabama
|insignia = Seal of the Lieutenant Governor of Alabama.svg
|insigniasize = 115
|insigniacaption = ]
|image =
|incumbent = ]
|incumbentsince = January 14, 2019
|style = The Honorable
|department = ]
|termlength = Four years, renewable once
|inaugural = ]
|formation = 1868
|salary = $68,556
|website = {{url|ltgov.alabama.gov}}
}}
The '''lieutenant governor of Alabama''' is the president of the ], elected to serve a four-year term. The office was created in 1868,<ref name="1868const-art5sec1">1868 Const. art. V, § 1</ref> abolished in 1875,<ref name="1875const-art5sec1">1875 Const. art. V, § 1</ref> and recreated in 1901.<ref name="const-art5sec112">AL Const. art. V, § 112</ref> According to the current constitution, should the governor be out of the state for more than 20 days, the lieutenant governor becomes ], and if the governor dies, resigns or is removed from office (via impeachment), the lieutenant governor ascends to the governorship.<ref>AL Const. art. V, § 127</ref> Earlier constitutions said the powers of the governor devolved upon the successor, rather than them necessarily becoming governor,<ref>1819 Const. art. IV, § 18; 1861 Const. art. IV, § 18; 1865 Const. art V, § 19; 1868 Const. art. V, § 15; 1875 Const. art. V § 15</ref> but the official listing includes these as full governors.<ref name="adah">{{cite web |url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/govslist.html |title=Alabama Governors |publisher=] |access-date=April 10, 2012}}</ref> The governor and lieutenant governor are not elected on the same ].


== History == ==content==
] was organized from the eastern half of ] on March 3, 1817.<ref>{{usstat|3|371}}</ref>{{sfn|Van Zandt|1976|pp=108-109}} The act defined its borders as:
In 1868, the state of Alabama issued a constitution which provided for the office of lieutenant governor. The document prescribed that the officer was to serve as the president of the ] and cast tie-breaking votes in that body, and made them first in line of succession to the governor's office.<ref name= moody/> ] was the first person to serve as lieutenant governor.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/reconstruction-constitutions/| title = Reconstruction Constitutions| last = Shiver| first = Joshua| date = March 27, 2023| website = Encyclopedia of Alabama| publisher = Alabama Humanities Alliance| access-date = July 12, 2023}}</ref> In 1875, ]s determined the content of a new constitution which abolished the office in an attempt to reduce the size of state government. Alabama convened another constitutional convention in 1901. During its session, the incumbent governor died. Partly motivated by the lack of a clearly delineated line of gubernatorial succession, the delegates reestablished the office of lieutenant governor with responsibilities similar to those it previously held. Its constitutional responsibilities have been little altered since.<ref name= moody>{{cite web| url = https://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/office-of-the-lieutenant-governor/| title = Office of the Lieutenant Governor| last = Moody| first = Brad| date = March 27, 2023| website = Encyclopedia of Alabama| publisher = Alabama Humanities Alliance | access-date = July 10, 2023}}</ref>
* Beginning at the point where the ] crosses the ], east to the western boundary line of Georgia.
** This line was surveyed in 1799 by ]. The western boundary of Georgia is defined as:
*** Beginning at the point where the ] crosses the boundary with Spain (the 31st parallel north), up the western bank of the river to its great bend.
**** The text of the act specifies, "next above the place where a certain creek or river, called "Uchee" (being the first considerable stream on the western side, above the Cussetas and Coweta towns), empties into the Chatahouchie River;" thence in a direct line to Nickajack, on Tennessee River; thence crossing the said last-mentioned river, and thence running up the said Tennessee River and along the western bank thereof to the southern boundary line of the State of Tennessee.</blockquote>


* "thence along said line to the southern boundary line to the state of Tennessee, thence west along said boundary line to the Tennessee river, thence up the same to the mouth of Bear creek, thence by a direct line to the north-west corner of Washington county, thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico, thence eastwardly, including all the islands within six leagues of the shore, to the Perdido river, and thence up the same to the beginning...</blockquote>
Since the office's inception, 31 people have served as lieutenant governor of Alabama. Of those, only two have served two terms or more. The first woman to hold the office, ], served from 2003 to 2007.<ref name= moody/>
The western boundary of Georgia was defined in 1802 as:{{sfn|Van Zandt|1976|p=100}}


The southern boundary of Tennessee was inherited from North Carolina, defined in the 1776 North Carolina constitution as the ].
== Duties, powers, and structure ==
The lieutenant governor serves as president of the State Senate and assumes the office of governor in the event the gubernatorial office becomes vacant.<ref>{{cite news| title = On more look at what's on the Alabama ballot| newspaper = The Dothan Eagle| agency = Associated Press| page = A8 | date = November 8, 2022| url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-dothan-eagle/128081504/}}</ref> Senate rules empower the lieutenant governor to determine the composition of Senate committees and refer bills to committees of their choosing. As a result, the lieutenant governor typically exercises significant influence over the progress of legislation in the body.<ref name= moody/>


All of the existing borders had been surveyed. The border along 31 north from the ] to the ] was surveyed by ] in 1799,
The state constitution does not provide any remedy in the event the lieutenant governor's office becomes vacant.<ref name= moody/> In such an instance, their role as the presiding officer of the State Senate is assumed by the Senate president pro tempore.<ref>{{cite news| last = Lockette| first = Tim| title = Governor resigns amid affair scandal, pleads to two charges| newspaper = The Anniston Star| pages = 1A, | date = April 11, 2017| url = https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-anniston-star/128023947/}}</ref>


In 1807,
==List==


{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+ Lieutenant governors of the State of Alabama
!scope="col" data-sort-type="number"|{{abbr|No.|Number}}
!scope="colgroup" colspan="3"|Lieutenant Governor
!scope="col"|Term in office
!scope="col"|Party
!scope="col"|Election
!scope="colgroup" colspan=2|]{{efn|Lieutenant governors represented the same party as their governor unless noted.}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|1
|data-sort-value="Applegate, Andrew"|]
|style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|&nbsp;
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1833–1870)}}
|{{dts|July 13, 1868}}<br>&ndash;<br>August 21, 1870<br>{{small|(died in office)}}
|]
|rowspan="2"|]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|&nbsp;
|rowspan="2"|{{sortname|William Hugh|Smith}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|—
|colspan="3" style="background:#EEEEEE;"|''Vacant''
|''{{dts|August 21, 1870}}<br>&ndash;<br>November 26, 1870''
|&mdash;
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|2
|data-sort-value="Moren, Edward"|]
|style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1825–1886)}}
|{{dts|November 26, 1870}}<br>&ndash;<br>November 17, 1872<br>{{small|(lost election)}}
|]
|]
|style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|Robert B.|Lindsay}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|3
|data-sort-value="McKinstry, Alexander"|]
|style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1822–1879)}}
|{{dts|November 17, 1872}}<br>&ndash;<br>November 24, 1874<br>{{small|(lost election)}}
|]
|]
|style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|David P.|Lewis}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|4
|data-sort-value="Ligon, Robert"|]
|style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1823–1901)}}
|{{dts|November 24, 1874}}<br>&ndash;<br>November 28, 1876<br>{{small|(office abolished)}}
|]
|]
|style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|George S.|Houston}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|—
|colspan="9" style="background:#EEEEEE;"|''Office did not exist from November 28, 1876, to January 19, 1903''
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|5
|data-sort-value="Cunningham, Russell"|]
|rowspan="9" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1855–1921)}}
|{{dts|January 19, 1903}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 14, 1907<br>{{small|(lost nomination<br />for governor)}}
|]
|]<br>{{efn|Cunningham acted as governor from April 25, 1904, to March 5, 1905, while Jelks was absent from the state.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/govs_list/g_cunnin.html | title=Russell Cunningham | publisher=] | access-date=November 25, 2018}}</ref>}}
|rowspan="23" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|William D.|Jelks}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|6
|data-sort-value="Gray, Henry"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1867–1919)}}
|{{dts|January 14, 1907}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 17, 1911<br>{{small|(did not run)}}
|]
|]
|{{sortname|B. B.|Comer}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|7
|data-sort-value="Seed, Walter"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1864–1959)}}
|{{dts|January 17, 1911}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 18, 1915<br>{{small|(lost nomination<br />for governor)}}
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Emmet|O'Neal}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|8
|data-sort-value="Kilby, Thomas"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1865–1943)}}
|{{dts|January 18, 1915}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 20, 1919
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Charles|Henderson|dab=Alabama politician}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|9
|data-sort-value="Miller, Nathan"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1866–1933)}}
|{{dts|January 20, 1919}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 15, 1923
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Thomas|Kilby}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|10
|data-sort-value="McDowell, Charles"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1871–1943)}}
|{{dts|January 15, 1923}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 17, 1927
|]
|]<br>{{efn|McDowell acted as governor from July 10, 1924, to July 11, 1924, while Brandon was absent from the state.<ref name="adah" />}}
|{{sortname|William W.|Brandon}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|11
|data-sort-value="Davis, William"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1867–1934)}}
|{{dts|January 17, 1927}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 19, 1931
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Bibb|Graves}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|12
|data-sort-value="Merrill, Hugh"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1877–1954)}}
|{{dts|January 19, 1931}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 14, 1935
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Benjamin M.|Miller}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|13
|data-sort-value="Knight, Thomas"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1898–1937)}}
|{{dts|January 14, 1935}}<br>&ndash;<br>May 17, 1937
|]
|rowspan="2"|]<br>{{efn|Knight died in office; the office remained vacant for the remainder of the term.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.archives.state.al.us/conoff/Knight.html | title=Thomas E. Knight, Jr. | publisher=] | access-date=November 25, 2018}}</ref>}}
|rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Bibb|Graves}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|—
|colspan="3" style="background:#EEEEEE;"|''Vacant''
|''{{dts|May 17, 1937}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 17, 1939''
|&mdash;
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|14
|data-sort-value="Carmichael, Albert"|]
|rowspan="8" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1895–1952)}}
|{{dts|January 17, 1939}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 19, 1943
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Frank M.|Dixon}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|15
|data-sort-value="Ellis, Leven"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1881–1968)}}
|{{dts|January 19, 1943}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 20, 1947
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Chauncey|Sparks}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|16
|data-sort-value="Inzer, James"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1887–1967)}}
|{{dts|January 20, 1947}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 15, 1951
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Jim|Folsom}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|17
|data-sort-value="Allen, James"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1912–1978)}}
|{{dts|January 15, 1951}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 17, 1955
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Gordon|Persons}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|18
|data-sort-value="Hardwick, William"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1910–1993)}}
|{{dts|January 17, 1955}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 19, 1959
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Jim|Folsom}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|19
|data-sort-value="Boutwell, Albert"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1904–1978)}}
|{{dts|January 19, 1959}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 14, 1963
|]
|]
|{{sortname|John Malcolm|Patterson}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|20
|data-sort-value="Allen, James"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1912–1978)}}
|{{dts|January 14, 1963}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 16, 1967
|]
|]
|{{sortname|George|Wallace}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|21
|data-sort-value="Brewer, Albert"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1928–2017)}}
|{{dts|January 16, 1967}}<br>&ndash;<br>May 7, 1968
|]
|rowspan="2"|]<br>{{efn|Brewer was acting governor on July 25, 1967, when Wallace had been absent from the state for 20 days; she returned to the state later that day.<ref name="adah" /><ref>{{cite book | last=Owen | first=Thomas McAdory | publisher=] | year=1979 | title=Alabama Official and Statistical Register | page=17 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrIuAAAAIAAJ&q=brewer | access-date=September 28, 2008}}</ref> Wallace later died in office, and Brewer succeeded her,<ref name="adah" /> rendering the office vacant for the remainder of the term.}}
|{{sortname|Lurleen|Wallace}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|—
|colspan="3" style="background:#EEEEEE;"|''Vacant''
|''{{dts|May 7, 1968}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 18, 1971''
|&mdash;
|{{sortname|Albert|Brewer}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|22
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Beasley, Jere"|]
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1935)}}
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 18, 1971}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 15, 1979
|rowspan="2"|]
|]<br>{{efn|Beasley acted as governor from June 5, 1972, to July 7, 1972, while Wallace was absent from the state.<ref name="adah" />}}
|rowspan="2"|{{sortname|George|Wallace}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|23
|data-sort-value="McMillan, George"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1943)}}
|{{dts|January 16, 1979}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 17, 1983
|]
|]
|{{sortname|Fob|James}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|24
|data-sort-value="Baxley, Bill"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1941)}}
|{{dts|January 17, 1983}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 18, 1987
|]
|]
|{{sortname|George|Wallace}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|25
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Folsom, Jim 2"|]
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1949)}}
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 18, 1987}}<br>&ndash;<br>April 22, 1993
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|{{sortname|H. Guy|Hunt}}{{efn|name=gov-rep|Represented the ].}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|rowspan="2"|]<br>{{efn|Hunt was removed from office<ref>{{cite news|last=Nossiter|first=Adam|title=Ex-Gov. Hunt of Alabama Cleared by Pardon Board|work=]|page=18|date=12 June 1997|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/06/12/us/ex-gov-hunt-of-alabama-cleared-by-pardon-board.html| access-date=September 28, 2008}}</ref> and Folsom succeeded him,<ref name="adah" /> rendering the office vacant for the remainder of the term.}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|—
|colspan="3" style="background:#EEEEEE;"|''Vacant''
|''{{dts|April 22, 1993}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 16, 1995''
|&mdash;
|style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|Jim|Folsom Jr.}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|26
|data-sort-value="Siegelman, Don"|]
|style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1946)}}
|{{dts|January 16, 1995}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 18, 1999
|]
|]
|style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|Fob|James}}{{efn|name=gov-rep}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|27
|data-sort-value="Windom, Steve"|]
|style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1949)}}
|{{dts|January 18, 1999}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 20, 2003
|]
|]
|style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|{{sortname|Don|Siegelman}}{{efn|name=gov-dem|Represented the ].}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|28
|data-sort-value="Baxley, Lucy"|]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Democratic Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|(1937–2016)}}
|{{dts|January 20, 2003}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 15, 2007
|]
|]
|rowspan="6" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Bob|Riley}}{{efn|name=gov-rep}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|29
|data-sort-value="Folsom, Jim 2"|]
|''']'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1949)}}
|{{dts|January 15, 2007}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 17, 2011
|]
|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup"|30
|rowspan="2" data-sort-value="Ivey, Kay"|]
|rowspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|rowspan="2"|''']'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1944)}}
|rowspan="2"|{{dts|January 17, 2011}}<br>&ndash;<br>April 10, 2017
|rowspan="2"|]
|]
|rowspan="2"|{{sortname|Robert J.|Bentley}}
|- style="height:2em;"
|rowspan="2"|]<br>{{efn|Bentley resigned<ref>{{cite news|last=Blinder|first=Alan|title=Robert Bentley, Alabama Governor, Resigns Amid Scandal|work=]|date=10 April 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/us/robert-bentley-alabama-governor.html| access-date=April 10, 2017}}</ref> and Ivey succeeded him, rendering the office vacant for the remainder of the term.}}{{efn|The vacancy ended on January 14, 2019 when ] took office.}}
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|—
|colspan="3" style="background:#EEEEEE;"|''Vacant''
|''{{dts|April 10, 2017}}<br>&ndash;<br>January 14, 2019''
|&mdash;
|rowspan=2 data-sort-value="Ivey, Kay"|]
|- style="height:2em;"
!scope="row"|31
|data-sort-value="Ainsworth, Will"|]
|style="background:{{party color|Republican Party (United States)}};"|
|''']'''<br>{{Small|({{Abbr|b.|born in}} 1981)}}
|{{dts|January 14, 2019}}<br>&ndash;<br>Incumbent
|]
|]<br>]
|}


==Notes==
{{notelist}}


==References== ==foo==
* {{cite book |author=Van Zandt, Franklin K. |year=1976 |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_skxAAAAAIAAJ |title=Boundaries of the United States and the Several States: With Miscellaneous Geographic Information Concerning Areas, Altitudes, and Geographic Centers |location=Washington, D.C. |publisher=] |oclc=69426475}}
;General
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web | url=https://archives.alabama.gov/research/guidance/fast-facts/officials/lt-governor.aspx |title=Alabama Lieutenant Governors | publisher=Alabama Department of Archives & History| access-date=October 3, 2023}}
{{refend}}

;Constitutions
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web|url=http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/alison/codeofalabama/constitution/1901/toc.htm |title=Constitution of the State of Alabama |year=1901 |publisher=]}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.legislature.state.al.us/aliswww/history/constitutions/1875/1875.html | title=Constitution of the State of Alabama | year=1875 | publisher=]}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.legislature.state.al.us/aliswww/history/constitutions/1868/1868.html | title=Constitution of the State of Alabama | year=1868 | publisher=]}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.legislature.state.al.us/aliswww/history/constitutions/1865/1865.html | title=Constitution of the State of Alabama | year=1865 | publisher=]}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.legislature.state.al.us/aliswww/history/constitutions/1861/1861.html | title=Constitution of the State of Alabama | year=1861 | publisher=]}}
* {{cite web | url=http://www.legislature.state.al.us/aliswww/history/constitutions/1819/1819.html | title=Constitution of the State of Alabama | year=1819 | publisher=]}}
{{refend}}

;Specific
{{Reflist}}

{{AlabamaLtGovernors}}
{{Lists of lieutenant governors by U.S. state}}
{{Current U.S. Lieutenant Governors}}
{{Alabama}}
{{Alabama statewide elected officials}}

]
]
]

Revision as of 03:14, 29 October 2024

History of the borders of Alabama

content

Alabama Territory was organized from the eastern half of Mississippi Territory on March 3, 1817. The act defined its borders as:

  • Beginning at the point where the Perdido River crosses the 31st parallel north, east to the western boundary line of Georgia.
    • This line was surveyed in 1799 by Andrew Ellicott. The western boundary of Georgia is defined as:
      • Beginning at the point where the Chattahoochee River crosses the boundary with Spain (the 31st parallel north), up the western bank of the river to its great bend.
        • The text of the act specifies, "next above the place where a certain creek or river, called "Uchee" (being the first considerable stream on the western side, above the Cussetas and Coweta towns), empties into the Chatahouchie River;" thence in a direct line to Nickajack, on Tennessee River; thence crossing the said last-mentioned river, and thence running up the said Tennessee River and along the western bank thereof to the southern boundary line of the State of Tennessee.
  • "thence along said line to the southern boundary line to the state of Tennessee, thence west along said boundary line to the Tennessee river, thence up the same to the mouth of Bear creek, thence by a direct line to the north-west corner of Washington county, thence due south to the Gulf of Mexico, thence eastwardly, including all the islands within six leagues of the shore, to the Perdido river, and thence up the same to the beginning...

The western boundary of Georgia was defined in 1802 as:

The southern boundary of Tennessee was inherited from North Carolina, defined in the 1776 North Carolina constitution as the 35th parallel north.

All of the existing borders had been surveyed. The border along 31 north from the Perdido River to the Chattahoochee River was surveyed by Andrew Ellicott in 1799,

In 1807,


foo

  1. 3 Stat. 371
  2. Van Zandt 1976, pp. 108–109. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Zandt1976 (help)
  3. Van Zandt 1976, p. 100. sfn error: no target: CITEREFVan_Zandt1976 (help)
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