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{{Short description|Fictional character created by A. A. Milne}} | |||
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{{Infobox character | {{Infobox character | ||
| color = gold | |||
| name = Winnie-the-Pooh | | name = Winnie-the-Pooh | ||
| image = Pooh Shepard1928.jpg | | image = ] | ||
| image_size = 275px | |||
| caption = Pooh in an illustration by ] | | caption = Pooh in an illustration by ] | ||
| first = {{plainlist| | | first = {{plainlist| | ||
* |
*'']'' (1924; as Edward Bear) | ||
* |
*'']'' (1926) | ||
}} | }} | ||
| creator = |
| creator = ]<br>] | ||
| voice = | | voice = {{Plainlist| | ||
*Franz Fazakas (1960) | |||
| nickname = {{ubl|Pooh Bear|Pooh}} | |||
*] (1966–1977) | |||
| species = Teddy Bear | |||
*] (1969–1972) | |||
*] (1981–1986) | |||
*] (1988–present) | |||
}} | |||
| nickname = Pooh Bear<br/>Pooh | |||
| species = Bear | |||
| gender = Male | | gender = Male | ||
| nicknames = Pooh or Pooh Bear | | nicknames = Pooh or Pooh Bear | ||
| home = ] | | home = ] | ||
| based_on = ] |
| based_on = ] | ||
| firstgame = '']'' (1986) | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Winnie-the-Pooh''', also called '''Pooh Bear''' and '''Pooh''', is a fictional ] ] created by English author ] and English illustrator ]. | |||
The first collection of stories about the character was the book '']'' (1926), and this was followed by '']'' (1928). Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children's verse book '']'' (1924) and many more in '']'' (1927). All four volumes were illustrated by ]. | |||
'''Winnie-the-Pooh''' (also known as '''Edward Bear''', '''Pooh Bear''' or simply '''Pooh''') is a fictional ] ] created by English author ] and English illustrator ]. Winnie-the-Pooh first appeared by name in a children's story commissioned by London's '']'' for Christmas Eve 1925. The character is inspired by a ] that Milne had bought for his son ] in ] department store, and a bear they had viewed at ]. | |||
The Pooh stories have been translated into many languages, including ]'s ] translation, {{lang|la|Winnie ille Pu}}, which was first published in 1958, and, in 1960, became the only Latin book ever to have been featured on ].<ref>McDowell, Edwin. , '']'' (18 November 1984). Retrieved 2 January 2010.</ref> | |||
The first collection of stories about the character was the book '']'' (1926), and this was followed by '']'' (1928). Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children's verse book '']'' (1924) and many more in '']'' (1927). All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard. The stories are set in ], which was inspired by Five Hundred Acre Wood in ] in East Sussex—situated 30 miles (48 km) south of London—where the Londoner Milne's country home was located. | |||
In 1961, ] licensed certain film and other rights of Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories from the estate of ] and the licensing agent ], and adapted the Pooh stories, using the ] name "Winnie the Pooh", into ] that would eventually become one of its most successful franchises. | |||
The Pooh stories have been translated into many languages, including ]'s ] translation, {{lang|la|]}}, which was first published in 1958, and, in 1960, became the only Latin book ever to have been featured on ].<ref>McDowell, Edwin. , '']'' (18 November 1984). Retrieved 2 January 2010.</ref> The original English manuscripts are held at ], ], Milne's alma mater to whom he had bequeathed the works.<ref>{{cite news |title=A A Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh goes to London |url=https://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/news/winnie-the-pooh-goes-to-london/ |access-date=23 April 2023 |work=Trinity College Cambridge}}</ref> The first Pooh story was ranked number 7 on the BBC's ] poll.<ref name="BBC poll"/> | |||
In popular film adaptations, Pooh has been voiced by actors ], ], and ] in English, and ] in Russian. | |||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Origin=== | ===Origin=== | ||
], ], Edward Bear ("Winnie-the-Pooh"), ], and ] |
], ], Edward Bear ("Winnie-the-Pooh"), ], and ]. ] was lost long ago.]] | ||
] named the character Winnie-the-Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son, ], on whom the character ] was based. |
] named the character Winnie-the-Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son, ], on whom the character ] was based. The rest of Christopher Milne's toys – ], ], Kanga, Roo, and ] – were incorporated into Milne's stories.<ref>. BBC News. Retrieved 20 July 2015</ref><ref>Ford, Rebecca (28 February 2007) , ''Daily Express''. Retrieved 20 July 2015</ref> Two more characters, ] and ], were created by Milne's imagination, while ] was added to the Disney version. Christopher Robin's toy bear is on display at the ] in New York City.<ref> The New York Public Library.</ref> | ||
] and Winnie, 1914]] | ] and Winnie, 1914]] | ||
Christopher Milne had named his toy bear after ], a Canadian ] he often saw at ], and Pooh, a swan they had encountered while on holiday. The bear cub was purchased from a hunter for ]20 by Canadian Lieutenant ] in ], while en route to England during the First World War.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/hamiltonspectator/doc/269875754.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Aug+2%2C+1997&author=&pub=The+Spectator&edition=&startpage=W.13&desc=Winnie+the+Pooh%27s+Canadian+beginnings |title=Winnie the Pooh's Canadian beginnings |work=] |location=Hamilton, Ontario |date=2 August 1997 |page=W.13 |via=PQArchiver.com}}</ref> He named the bear Winnie after his adopted hometown in ], ]. Winnie was surreptitiously brought to England with her owner, and gained unofficial recognition as ] regimental mascot. Colebourn left Winnie at the London Zoo while he and his unit were in France; after the war she was officially donated to the zoo, as she had become a much-loved attraction there.<ref> ''Historica Minutes'', The Historica Foundation of Canada. Retrieved 30 May 2008.</ref> Pooh the swan appears as a character in its own right in '']''. | |||
] of Harry Colebourn and Winnie]] | |||
] took his son Christopher Robin to see the amiable bear that inspired Milne to write the story<ref>{{cite news |title=The bear who inspired Winnie-the-Pooh |url=https://www.zsl.org/videos/fun-animal-facts/the-bear-who-inspired-winnie-the-pooh |access-date=12 June 2022 |publisher=Zoological Society of London}}</ref>]] | |||
In the first chapter of '']'', Milne offers this explanation of why Winnie-the-Pooh is often simply |
In the first chapter of '']'', Milne offers this explanation of why Winnie-the-Pooh is often called simply "Pooh": | ||
{{ |
{{quote|But his arms were so stiff ... they stayed up straight in the air for more than a week, and whenever a fly came and settled on his nose he had to blow it off. And I think – but I am not sure – that ''that'' is why he is always called Pooh.}} | ||
American writer ] surmised that the Milnes' invention of the name "Winnie the Pooh" may have also been influenced by the haughty character ] in ]'s '']'' (1885).<ref>Safire, William. 1993. " |
American writer ] surmised that the Milnes' invention of the name "Winnie the Pooh" may have also been influenced by the haughty character ] in ]'s '']'' (1885).<ref>Safire, William. 1993. "." ''GASBAG'' 24(3) issue 186:28–28.</ref> | ||
===Ashdown Forest: the setting for the stories=== | ===Ashdown Forest: the setting for the stories=== | ||
The Winnie-the-Pooh stories are set in ], ], England. The forest is an area of tranquil open heathland on the highest sandy ridges of the ] situated 30 miles (50 km) south-east of London. In 1925 Milne, a Londoner, bought a country home a mile to the north of the forest at ], near ]. According to Christopher Milne, while his father continued to live in London "...the four of us – he, his wife, his son and his son's nanny – would pile into a large blue, chauffeur-driven Fiat and travel down every Saturday morning and back again every Monday afternoon. And we would spend a whole glorious month there in the spring and two months in the summer."<ref>{{cite book |last=Willard |first=Barbara |author-link=Barbara Willard |title=The Forest – Ashdown in East Sussex |publisher=Sweethaws Press |date=1989 |location=Sussex}}. Quoted from the Introduction, p. xi, by Christopher Milne.</ref> From the front lawn the family had a view across a meadow to a line of ]s that fringed the ], beyond which the ground rose through more trees until finally "above them, in the faraway distance, crowning the view, was a bare hilltop. In the centre of this hilltop was a clump of pines." Most of his father's visits to the forest at that time were, he noted, family expeditions on foot "to make yet another attempt to count the pine trees on Gill's Lap or to search for the marsh gentian." Christopher added that, inspired by Ashdown Forest, his father had made it "the setting for two of his books, finishing the second little over three years after his arrival".<ref>Willard (1989). Quoted from the Introduction, p. xi, by Christopher Milne.</ref> | |||
], East Sussex, south-east England; it overlooks Five Hundred Acre Wood, the setting for Winnie-the-Pooh]] | |||
The Winnie-the-Pooh stories are set in ], ], England. The forest is an area of tranquil open heathland on the highest sandy ridges of the ] situated 30 miles (50 km) south-east of London. In 1925 Milne, a Londoner, bought a country home a mile to the north of the forest at ], near ]. According to Christopher Robin Milne, while his father continued to live in London "...the four of us – he, his wife, his son and his son's nanny – would pile into a large blue, chauffeur-driven Fiat and travel down every Saturday morning and back again every Monday afternoon. And we would spend a whole glorious month there in the spring and two months in the summer."<ref>{{cite book |last=Willard |first=Barbara |author-link=Barbara Willard |title=The Forest – Ashdown in East Sussex |publisher=Sweethaws Press |date=1989 |location=Sussex}}. Quoted from the Introduction, p. xi, by Christopher Milne.</ref> From the front lawn the family had a view across a meadow to a line of ]s that fringed the ], beyond which the ground rose through more trees until finally "above them, in the faraway distance, crowning the view, was a bare hilltop. In the centre of this hilltop was a clump of pines." Most of his father's visits to the forest at that time were, he noted, family expeditions on foot "to make yet another attempt to count the pine trees on Gill's Lap or to search for the marsh gentian". Christopher added that, inspired by Ashdown Forest, his father had made it "the setting for two of his books, finishing the second little over three years after his arrival".<ref>Willard (1989). Quoted from the Introduction, p. xi, by Christopher Milne.</ref> | |||
Many locations in the stories can be associated with real places in and around the forest. As Christopher Milne wrote in his autobiography: " |
Many locations in the stories can be associated with real places in and around the forest. As Christopher Milne wrote in his autobiography: "Pooh’s forest and Ashdown Forest are identical." For example, the fictional "]" was in reality Five Hundred Acre Wood; Galleon's Leap was inspired by the prominent hilltop of Gill's Lap, while a clump of trees just north of Gill's Lap became Christopher Robin's ''The Enchanted Place'', because no-one had ever been able to count whether there were 63 or 64 trees in the circle.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hope |first=Yvonne Jefferey |editor-last=Brooks |editor-first=Victoria |title=Literary Trips: Following in the Footsteps of Fame |volume=1 |date=2000 |publisher=Greatest Escapes |location=Vancouver, Canada |isbn=0-9686137-0-5 |page=287 |chapter=Winnie-the-Pooh in Ashdown Forest |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url= https://archive.org/details/literarytripsfol00broo/page/287}}</ref> | ||
The landscapes depicted in ]'s illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh books were directly inspired by the distinctive landscape of Ashdown Forest, with its high, open heathlands of heather, gorse, bracken and silver birch, punctuated by hilltop clumps of pine trees. Many of Shepard's illustrations can be matched to actual views, allowing for a degree of artistic licence. Shepard's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are held at the ] in London.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.surrey.ac.uk/library/ehshepard/aboutarchive/ |title=About the E. H. Shepard archive |work=Surrey.ac.uk |publisher=] |access-date=1 May 2012 |
The landscapes depicted in ]'s illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh books were directly inspired by the distinctive landscape of Ashdown Forest, with its high, open heathlands of heather, gorse, bracken and silver birch, punctuated by hilltop clumps of pine trees. Many of Shepard's illustrations can be matched to actual views, allowing for a degree of artistic licence. Shepard's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are held at the ] in London.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.surrey.ac.uk/library/ehshepard/aboutarchive/ |title=About the E. H. Shepard archive |work=Surrey.ac.uk |publisher=] |access-date=1 May 2012}}</ref> | ||
The game of ] was originally played by Christopher |
The game of ] was originally played by Christopher Milne on the wooden footbridge,<ref name=bridge/> across the Millbrook,<ref> Open Street Map. Retrieved 2019-11-23</ref> Posingford Wood, close to Cotchford Farm. It is now a tourist attraction, and it has become traditional to play the game there using sticks gathered in the nearby woodland.<ref name=bridge>. BBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2012</ref><ref>. BBC News. Retrieved 11 November 2012</ref> When the footbridge had to be replaced in 1999, the architect used as a main source drawings by Shepard in the books, which differ a little from the original structure. | ||
===First publication=== | ===First publication=== | ||
] Christopher Robin's teddy bear made his character début, under the name Edward, in A. A. Milne's poem, "Teddy Bear", in the edition of 13 February 1924 of '']'' (E. H. Shepard had also included a similar bear in a cartoon published in ''Punch'' the previous week<ref>Davies, Ross E. , ''Re-readings'', vol. 5, 2020, p. 2.</ref>), and the same poem was published in Milne's book of children's verse '']'' (6 November 1924).<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrate Winnie-The-Pooh's 90th with a Rare Recording (and Hunny) |url= https://www.npr.org/2014/02/22/280761847/celebrating-winnie-the-poohs-90th-with-a-rare-recording-and-some-hunny |work=NPR.org |publisher=] |date=20 July 2015}}</ref> Winnie-the-Pooh first appeared by name on 24 December 1925, in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London newspaper '']''. It was illustrated by J. H. Dowd.<ref name="A Children's Story by A. A. Milne">{{cite news |title=A Children's Story by A. A. Milne |work=] |location=London |page=1 |date=24 December 1925}}</ref> | ] Christopher Robin's teddy bear made his character début, under the name Edward, in A. A. Milne's poem, "Teddy Bear", in the edition of 13 February 1924 of '']'' (E. H. Shepard had also included a similar bear in a cartoon published in ''Punch'' the previous week<ref>Davies, Ross E. , ''Re-readings'', vol. 5, 2020, p. 2.</ref>), and the same poem was published in Milne's book of children's verse '']'' (6 November 1924).<ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrate Winnie-The-Pooh's 90th with a Rare Recording (and Hunny) |url= https://www.npr.org/2014/02/22/280761847/celebrating-winnie-the-poohs-90th-with-a-rare-recording-and-some-hunny |work=NPR.org |publisher=] |date=20 July 2015}}</ref> Winnie-the-Pooh first appeared by name on 24 December 1925, in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London newspaper '']''. It was illustrated by J. H. Dowd.<ref name="A Children's Story by A. A. Milne">{{cite news |title=A Children's Story by A. A. Milne |work=] |location=London |page=1 |date=24 December 1925}}</ref> | ||
The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book '']''. The ''Evening News'' Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book. At the beginning, it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin's Edward Bear, who had been renamed by the boy. He was renamed after ] called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from ]. The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne's earlier children's work, ], in England, ] in the United States, and ] in Canada.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thwaite |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Thwaite |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Alan Alexander Milne |publisher=] |date=2004 |
The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book '']''. The ''Evening News'' Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book. At the beginning, it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin's Edward Bear, who had been renamed by the boy. He was renamed after ] called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from ]. The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne's earlier children's work, ], in England, ] in the United States, and ] in Canada.<ref>{{cite book |last=Thwaite |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Thwaite |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: Alan Alexander Milne |publisher=] |date=2004}}</ref> | ||
===Appearance=== | |||
The original drawing of Pooh was based not on Christopher Robin's bear, but on Growler, the teddy bear belonging to Shepard's son Graham, according to James Campbell, husband of Shepard's great-granddaughter. When Campbell took over Shepard's estate in 2010, he discovered many drawings and unpublished writings, including early drawings of Pooh, that had not been seen in decades. Campbell said, "Both he and A. A. Milne realised that Christopher Robin's bear was too gruff-looking, not very cuddly, so they decided they would have to have a different bear for the illustrations."<ref name=Growler/> Campbell said Shepard sent Milne a drawing of his son's bear and that Milne "said it was perfect". Campbell also said Shepard's drawings of Christopher Robin were based partly on his own son.<ref name="Growler">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/04/real-winnie-the-pooh-revealed-to-have-been-growler |title=The real Winnie-the-Pooh revealed to have been 'Growler' |last=Flood |first=Alison |work=] |date=4 September 2017}}</ref> | |||
===Character=== | ===Character=== | ||
In the Milne books, Pooh is naive and slow-witted, but he is also friendly, thoughtful and steadfast. Although he and his friends agree that he is "a bear of very little brain," Pooh is occasionally acknowledged to have a clever idea, usually driven by common sense. These include riding in Christopher Robin's umbrella to rescue Piglet from a flood, discovering "the North Pole" by picking it up to help fish Roo out of the river, inventing the game of ], and getting Eeyore out of the river by dropping a large rock on one side of him to wash him towards the bank. | |||
] | |||
In the Milne books, Pooh is naive and slow-witted, but he is also friendly, thoughtful, and steadfast. Although he and his friends agree that he is "a bear of very little brain", Pooh is occasionally acknowledged to have a clever idea, usually driven by common sense. These include riding in Christopher Robin's umbrella to rescue Piglet from a flood, discovering "the North Pole" by picking it up to help fish Roo out of the river, inventing the game of ], and getting Eeyore out of the river by dropping a large rock on one side of him to wash him towards the bank. | |||
] | |||
Pooh is also a talented poet and the stories are frequently punctuated by his poems and "hums". Although he is humble about his slow-wittedness, he is comfortable with his creative gifts. When Owl's house blows down in a windstorm, trapping Pooh, Piglet and Owl inside, Pooh encourages Piglet (the only one small enough to do so) to escape and rescue them all by promising that "a respectful Pooh song" will be written about Piglet's feat. Later, Pooh muses about the creative process as he composes the song. | Pooh is also a talented poet and the stories are frequently punctuated by his poems and "hums". Although he is humble about his slow-wittedness, he is comfortable with his creative gifts. When Owl's house blows down in a windstorm, trapping Pooh, Piglet and Owl inside, Pooh encourages Piglet (the only one small enough to do so) to escape and rescue them all by promising that "a respectful Pooh song" will be written about Piglet's feat. Later, Pooh muses about the creative process as he composes the song. | ||
Pooh is very fond of food, particularly "]", but also condensed milk and other items. When he visits friends, his desire to be offered a snack is in conflict with the impoliteness of asking too directly. Though intent on giving Eeyore a pot of honey for his birthday, Pooh could not resist eating it on his way to deliver the present and so instead gives Eeyore "a useful pot to put things in". When he and Piglet are lost in the forest during Rabbit's attempt to "unbounce" Tigger, Pooh finds his way home by following the "call" of the honeypots from his house. Pooh makes it a habit to have "a little something" around 11:00 in the morning. As the clock in his house "stopped at five minutes to eleven some weeks ago," any time can be Pooh's snack time. | |||
] | |||
Pooh is very fond of food, particularly ] (which he spells "hunny"), but also condensed milk and other items. When he visits friends, his desire to be offered a snack is in conflict with the impoliteness of asking too directly. Though intent on giving Eeyore a pot of honey for his birthday, Pooh could not resist eating it on his way to deliver the present and so instead gives Eeyore "a useful pot to put things in". When he and Piglet are lost in the forest during Rabbit's attempt to "unbounce" Tigger, Pooh finds his way home by following the "call" of the honeypots from his house. Pooh makes it a habit to have "a little something" around 11:00 in the morning. As the clock in his house "stopped at five minutes to eleven some weeks ago", any time can be Pooh's snack time. | |||
Pooh is very social. After Christopher Robin, his closest friend is Piglet, and he most often chooses to spend his time with one or both of them. But he also habitually visits the other animals, often looking for a snack or an audience for his poetry as much as for companionship. His kind-heartedness means he goes out of his way to be friendly to Eeyore, visiting him and bringing him a birthday present and building him a house, despite receiving mostly disdain from Eeyore in return. |
Pooh is very social. After Christopher Robin, his closest friend is Piglet, and he most often chooses to spend his time with one or both of them. But he also habitually visits the other animals, often looking for a snack or an audience for his poetry as much as for companionship. His kind-heartedness means he goes out of his way to be friendly to Eeyore, visiting him and bringing him a birthday present and building him a house, despite receiving mostly disdain from Eeyore in return. | ||
=== |
===Sequel=== | ||
An authorised sequel '']'' was published on 5 October 2009. The author, ], has developed, but not changed, Milne's characterisations. The illustrations, by ], are in the style of Shepard.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pooh sequel returns Christopher Robin to Hundred Acre Wood |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |author-link=Maev Kennedy |date=4 October 2009 |work=] |page=15}}</ref> | An authorised sequel '']'' was published on 5 October 2009. The author, ], has developed, but not changed, Milne's characterisations. The illustrations, by ], are in the style of Shepard.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pooh sequel returns Christopher Robin to Hundred Acre Wood |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |author-link=Maev Kennedy |date=4 October 2009 |work=] |page=15}}</ref> | ||
Another authorised sequel, '']'', was published by ] in 2016. The sequel consists of four short stories by four leading children's authors, ], ], Paul Bright, and ]. Illustrations are by Mark Burgess.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winnie-the-Pooh sequel details revealed |url= http://www.thebookseller.com/news/more-details-announced-winnie-pooh-sequel-316996 |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> ''The Best Bear in All The World'' sees the introduction of a new character, Penguin, which was inspired by a long-lost photograph of Milne and his son Christopher with a toy penguin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Listen to the moment Winnie-the-Pooh meets penguin friend in new book |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37401359 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2016}}</ref> A further special story, '']'', was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of Milne's creation and the 90th birthday of ]. It sees Winnie the Pooh meet the Queen at ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Winnie the Pooh meets the Queen in a new story |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-36392103 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2016}}</ref> | |||
] department store in ], London, where in 1921 Milne bought the stuffed toy for his son that would inspire the character. Pooh visits Harrods in the 2021 authorised prequel ''Winnie-the-Pooh: Once There Was a Bear'']] | |||
Another authorised sequel, '']'', was published by ] in 2016. The sequel consists of four short stories by four leading children's authors, ], ], Paul Bright, and ]. Illustrations are by Mark Burgess.<ref>{{cite news |title=Winnie-the-Pooh sequel details revealed |url= http://www.thebookseller.com/news/more-details-announced-winnie-pooh-sequel-316996 |access-date=18 October 2016}}</ref> ''The Best Bear in All The World'' sees the introduction of a new character, Penguin, which was inspired by a long-lost photograph of Milne and his son Christopher with a toy penguin.<ref>{{cite news |title=Listen to the moment Winnie-the-Pooh meets penguin friend in new book |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-37401359 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JlcEAAAAMBAJ&dq=agnes+brush+pooh+dolls&pg=PA117 |title=The World of Pooh Lives On |date=1956-02-27 |publisher=Time Inc |isbn= |volume=40 |location=LIFE |pages=118 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
In 2016, '']'' was published to mark the 90th anniversary of Milne's creation and the 90th birthday of ]. It sees Pooh meet the Queen at ].<ref>{{cite news |title=Winnie the Pooh meets the Queen in a new story |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-36392103 |work=BBC News |date=19 September 2016}}</ref> | |||
In 2021, marking a century since Milne bought the ] from ] department store for his son ] that would inspire Milne to create the character, ''Winnie-the-Pooh: Once There Was a Bear'', the first prequel to Milne's books and poetry about the bear, was authorised by the estates of Milne and Shepard.<ref name="Prequel"/> Inspired by the real life of Christopher Robin, it is written by children's writer Jane Riordan in the style of Milne, with illustrations by Mark Burgess emulating the drawings of Shepard.<ref name="Prequel"/> It sees Winnie-the-Pooh exploring Harrods as well as visit London's ] and London Zoo, before leaving London and going back to the Hundred Acre Wood.<ref name="Prequel"/> | |||
===Stephen Slesinger=== | ===Stephen Slesinger=== | ||
On 6 January 1930, ] purchased US and Canadian merchandising, television, recording, and other trade rights to the Winnie-the-Pooh works from Milne for a $1,000 advance and 66% of Slesinger's income |
On 6 January 1930, ] purchased US and Canadian merchandising, television, recording, and other trade rights to the Winnie-the-Pooh works from Milne for a $1,000 advance and 66% of Slesinger's income, creating the modern licensing industry. By November 1931, Pooh was a $50 million-a-year business.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Merchant of Child |work=] |page= 71 |date=November 1931 }}</ref> Slesinger marketed Pooh and his friends for more than 30 years, creating the first Pooh doll, record, board game, puzzle, US radio broadcast (on NBC), animation, and motion picture.<ref>{{cite news |last=McElway |first=St. Claire |title=The Literary Character in Business & Commerce |work=] |date=26 October 1936 }}</ref> | ||
===Red shirt Pooh=== | ===Red shirt Pooh=== | ||
The first time Pooh and his friends appeared in colour was 1932, when he was drawn by Slesinger in his now-familiar red shirt and featured on an ] picture record. ] introduced ''A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh Game'' in 1933, again with Pooh in his red shirt. In the 1940s, Agnes Brush created the first plush dolls with Pooh in a shirt. |
The first time Pooh and his friends appeared in colour was 1932, when he was drawn by Slesinger in his now-familiar red shirt and featured on an ] picture record. ] introduced ''A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh Game'' in 1933, again with Pooh in his red shirt. In the 1940s, Agnes Brush created the first plush dolls with Pooh in his a shirt. Shepard had drawn Pooh with a shirt as early as the first book ''Winnie-the-Pooh'', which was subsequently coloured red in later coloured editions.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} | ||
===Disney |
===Disney ownership era (1966–present)=== | ||
{{Main|Winnie the Pooh (franchise)|Winnie the Pooh (Disney character)}} | {{Main|Winnie the Pooh (franchise)|Winnie the Pooh (Disney character)}} | ||
After Slesinger's death in 1953, his wife, ], continued developing the character herself. In 1961, she licensed rights to ] in exchange for royalties in the first of two agreements between Stephen Slesinger, Inc., and Disney.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leonard |first=Devin |url= |
After Slesinger's death in 1953, his wife, ], continued developing the character herself. In 1961, she licensed rights to ] in exchange for royalties in the first of two agreements between Stephen Slesinger, Inc., and Disney.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leonard |first=Devin |url= http://archive.fortune.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2003/01/20/335653/index.htm |title=The Curse of Pooh |work=] |date=January 20, 2003 |access-date=April 29, 2018}}</ref> The same year, A. A. Milne's widow, Daphne Milne, also licensed certain rights, including motion picture rights, to Disney. | ||
Since 1966, Disney has released numerous animated productions starring ] and related characters, starting with the theatrical ] '']''. This was followed by '']'' (1968), and '']'' (1974). These three featurettes were combined into a feature-length |
Since 1966, Disney has released numerous animated productions starring ] and related characters, starting with the theatrical ] '']''. This was followed by '']'' (1968), and '']'' (1974). These three featurettes were combined into a feature-length movie, '']'', in 1977. A fourth featurette, '']'', was released in 1983. | ||
A new series of Winnie the Pooh theatrical feature-length films launched in the 2000s, with '']'' (2000), '']'' (2003), '']'' (2005), and '']'' (2011). | A new series of Winnie the Pooh theatrical feature-length films launched in the 2000s, with '']'' (2000), '']'' (2003), '']'' (2005), and '']'' (2011). | ||
Disney has also produced television series based on the franchise, including '']'' (], 1983–1986), '']'' (], 1988–1991), '']'' (], 2001–2003), and '']'' (Playhouse Disney, 2007–2010). | Disney has also produced television series based on the franchise, including '']'' (], 1983–1986), '']'' (], 1988–1991), '']'' (], 2001–2003), and '']'' (Playhouse Disney, 2007–2010). | ||
A. A. Milne's ] on the Winnie-the-Pooh character expired on 1 January 2022, as it had been 95 years since publication of the first story. The character has thus entered the ] in the United States and Disney no longer holds exclusive rights there. Independent filmmaker ] capitalized on this shortly thereafter by producing a horror film titled '']''.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leonard |first=Devin |url=https://comicbook.com/horror/news/winnie-the-pooh-horror-movie-revealed/ |title=Winnie the Pooh: Blood and Honey Images Reveal First Look at Horror Reimagining |work=] |date=May 25, 2022 |access-date=May 25, 2022}}</ref> The ] will expire on 1 January 2027, the 70th year since Milne's death.<ref>{{cite news |title= Walt Disney secures rights to Winnie the Pooh |newspaper=]|date=6 March 2001 |location= London |url= https://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/mar/06/news |access-date=17 June 2022}}</ref> | |||
''Playdate with Winnie the Pooh'', an animated series of musical shorts by OddBot Inc. for ], became the first project from Disney to be released after the original book and characters became public domain.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=2022-04-29 |title=John Stamos To Voice Iron Man In 'Spidey and His Amazing Friends' Season 2; New Disney Jr. Programming Slate Unveiled |url=https://deadline.com/2022/04/john-stamos-voice-iron-man-spidey-and-his-amazing-friends-season-2-disney-jr-programming-slate-unveiled-1235013164/ |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-13 |title=Disney Junior Greenlights 'Ariel' Series, Plus 'Magicampers' and 'Playdate With Winnie the Pooh' - WDW News Today |url=https://wdwnt.com/2023/06/disney-junior-greenlights-ariel-series-plus-magicampers-and-playdate-with-winnie-the-pooh/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=wdwnt.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First Look At Disney Junior's "Playdate With Winnie the Pooh" |url=https://whatsondisneyplus.com/first-look-at-disney-juniors-playdate-with-winnie-the-pooh/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Disney Previews New Mickey Mouse and Winnie the Pooh Shows |url=https://comicbook.com/tv-shows/news/disney-junior-mickey-mouse-steamboat-silly-playdate-with-winnie-the-pooh/ |access-date=2023-06-16 |website=TV Shows |language=en}}</ref> | |||
===Merchandising revenue dispute=== | ===Merchandising revenue dispute=== | ||
Pooh videos, soft toys, and other merchandise generate substantial annual revenues for Disney. The size of Pooh stuffed toys ranges from ] and miniature to human-sized. In addition to the stylised Disney Pooh, Disney markets Classic Pooh merchandise which more closely resembles E. H. Shepard's illustrations. | Pooh videos, soft toys, and other merchandise generate substantial annual revenues for Disney. The size of Pooh stuffed toys ranges from ] and miniature to human-sized. In addition to the stylised Disney Pooh, Disney markets Classic Pooh merchandise which more closely resembles E. H. Shepard's illustrations. | ||
In 1991, Stephen Slesinger, Inc., filed a lawsuit against Disney which alleged that Disney had breached their 1983 agreement by again failing to accurately report revenue from Winnie the Pooh sales. Under this agreement, Disney was to retain approximately 98% of gross worldwide revenues while the remaining 2% was to be paid to Slesinger. In addition, the suit alleged that Disney had failed to pay required royalties on all commercial exploitation of the product name.<ref> |
In 1991, Stephen Slesinger, Inc., filed a lawsuit against Disney which alleged that Disney had breached their 1983 agreement by again failing to accurately report revenue from Winnie the Pooh sales. Under this agreement, Disney was to retain approximately 98% of gross worldwide revenues while the remaining 2% was to be paid to Slesinger. In addition, the suit alleged that Disney had failed to pay required royalties on all commercial exploitation of the product name.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205045431/http://monitor.net/monitor/0201a/pooh1.html |date=5 December 2006 }} ''The Albion Monitor''.</ref> Though the Disney corporation was sanctioned by a judge for destroying forty boxes of evidentiary documents,<ref name=vjnelson>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Valerie J. |title=Shirley Slesinger Lasswell, 84; fought Disney over Pooh royalties |work=] | ||
|date=20 July 2007 |url=https:// |
|date=20 July 2007 |url= https://articles.latimes.com/2007/jul/20/local/me-lasswell20 |url-status=live |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> the suit was later terminated by another judge when it was discovered that Slesinger's investigator had rummaged through Disney's garbage to retrieve the discarded evidence.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041012191206/http://www.disneycorner.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=82 |date=12 October 2004 }} ''The Disney Corner''.</ref> Slesinger appealed the termination and, on 26 September 2007, a three-judge panel upheld the lawsuit dismissal.<ref>{{cite news |first=Meg |last=James |title=Disney wins lawsuit ruling on Pooh rights |url= https://articles.latimes.com/2007/sep/26/business/fi-pooh26 |work=] |date=26 September 2007 |access-date=26 September 2007}}</ref> | ||
After the ] of 1998, Clare Milne, Christopher Robin Milne's daughter, attempted to terminate any future US copyrights for Stephen Slesinger, Inc.<ref> ''USA Today'' 6 November 2002. Retrieved 18 January 2019.</ref> After a series of legal hearings, Judge ] of the US District Court in California found in favour of Stephen Slesinger, Inc., as did the ]. On 26 June 2006, the ] refused to hear the case, sustaining the ruling and ensuring the defeat of the suit.<ref>{{cite news|title=Justices won't hear copyright appeal by relative of Winnie the Pooh|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2006-06-26-scotus-winniethepooh_x.htm |work=] |agency=] |date=26 June 2006 |access-date=18 January 2019}}</ref> | |||
On 19 February 2007, Disney lost a court case in Los Angeles which ruled their "misguided claims" to dispute the licensing agreements with Slesinger, Inc., were unjustified,<ref>{{cite news | |||
|title=Disney loses court battle in Winnie the Pooh copyright case |url= http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/02/17/1850319.htm |publisher=ABC News |date=17 February 2007 |access-date=15 May 2008}}<!-- ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/070217/business/us_justice_media_company_disney --></ref> but a federal ruling of 28 September 2009, again from Judge Florence-Marie Cooper, determined that the Slesinger family had granted all trademarks and copyrights to Disney, although Disney must pay royalties for all future use of the characters. Both parties have expressed satisfaction with the outcome.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-ct-disney29-2009sep29,0,3287132.story |title=Pooh rights belong to Disney, judge rules |last=James |first=Meg |date=29 September 2009 |work=] |access-date=5 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.american-reporter.com/3,781W/3.html |title=The gordian knot of Pooh rights is finally untied in federal court |last=Shea |first=Joe |date=4 October 2009 |work=] |access-date=5 October 2009}}{{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> | |||
==Disney adaptations== | |||
{{Main|Winnie the Pooh (franchise)}} | |||
===Theatrical shorts=== | |||
*1966: '']'' | |||
After the ] of 1998, Clare Milne, Christopher Robin Milne's daughter, attempted to terminate any future US copyrights for Stephen Slesinger, Inc.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 November 2002 |title=Winnie the Pooh goes to court |work=USA Today |url=https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/media/2002-11-05-pooh_x.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103152532/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/media/2002-11-05-pooh_x.htm |archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> After a series of legal hearings, Judge ] of the US District Court in California found in favour of Stephen Slesinger, Inc., as did the ]. On 26 June 2006, the ] refused to hear the case, sustaining the ruling and ensuring the defeat of the suit.<ref>{{cite news |date=26 June 2006 |title=Justices won't hear copyright appeal by relative of Winnie the Pooh |work=] |agency=] |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2006-06-26-scotus-winniethepooh_x.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=18 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210905182724/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/washington/judicial/2006-06-26-scotus-winniethepooh_x.htm |archive-date=5 September 2021}}</ref> | |||
*1968: '']'' | |||
*1974: '']'' | |||
*1981: '']'' | |||
*1983: '']'' | |||
===Theatrical feature films=== | |||
On 19 February 2007, Disney lost a court case in Los Angeles which ruled their "misguided claims" to dispute the licensing agreements with Slesinger, Inc., were unjustified,<ref>{{cite news |date=17 February 2007 |title=Disney loses court battle in Winnie the Pooh copyright case |publisher=ABC News |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/02/17/1850319.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=15 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518135024/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/02/17/1850319.htm |archive-date=18 May 2008}}<!-- ca.news.yahoo.com/s/afp/070217/business/us_justice_media_company_disney --></ref> but a federal ruling of 28 September 2009, again from Judge Florence-Marie Cooper, determined that the Slesinger family had granted all trademarks and copyrights to Disney, although Disney must pay royalties for all future use of the characters. Both parties expressed satisfaction with the outcome.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.latimes.com/business/la-fi-ct-disney29-2009sep29,0,3287132.story |title=Pooh rights belong to Disney, judge rules |last=James |first=Meg |date=29 September 2009 |work=] |access-date=5 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.american-reporter.com/3,781W/3.html |title=The gordian knot of Pooh rights is finally untied in federal court |last=Shea |first=Joe |date=4 October 2009 |work=] |access-date=5 October 2009}}{{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> | |||
*1977: '']'' (compilation of ''Honey Tree'', ''Blustery Day'', and ''Tigger Too'') | |||
== Other adaptations == | |||
*2000: '']'' | |||
<!--many of these are not cited--> | |||
*2003: '']'' | |||
*2005: '']'' | |||
*2011: '']'' | |||
*2018: '']''<ref>{{cite web |last=Fleming|first=Mike Jr. |title=Disney Sets Live-action 'Winnie the Pooh' Film; Alex Ross Perry to Write |url= https://deadline.com/2015/04/winnie-the-pooh-disney-live-action-feature-alex-ross-perry-1201392427/ |work=] |access-date=6 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= https://deadline.com/2016/11/disney-christopher-robin-marc-forster-winnie-the-pooh-1201857235/ |title=Marc Forster to Helm Live-action 'Christopher Robin' Based on 'Winnie the Pooh' Character |work=] |last=Lincoln |first=Ross A. |date=18 November 2016}}</ref> | |||
=== |
===Television shows=== | ||
*'']'' (], 1983–1986)<ref name=":0" group="lower-roman">Puppet/live-action show</ref> | |||
* 2022. ''The Call of Poohthulhu,'' an ] of ] short stories set in the Winnie-the-Pooh universe<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Lisa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPUszwEACAAJ |title=The Call of Poohthulhu |last2=Rawlik |first2=Pete |last3=Morgan |first3=Christine |date=2022-05-07 |publisher=Amazon Digital Services LLC - Kdp |isbn=979-8-4470-9291-7 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
*'']'' (], 1988–1991) | |||
*'']'' (Disney Channel (]), 2001–2003)<ref name=":0" group="lower-roman" /> | |||
*'']'' (Disney Channel (Playhouse Disney), 2007–2010) | |||
*'']'' (], 2011–2014)<ref>{{cite web|date=22 August 2011|title=Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2371873/|access-date=15 January 2016|work=]}}</ref> | |||
=== Magical World of Winnie the Pooh === | |||
The below are considered episodes from '']''. | |||
====Holiday TV specials==== | |||
*1991: '']'', included in '']'' | |||
*1996: '']'', included in '']'' | |||
*1998: '']'', included in '']'' | |||
*1999: '']'' | |||
====Direct-to-video shorts==== | |||
*1990: ''Winnie the Pooh's ABC of Me'' | |||
====Direct-to-video features==== | |||
These features integrate stories from '']'' and/or the holiday specials with new footage. | |||
*1997: '']'' | |||
*1999: '']''* | |||
*2001: '']'' | |||
*2002: '']''* | |||
*2004: '']'' | |||
*2005: '']'' | |||
*2007: '']'' | |||
*2009: '']'' | |||
*2010: '']'' | |||
=== Video games=== | |||
The following games are based on ] Winnie the Pooh; Pooh also appears in the Square Enix/Disney crossover series '']''. | |||
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%;" | |||
|- | |||
! style="width:30%; text-align:left;" |Main title / alternate title(s) | |||
! style="width:30%-align:left;" |Developer | |||
! style="width:11%; text-align:left;" |Release date | |||
! style="width:44%; text-align:left;" |System(s) | |||
|- | |||
|'']''||]|| 1984 ||], ], ], ], ] | |||
|- | |||
|''A Year at Pooh Corner''|| Novotrade, ]|| 1994 ||] | |||
|- | |||
|''Ready for Math with Pooh''||]|| 1997 ||] | |||
|- | |||
|'']''|| Disney Interactive Studios || 1997 || Microsoft Windows | |||
|- | |||
|'']''|| Doki Denki, NewKidCo || 2000 ||], Microsoft Windows, ] | |||
|- | |||
|''Winnie the Pooh: Adventures in the 100 Acre Wood''|| Tose, NewKidCo || 2000 ||] | |||
|- | |||
|''Disney's Winnie the Pooh: Preschool''|| Hi Corp, Atlus || 2001 || PlayStation | |||
|- | |||
|'']''|| Doki Denki, SCEE, ], Tomy Corporation || 2001 || PlayStation, Microsoft Windows | |||
|- | |||
|''Kuma no Pooh-San: Mori no Nakamato 123''|| Atlus || 2001 || PlayStation | |||
|- | |||
|''Pooh and Tigger's Hunny Safari''|| Digital Eclipse, Electronic Arts, Ubisoft || 2001 || Game Boy Color | |||
|- | |||
|''Disney's Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure''|| Hi Corp, Atlus || 2002 || PlayStation | |||
|- | |||
|'']''|| Doki Denki Studio, Disney Interactive Studios, THQ, Gotham Games || 2003 || Nintendo GameCube, ], ] | |||
|- | |||
|''Pooh's Hunny Pot Challenge''||Walt Disney Internet Group || 2003 || Mobile phone | |||
|- | |||
|''Pooh's Pairs''|| Walt Disney Internet Group || 2003 || Mobile phone | |||
|- | |||
|''Tigger's Bouncin' Time''|| Walt Disney Internet Group || 2003 || Mobile phone | |||
|- | |||
|''Pooh's Hunny Blocks''|| Walt Disney Internet Group || 2003 || Mobile phone | |||
|- | |||
|'']''|| Phoenix Games Studio, Ubisoft || 2005 || Game Boy Advance, Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, mobile phone | |||
|- | |||
|''Kuma no Pooh-San: 100 Acre no Mori no Cooking Book''|| Disney Interactive Studios || 2011 || Nintendo DS | |||
|- | |||
|''Disney's Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree Animated Storybook''|| Disney Interactive Studios || 2014 || Microsoft Windows | |||
|} | |||
== Other adaptations == | |||
{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2018}}<!--many of these are not cited--> | |||
===Theatre=== | ===Theatre=== | ||
* 1931. ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' at the Guild Theater, ] Marionettes<ref>{{cite news|date=22 December 1931|title=Hastings Marionettes: Will Open Holiday Season at Guild Theatre on Saturday|page=28|work=]}}</ref> | |||
*1931. ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' at the Guild Theater, ] Marionettes<ref>{{cite news|date=22 December 1931|title=Hastings Marionettes: Will Open Holiday Season at Guild Theatre on Saturday|page=28|work=]}}</ref> | |||
* 1957. ''Winnie-the-Pooh'', a play in three acts, dramatized by Kristin Sergel, ] | |||
* 1964. ''Winnie-the-Pooh'', a musical comedy in two acts, lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, music by Allan Jay Friedman, book by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing | *1957. ''Winnie-the-Pooh'', a play in three acts, dramatized by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing Company | ||
*1964. ''Winnie-the-Pooh'', a musical comedy in two acts, lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, music by Allan Jay Friedman, book by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing Company | |||
* |
*1977. ''A Winnie-the-Pooh Christmas Tail'', in which Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends help Eeyore have a very Merry Christmas (or a very happy birthday), with the book, music, and lyrics by James W. Rogers, Dramatic Publishing Company<ref>Quamme, Margaret. 7 December 2019. "" (review). '']''.</ref> | ||
* |
*1986. '']'', ] | ||
* |
*1992. ''Winnie-the-Pooh'', small cast musical version, dramatized by le Clanché du Rand, music by Allan Jay Friedman, lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, additional lyrics by le Clanché du Rand, Dramatic Publishing Company | ||
* 2021. '']''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/WINNIE-THE-POOH-THE-NEW-MUSICAL-ADAPTATION-to-Begin-Performances-at-Theatre-Row-on-October-21-20210525|title=WINNIE THE POOH: THE NEW MUSICAL ADAPTATION Will Open Off-Broadway This Fall|first=Chloe|last=Rabinowitz|website=BroadwayWorld.com}}</ref> | |||
===Audio=== | ===Audio=== | ||
] | ] | ||
Selected Pooh stories read by ] released on vinyl LP: | Selected Pooh stories read by ] released on vinyl LP: | ||
* |
*1956. ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' (consisting of three tracks: "Introducing Winnie-the-Pooh and Christopher Robin"; "Pooh Goes Visiting and Gets into a Tight Place"; and "Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle") | ||
* |
*''More Winnie-the-Pooh'' (consisting of three tracks: "Eeyore Loses a Tail"; "Piglet Meets a Heffalump"; "Eeyore Has a Birthday") | ||
In 1951, ] released four stories of ''Winnie-the-Pooh'', narrated by ] and featuring the voices of ] as Pooh |
In 1951, ] released four stories of ''Winnie-the-Pooh'', narrated by ] and featuring the voices of ] as Pooh, Betty Jane Tyler as Kanga, ] as Eeyore, and ] as Rabbit. | ||
In 1960, ] recorded a dramatised version with songs (music by ]) of two episodes from ''The House at Pooh Corner'' (Chapters 2 and 8), starring ] as Pooh, ] as Christopher Robin (who also narrated), ] as Tigger, ] as Piglet, and ] as Eeyore. This was released on a 45 rpm EP.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 July 2010|title=Ian Carmichael and Full Cast – ''The House at Pooh Corner'' – HMV Junior Record Club – UK – 7EG 117|url=http://www.45cat.com/record/7eg117|access-date=5 November 2011|work=45Cat.com}}</ref> | In 1960, ] recorded a dramatised version with songs (music by ]) of two episodes from ''The House at Pooh Corner'' (Chapters 2 and 8), starring ] as Pooh, ] as Christopher Robin (who also narrated), ] as Tigger, ] as Piglet, and ] as Eeyore. This was released on a 45 rpm EP.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 July 2010|title=Ian Carmichael and Full Cast – ''The House at Pooh Corner'' – HMV Junior Record Club – UK – 7EG 117|url=http://www.45cat.com/record/7eg117|access-date=5 November 2011|work=45Cat.com}}</ref> | ||
Line 147: | Line 235: | ||
Unabridged recordings read by ] of the four Pooh books: | Unabridged recordings read by ] of the four Pooh books: | ||
* |
*''When We Were Very Young'' | ||
* |
*''Winnie-the-Pooh'' | ||
* |
*''Now We Are Six'' | ||
* |
*''The House at Pooh Corner'' | ||
In 1979, a double audio cassette set of ''Winnie the Pooh'' was produced featuring British actor ] reading all of the characters in the stories. This was followed in 1981 by an audio cassette set of stories from ''The House at Pooh Corner'' also read by Lionel Jeffries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Winnie the Pooh|oclc=220534420}}</ref> | In 1979, a double audio cassette set of ''Winnie the Pooh'' was produced featuring British actor ] reading all of the characters in the stories. This was followed in 1981 by an audio cassette set of stories from ''The House at Pooh Corner'' also read by Lionel Jeffries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Winnie the Pooh|oclc=220534420}}</ref> | ||
In the 1990s, the stories were dramatised for audio by ], with music composed, directed and played by John Gould. They were performed by a cast that included ] as Winnie-the-Pooh, ] as Piglet, ] as Eeyore |
In the 1990s, the stories were dramatised for audio by ], with music composed, directed and played by John Gould. They were performed by a cast that included ] as Winnie-the-Pooh, ] as Piglet, ] as Eeyore and ] as Kanga.<ref>{{cite book|title=Tigger Comes to the Forest: And Other Stories|oclc=141191344}}</ref> | ||
====Radio==== | ====Radio==== | ||
* |
*The ] has included readings of ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' stories in its programmes for children since very soon after their first publication. One of the earliest of such readings, by "Uncle Peter" (C. E. Hodges), was an item in the programme '']'', broadcast by stations ] and 5XX on 23 March 1926. | ||
* |
*Pooh made his US radio debut on 10 November 1932, when he was broadcast to 40,000 schools by ], the educational division of the ].<ref>{{cite news|date=November 1932|title=His Master's Voice Speaks Again|work=]}}</ref> | ||
===Film=== | ===Film=== | ||
2017: '']'', a British drama film exploring the creation of Winnie-the-Pooh with ] playing A.A. Milne. | |||
* 2018: '']'', an extension of the ], ] plays Christopher Robin, and filming took place at Ashdown Forest.<ref>{{cite news|first=Nia |last=Daniels|title=Disney's Christopher Robin starts filming in the UK|url=http://www.kftv.com/news/2017/08/09/disneys-christopher-robin-starts-filming-in-the-uk-|access-date=12 June 2022|work=]|publisher=Media Business Insight|date=9 August 2017}}</ref> | |||
* 2023: '']'', a horror adaptation depicting both Winnie-the-Pooh and Piglet as homicidal maniacs who go on a killing spree after Christopher Robin abandons them.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/winnie-the-pooh-blood-and-honey-director-1235278405/ | title='Winnie the Pooh: Blood and Honey' Director Teases Slasher Film Plot: 'Pooh and Piglet Go on a Rampage' | date=26 May 2022 }}</ref> This is the first Pooh adaptation in '']''; two subsequent films are: | |||
** 2024: '']'': Pooh and Piglet team up with Owl and Tigger to target the town of Ashdown after Christopher exposed their existence following the events of the first film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korngut |first=Josh |date=1 June 2022 |title='Winnie the Pooh: Blood and Honey' Director Reveals One of Its Nastiest Kill Scenes |url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/430657/winnie-the-pooh-blood-and-honey-director-reveals-one-of-its-nastiest-kill-scenes-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |website=]}}</ref> | |||
** 2025: ''Winnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey 3'': On 28 March 2024, a third film in the ''Blood and Honey'' series was announced.<ref>{{cite news |title='Winnie-the-Pooh: Blood and Honey 3' Confirmed (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2024/film/global/winnie-the-pooh-blood-and-honey-3-confirmed-1235954467/ |access-date=3 April 2024 |work=Variety}}</ref> | |||
* 2024: Untitled animated prequel.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-12-14 |title='Winnie the Pooh' Origin Story Prequel in the Works at Baboon Animation, IQI |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/winnie-the-pooh-origin-story-prequel-1235460899/ |access-date=2022-12-31 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
====Soviet adaptation==== | ====Soviet adaptation==== | ||
] | ] | ||
In the Soviet Union, three Winnie-the-Pooh, (transcribed in ] as {{lang|ru|]}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|Vinni Pukh}}) stories were made into a celebrated trilogy |
In the Soviet Union, three Winnie-the-Pooh, (transcribed in ] as {{lang|ru|]}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|Vinni Pukh}}) stories were made into a celebrated trilogy<ref>{{cite web|title=Russian animation in letters and figures: 'Winnie the Pooh'|url=http://www.animator.ru/db/?ver=eng&p=show_film&fid=6758|access-date=9 March 2015|publisher=Animator.ru}}</ref> of short films by ] (directed by ]) from 1969 to 1972, after being granted permission by Disney to make their own adaptation in a gesture of ] ].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} | ||
* |
*1969. ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' ({{lang|ru|]|italic=yes}}) – based on chapter 1 | ||
* |
*1971. ''Winnie-the-Pooh Pays a Visit'' ({{lang|ru|Винни-Пух идёт в гости|italic=yes}}) – based on chapter 2 | ||
* |
*1972. ''Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day'' ({{lang|ru|Винни-Пух и день забот|italic=yes}}) – based on chapters 4 and 6. | ||
The films used ]'s translation of the book. Pooh was voiced by ]. Unlike in the Disney adaptations, the animators did not base their depictions of the characters on Shepard's illustrations, instead creating a different look. The Soviet adaptations made extensive use of Milne's original text and often |
The films used ]'s translation of the book. Pooh was voiced by ]. Unlike in the Disney adaptations, the animators did not base their depictions of the characters on Shepard's illustrations, instead creating a different look. The Soviet adaptations made extensive use of Milne's original text and often bring out aspects of Milne's characters' personalities not used in the Disney adaptations. | ||
===Television=== | ===Television=== | ||
] | ] | ||
* 1960: '']'' on ]: ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' |
* 1960: '']'' on ]: ''Winnie-the-Pooh''– a version for marionettes, designed, made, and operated by ]. Pooh was voiced by Franz Fazakas. | ||
* |
*During the 1970s, the ] children's television show ] serialised the two books, which were read by ].<ref>. BBC. Retrieved 11 March 2015.</ref> | ||
* 2024: Untitled animated series.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
* TBA: ''Christopher Robin (Working Title).'' ] live action/hybrid series featuring a middle age drugged Christopher Robin travelling back to the One Hundred Acre Wood.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petski |first=Denise |date=2023-04-27 |title='Christopher Robin' R-Rated Hybrid Comedy Series In The Works |url=https://deadline.com/2023/04/christopher-robin-r-rated-hybrid-comedy-series-in-works-1235340053/ |access-date=2023-04-27 |website=] |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
===Advertisement=== | |||
* 2022: "]", an advertisement made by ] for ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-04 |title=Ryan Reynolds uses Winnie the Pooh in mobile ad as character joins public domain |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/ryan-reynolds-winnie-the-pooh-b1986303.html |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> | |||
=== Games === | |||
* TBA: '']'', an upcoming indie ] body horror video game by Australian studio Twice Different.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winnie's Hole on Steam |url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/2319730/Winnies_Hole/ |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=store.steampowered.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Cristina |date=2023-06-07 |title=Winnie the Pooh Is Now the Subject of a Bizarre Indie Horror Game |url=https://www.ign.com/articles/winnie-the-pooh-is-now-the-subject-of-a-bizarre-indie-horror-game |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=IGN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Winnie's Hole - Game Announcement Trailer | date=6 June 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuD8G9GzOFw |access-date=2023-10-03 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
==Cultural legacy== | ==Cultural legacy== | ||
] |
]One of the best known characters in British children's literature, a 2011 poll saw Winnie the Pooh voted onto the list of top 100 "icons of England".<ref>{{cite news|date=20 July 2015|title=Icons of England: The 100 Icons as voted by the public|work=Culture 24 News|url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/art362437}}</ref> '']'' magazine ranked Pooh the most valuable fictional character in 2002, with merchandising products alone generating more than $5.9 billion that year.<ref>. '']'' (New York). 25 September 2003. Retrieved 11 November 2012.</ref> In 2005, Pooh generated $6 billion, a figure surpassed by only ].<ref name="BBC 2006">, '']''. Retrieved 24 November 2014</ref> In 2006, Pooh received a star on the ], marking the 80th birthday of Milne's creation.<ref name="BBC 2006" /> The bear is such a popular character in Poland that a ] street is named for him ({{lang|pl|]|italic=no}}). There is also a street named after him in ], Hungary ({{lang|hu|Micimackó utca|italic=no}}).<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 1970|title=@47.415006,19.138366,17z|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@47.415006,19.138366,17z?hl=en|access-date=9 March 2015|work=]}}</ref> | ||
Winnie the Pooh has inspired multiple texts to explain complex philosophical ideas. ] uses Milne's characters in '']'' and '']'' to explain ]. Similarly, ] wrote essays about the Pooh books in abstruse academic jargon in ''The Pooh Perplex'' and ''Postmodern Pooh'' to satirise a range of philosophical approaches.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616185822/http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000006DB0F.htm |date=16 June 2007 }}. Spiked-online.com. Retrieved 12 February 2011.</ref> '']'' by John T. Williams uses Winnie the Pooh as a backdrop to illustrate the works of philosophers, including ], ], ] and ].<ref>. Sonderbooks.com (20 April 2004). Retrieved 12 February 2011.</ref> "]" is a 1978 essay by ] that compares much ] writing to A. A. Milne's, as work intended to comfort, not challenge. | |||
]]] | |||
Winnie the Pooh has inspired multiple texts to explain complex philosophical ideas. ] uses Milne's characters in '']'' and '']'' to explain ]. Similarly, ] wrote essays about the Pooh books in abstruse academic jargon in '']'' and ''Postmodern Pooh'' to satirise a range of philosophical approaches.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616185822/http://www.spiked-online.com/Articles/00000006DB0F.htm |date=16 June 2007 }}. Spiked-online.com. Retrieved 12 February 2011.</ref> '']'' by John T. Williams uses Winnie the Pooh as a backdrop to illustrate the works of philosophers, including ], ], ] and ].<ref>. Sonderbooks.com (20 April 2004). Retrieved 12 February 2011.</ref> "]" is a 1978 essay by ] that compares much ] writing to A. A. Milne's, as work intended to comfort, not challenge. | |||
In music, ] wrote the song "]", which was originally recorded by the ].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=8486 |title=House at Pooh Corner by Loggins and Messina Songfacts |publisher=Songfacts.com |date=14 October 1926 |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> Loggins later rewrote the song as "]", featuring on the album of the same name in 1991. In Italy, a pop band took their name from Winnie, and were titled ]. In Estonia, there is a punk/metal band called ]. | |||
] | |||
In music, ] wrote the song "]", which was originally recorded by the ].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.songfacts.com/detail.php?id=8486 |title=House at Pooh Corner by Loggins and Messina Songfacts |publisher=Songfacts.com |date=14 October 1926 |access-date=9 March 2015}}</ref> Loggins later rewrote the song as "]", featuring on the album of the same name in 1991. In Italy, a pop band took their name from Winnie, and were titled ]. In Estonia, there is a punk/metal band called ]. There is a street in ], Poland, named after the character, the ], as he is known in ] translations as ''Kubuś Puchatek''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newizv.ru/lenta/2010-07-13/129780-polveka-s-opilkami-i-vorchalkami-v-golove-vinni-puh-otmechaet-jubilej-video.html|title=Полвека с опилками и ворчалками в голове - Винни-Пух отмечает юбилей|date=13 July 2010|publisher=]|language=Russian|access-date=30 July 2016|archive-date=20 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020104239/http://www.newizv.ru/lenta/2010-07-13/129780-polveka-s-opilkami-i-vorchalkami-v-golove-vinni-puh-otmechaet-jubilej-video.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> There is also a street named after him in ], Hungary, the Micimackó Street.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 1970|title=@47.415006,19.138366,17z|url=https://www.google.com/maps/@47.415006,19.138366,17z?hl=en|access-date=9 March 2015|work=]}}</ref> | |||
In the "sport" of ], competitors drop sticks into a stream from a bridge and then wait to see whose stick will cross the finish line first. Though it began as a game played by Pooh and his friends in the book '']'' and later in the films, it has crossed over into the real world: a World Championship Poohsticks race takes place in ] each year. ] in England where the Pooh stories are set is a popular tourist attraction, and includes the wooden Pooh Bridge where Pooh and Piglet invented Poohsticks.<ref>. BBC. Retrieved 15 October 2011</ref> The Oxford University Winnie the Pooh Society was founded by undergraduates in 1982. | |||
]]] | |||
In the "sport" of ], competitors drop sticks into a stream from a bridge and then wait to see whose stick will cross the finish line first. Competitors hold their sticks at arms length at the same height, then drop their sticks into the water at the same time.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-06-03 |title=Witney's World Poohsticks Championships mark 35 years |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-44346475 |access-date=2023-01-16}}</ref> Though it began as a game played by Pooh and his friends in the book '']'' and later in the films, it has crossed over into the real world: a World Championship Poohsticks race takes place in ] each year. ] in south-east England, where the Pooh stories are set, is a popular tourist attraction, and includes the wooden Pooh Bridge where Pooh and Piglet invented Poohsticks.<ref>. BBC. Retrieved 15 October 2011</ref> The ] Winnie the Pooh Society was founded by undergraduates in 1982.<ref>{{cite book |title=C.S. Lewis and His Circle: Essays and Memoirs from the Oxford C.S. Lewis Society |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=249}}</ref> | |||
From December 2017 to April 2018, the ] |
From December 2017 to April 2018, the ] hosted the exhibition '']''.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.vam.ac.uk/exhibitions/winnie-the-pooh-exploring-a-classic|title=Winnie-the-Pooh: Exploring a Classic |work=VAM.ac.uk |publisher=] |access-date=5 April 2020}}</ref> On exhibit were teddy bears that had not been on display for some 40 years because they were so fragile.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |author-link=Maev Kennedy |url= https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/sep/03/winnie-the-pooh-heads-to-va-for-big-winter-exhibition |title=Winnie-the-Pooh heads to V&A for big winter exhibition |date=3 September 2017 |work=] |access-date=4 April 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kennedy |first=Maev |author-link=Maev Kennedy |url= https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/dec/04/winnie-the-pooh-v-and-a-museum-london-bear-exhibition |title=Winnie-the-Pooh heads to the V&A in London for bear-all exhibition |date=4 December 2017 |work=] |access-date=5 April 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> | ||
=== Censorship in China === | |||
] in London]] | |||
{{Main|Censorship in China}} | |||
In 2018, E. H. Shepard's original 1926 illustrated map of the Hundred Acre Wood, which features in the opening pages of Milne's books and also appears in the opening animation in the first Disney adaptation in 1966, sold for £430,000 ($600,000) at ] in London, setting a world record for book illustrations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Original Winnie-the-Pooh map sets world record at auction |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/jul/10/original-winnie-the-pooh-map-sets-world-record-auction |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Winnie-the-Pooh's Original Hundred Acre Wood Sells for £430,000 |url=https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/winnie-the-poohs-original-hundred-acre-wood-unseen-for-50-years |access-date=17 June 2022 |work=Sotheby's}}</ref> | |||
] general secretary ] in February 2020]] | |||
In the ], images of Pooh were ] from social media websites in mid-2017, when ]s comparing Chinese ] and ] ] to (] of) Pooh became popular.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-40627855 |title=Why China censors banned Winnie the Pooh |last=McDonell |first=Stephen |date=17 July 2017 |work=] |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190108010317/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-40627855}}</ref> The 2018 film '']'' was also denied a Chinese release. | |||
When Xi visited the Philippines, protestors posted images of Pooh on social media.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/11/20/China-Xi-Jinping-Winnie-The-Pooh-resemblance-censorship.html |title=Lots of Winnie the Pooh on your newsfeeds? It's Filipino netizens' burn against Chinese leader Xi |work=CNN.com |access-date=2019-03-22}}</ref> Other politicians have been compared to ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' characters alongside Xi, including ] as ], ], ], and ] as ],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cheng|first=Kris|date=23 October 2018|title=Satirist compares Xi Jinping and Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam to Winnie the Pooh and Piglet|url=https://hongkongfp.com/2018/10/23/satirist-compares-xi-jinping-hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-winnie-pooh-piglet/|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=5 September 2020|website=]|language=en-GB}}</ref> and ] and ] as ].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://shanghaiist.com/2018/10/24/netizens-cast-hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-as-the-piglet-to-xi-jinpings-winnie-the-pooh/ |title=Netizens cast Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam as the Piglet to Xi Jinping's Winnie the Pooh |date=24 October 2018 |work=Shanghaiist |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> | |||
The Japanese figure skater and two-time Olympic champion ] regards Pooh as his lucky charm.<ref>{{Citation|title= Yuzuru Hanyu interview from CBC Sports| date=16 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sR4P-dRvgk4| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211029/sR4P-dRvgk4| archive-date=2021-10-29|language=en|access-date=2021-03-21}}{{cbignore}}</ref> He is usually seen with a stuffed Winnie-the-Pooh during his figure skating competitions. Because of this, Hanyu's fans will throw stuffed Winnie-the-Poohs onto the ice after his performance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Macur |first=Juliet |date=2022-07-20 |title=We May Never See Another Skater Like Yuzuru Hanyu |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/07/20/sports/olympics/yuzuru-hanyu-retirement.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> After one of Hanyu's performances at the ], one spectator remarked that "the ice turned yellow" because of all the Poohs thrown onto the ice.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Longman|first=Jeré|date=2018-01-04|title=The Greatest Figure Skater Ever Is Michael Jackson on Ice, Surrounded by Winnie the Poohs|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/04/sports/olympics/yuzuru-hanyu.html|access-date=2021-03-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | |||
Pooh's Chinese name ({{Zh|s=小熊维尼|l=little bear Winnie|c=|t=|p=}}) has been censored from video games such as '']'', '']'', '']'',<ref>{{cite web |url= https://boundingintocomics.com/2019/03/20/report-winnie-the-pooh-censored-in-world-of-warcraft-pubg-and-arena-of-valor-in-china/ |title=Report: 'Winnie the Pooh' Censored in ''World of Warcraft'', ''PUBG'', and ''Arena of Valor'' in China |last=Trent |first=John F. |date=20 March 2019 |work=Bounding Into Comics |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> and '']''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.pcgamer.com/devotion-review-bombed-by-chinese-steam-users-over-winnie-the-pooh-meme/ |title=Devotion review bombed by Chinese Steam users over Winnie the Pooh meme |last=Horti |first=Samuel |date=23 February 2019 |work=] |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> Images of Pooh in '']'' were also blurred out on the gaming site A9VG.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://kotaku.com/chinese-game-site-censors-winne-the-pooh-in-kingdom-hea-1830618072 |title=Chinese Game Site Censors Winnie the Pooh in ''Kingdom Hearts III'' |first=Brian |last=Ashcraft | |||
=== Comparison to Xi Jinping === | |||
|date=23 November 2018 |work=] |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> | |||
{{main|Censorship of Winnie-the-Pooh in China}} | |||
] and Winnie the Pooh to former ] ] and Xi Jinping respectively]] | |||
Despite the ban, two Pooh-themed rides appear in ].<ref>Stolworthy, Jacob; , '']'', 20 November 2018, via '']''.</ref> | |||
In ], images of Pooh were ] from social media websites in mid-2017, when ]s comparing Chinese ] and ] ] to (] of) Pooh became popular.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-40627855 |title=Why China censors banned Winnie the Pooh |last=McDonell |first=Stephen |date=17 July 2017 |work=] |access-date=6 October 2017 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190108010317/https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-china-blog-40627855}}</ref> The 2018 film '']'' was also denied a Chinese release.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-winniethepooh/china-denies-entry-to-disneys-winnie-the-pooh-film-source-idUSKBN1KS282 |title=China denies entry to Disney's Winnie the Pooh film: source|website=]|publisher=]|date=7 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807231313/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-film-winniethepooh/china-denies-entry-to-disneys-winnie-the-pooh-film-source-idUSKBN1KS282 |archive-date=7 August 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
In October 2019, Pooh was featured in the '']'' episode "]" because of his alleged resemblance with Xi. In the episode, Pooh is brutally killed by ]. ''South Park'' was banned in China as a result of the episode.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-park-banned-chinese-internet-critical-episode-1245783|title='South Park' Scrubbed From Chinese Internet After Critical Episode|website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> | |||
When Xi visited the Philippines, protestors posted images of Pooh on social media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/11/20/China-Xi-Jinping-Winnie-The-Pooh-resemblance-censorship.html |title=Lots of Winnie the Pooh on your newsfeeds? It's Filipino netizens' burn against Chinese leader Xi |work=CNN.com |access-date=2019-03-22 |archive-date=24 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224060234/http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2018/11/20/China-Xi-Jinping-Winnie-The-Pooh-resemblance-censorship.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other politicians have been compared to ''Winnie-the-Pooh'' characters alongside Xi, including ] as ], ], ],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filipinos troll Xi Jinping, Duterte ahead of Chinese President's Manila arrival - Coconuts|url=https://coconuts.co/manila/news/filipinos-troll-xi-jinping-duterte-ahead-chinese-presidents-manila-arrival/|access-date=2021-12-10|website=coconuts.co|language=en-US}}</ref> and ] as ],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cheng|first=Kris|date=23 October 2018|title=Satirist compares Xi Jinping and Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam to Winnie the Pooh and Piglet|url=https://hongkongfp.com/2018/10/23/satirist-compares-xi-jinping-hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-winnie-pooh-piglet/|access-date=5 September 2020|website=]|language=en-GB}}</ref> and ] and ] as ].<ref>{{cite web |last=Linder |first=Alex |url=https://shanghaiist.com/2018/10/24/netizens-cast-hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-as-the-piglet-to-xi-jinpings-winnie-the-pooh/ |title=Netizens cast Hong Kong leader Carrie Lam as the Piglet to Xi Jinping's Winnie the Pooh |date=24 October 2018 |work=Shanghaiist |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321182824/http://shanghaiist.com/2018/10/24/netizens-cast-hong-kong-leader-carrie-lam-as-the-piglet-to-xi-jinpings-winnie-the-pooh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
==Notes== | |||
Pooh's Chinese name ({{Zh|s=小熊维尼|l=little bear Winnie|c=|t=|p=}}) has been censored from video games such as '']'', '']'', '']'',<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.scmp.com/abacus/culture/article/3029217/can-typing-winnie-pooh-really-get-you-banned-overwatch |title= Can typing Winnie the Pooh really get you banned from Overwatch? |last= Ye |first= Josh |date= 14 March 2019 |website= ] |access-date=14 April 2024}}</ref> and '']''.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.pcgamer.com/devotion-review-bombed-by-chinese-steam-users-over-winnie-the-pooh-meme/ |title=Devotion review bombed by Chinese Steam users over Winnie the Pooh meme |last=Horti |first=Samuel |date=23 February 2019 |work=] |access-date=22 March 2019}}</ref> Images of Pooh in '']'' were also blurred out on the gaming site A9VG.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://kotaku.com/chinese-game-site-censors-winne-the-pooh-in-kingdom-hea-1830618072 |title=Chinese Game Site Censors Winnie the Pooh in ''Kingdom Hearts III'' |first=Brian |last=Ashcraft |date=23 November 2018 |work=] |access-date=29 May 2019}}</ref> | |||
{{notelist-lr}} | |||
Despite the ban, two Pooh-themed rides still operate in ], and it is also legal to purchase Pooh-bear merchandise and books about Winnie the Pooh in China.<ref>Stolworthy, Jacob; , '']'', 20 November 2018, via '']''.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-23|title=How Banned Is Winnie the Pooh in China, Really?|url=https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/winnie-the-pooh-china-ban|access-date=2021-12-02|website=MEL Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2021, a ] dressed up as Winnie-the-Pooh in Shanghai Disneyland was beaten by a child tourist. Mass media in China used the term "Pooh Pooh Bear" ({{zh|s=噗噗熊}}) in reports about this incident because the word "Winnie" has been censored. However, search results of "Pooh Pooh Bear hurt in Shanghai Disneyland" were censored on Weibo after this incident happened.<ref>{{cite news |title=小熊維尼挨孩狂揍!爸「態度」惹眾怒 微博熱搜被消失 |url=https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E5%B0%8F%E7%86%8A%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E6%8C%A8%E5%AD%A9%E7%8B%82%E6%8F%8D-%E7%88%B8-%E6%85%8B%E5%BA%A6-%E6%83%B9%E7%9C%BE%E6%80%92-%E5%BE%AE%E5%8D%9A%E7%86%B1%E6%90%9C%E8%A2%AB%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1-131629329.html |access-date=2021-05-07 |work=tw.news.yahoo.com |date=2021-05-07 |language=zh-TW}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=【敏感词库】"上海迪士尼噗噗熊被打"禁转禁评 |url=https://chinadigitaltimes.net/chinese/665704.html?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=d16483c09d8b15cc868e270e0a377363cd3c98c9-1620398357-0-AXvJ9JB6-gadlajy2dqb7JCDkHM6gAjkfHh_fvz-ALNnnHxlKN4pOt71oYX802moWgmPRwjjRslg6vjSvvIWPpW4UplOxa-go40ND1Gfdq96zPWia9UbhPbVjNFli6-Ls0YMSKaGmuNQCwrja8X88Q7UOo3bhfTfKDN1VB2cHjkqxegSdxiDt8QQbgam87bQY5swrPFUdCEr8eyjwmQDJX7UE7IhBZm9uF8X5A8ERAlEYs9-3i5K7V08zHeZkDMMaDu6oVVtSYhZ8pUfvQWqbDX-l8l4CPnlWYw-HhI47EwO_S82-_iR1PEMWXmWKu5NiDQlVQW7c5c5ynN0ian0mYzS5MEKom46D3uMmSzBFsbjyUvs8ksBYhOXih7VQBv8SZ3Rw3pvhNqp7wzBTN06VDVSqijlZ2o7KimnkbUvtWEw |access-date=2021-05-07 |work=China Digital Times|date=2021-05-07 }}</ref> | |||
In October 2019, Pooh was featured in the '']'' episode "]" as a prisoner in China because of his alleged resemblance with Xi. In the episode, Pooh is brutally killed by ]. ''South Park'' was banned in China as a result of the episode.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Parker |first1=Ryan |last2=Brzeski |first2=Patrick |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/south-park-banned-chinese-internet-critical-episode-1245783|title='South Park' Scrubbed From Chinese Internet After Critical Episode|website=]|date=7 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Brito |first=Christopher |date=2019-10-08 |title="South Park" creators offer fake apology to China after reported ban |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-park-band-in-china-fake-apology-nba-controversy-2019-10-08/ |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=www.cbsnews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> | |||
Taiwanese pilots have worn ]es which feature a ] punching Winnie-the-Pooh in the face.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Wu |first1=Sarah |last2=Lun Tian |first2=Yew |title=A punch in the face for Xi caricature: Taiwan air force badge goes viral |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/punch-face-xi-caricature-taiwan-air-force-badge-goes-viral-2023-04-10/ |website=reuters.com |publisher=Reuters |access-date=10 April 2023}}</ref> The patches are produced by a private company and demand for them surged greatly after pictures of active duty personal wearing them began circulating.<ref>{{cite news |title=Taiwan: jump in sales for air force badges showing bear punching Winnie-the-Pooh |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/11/taiwan-jump-in-sales-for-air-force-badges-showing-bear-punching-winnie-the-pooh |website=] |date=11 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A punch in the face for Xi caricature: Taiwan air force badge goes viral |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/04/11/asia/taiwan-air-force-pooh-patch-intl-hnk-ml/index.html |website=cnn.com |date=11 April 2023 |publisher=CNN |access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref> | |||
==See also== | |||
* ], Canadian pop-rock band named after Winnie-the-Pooh | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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* , at the ] | * , at the ] | ||
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* , from the Ashdown Forest Conservators | ||
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* , ], 24 August 2014. | * , '']'', 24 August 2014. | ||
* , ], 20 November 2015. | * , '']'', 20 November 2015. | ||
{{Winnie-the-Pooh}} | {{Winnie-the-Pooh}} | ||
{{Teddy bears}} | {{Teddy bears}} | ||
{{Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen Combo}} | |||
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Revision as of 02:26, 1 November 2024
"Pooh" redirects here. For other uses, see Pooh (disambiguation). This article is about the original version of Winnie-the-Pooh. For the Disney version of this character, see Winnie the Pooh (Disney character). For the songwriter, see Poo Bear. For other uses, see Winnie-the-Pooh (disambiguation).Fictional character
Fictional character
Winnie-the-Pooh | |
---|---|
Pooh in an illustration by E. H. Shepard | |
First appearance |
|
First game | Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood (1986) |
Created by | A. A. Milne E. H. Shepard |
Based on | Winnie the bear |
Voiced by |
|
In-universe information | |
Nickname | Pooh Bear Pooh |
Species | Bear |
Gender | Male |
Home | Hundred Acre Wood |
Winnie-the-Pooh, also called Pooh Bear and Pooh, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear created by English author A. A. Milne and English illustrator E. H. Shepard.
The first collection of stories about the character was the book Winnie-the-Pooh (1926), and this was followed by The House at Pooh Corner (1928). Milne also included a poem about the bear in the children's verse book When We Were Very Young (1924) and many more in Now We Are Six (1927). All four volumes were illustrated by E. H. Shepard.
The Pooh stories have been translated into many languages, including Alexander Lenard's Latin translation, Winnie ille Pu, which was first published in 1958, and, in 1960, became the only Latin book ever to have been featured on The New York Times Best Seller list.
In 1961, Walt Disney Productions licensed certain film and other rights of Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh stories from the estate of A. A. Milne and the licensing agent Stephen Slesinger, Inc., and adapted the Pooh stories, using the unhyphenated name "Winnie the Pooh", into a series of features that would eventually become one of its most successful franchises.
In popular film adaptations, Pooh has been voiced by actors Sterling Holloway, Hal Smith, and Jim Cummings in English, and Yevgeny Leonov in Russian.
History
Origin
A. A. Milne named the character Winnie-the-Pooh after a teddy bear owned by his son, Christopher Robin Milne, on whom the character Christopher Robin was based. The rest of Christopher Milne's toys – Piglet, Eeyore, Kanga, Roo, and Tigger – were incorporated into Milne's stories. Two more characters, Owl and Rabbit, were created by Milne's imagination, while Gopher was added to the Disney version. Christopher Robin's toy bear is on display at the Main Branch of the New York Public Library in New York City.
Christopher Milne had named his toy bear after Winnie, a Canadian black bear he often saw at London Zoo, and Pooh, a swan they had encountered while on holiday. The bear cub was purchased from a hunter for C$20 by Canadian Lieutenant Harry Colebourn in White River, Ontario, while en route to England during the First World War. He named the bear Winnie after his adopted hometown in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Winnie was surreptitiously brought to England with her owner, and gained unofficial recognition as The Fort Garry Horse regimental mascot. Colebourn left Winnie at the London Zoo while he and his unit were in France; after the war she was officially donated to the zoo, as she had become a much-loved attraction there. Pooh the swan appears as a character in its own right in When We Were Very Young.
In the first chapter of Winnie-the-Pooh, Milne offers this explanation of why Winnie-the-Pooh is often called simply "Pooh":
But his arms were so stiff ... they stayed up straight in the air for more than a week, and whenever a fly came and settled on his nose he had to blow it off. And I think – but I am not sure – that that is why he is always called Pooh.
American writer William Safire surmised that the Milnes' invention of the name "Winnie the Pooh" may have also been influenced by the haughty character Pooh-Bah in Gilbert and Sullivan's The Mikado (1885).
Ashdown Forest: the setting for the stories
The Winnie-the-Pooh stories are set in Ashdown Forest, East Sussex, England. The forest is an area of tranquil open heathland on the highest sandy ridges of the High Weald Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty situated 30 miles (50 km) south-east of London. In 1925 Milne, a Londoner, bought a country home a mile to the north of the forest at Cotchford Farm, near Hartfield. According to Christopher Milne, while his father continued to live in London "...the four of us – he, his wife, his son and his son's nanny – would pile into a large blue, chauffeur-driven Fiat and travel down every Saturday morning and back again every Monday afternoon. And we would spend a whole glorious month there in the spring and two months in the summer." From the front lawn the family had a view across a meadow to a line of alders that fringed the River Medway, beyond which the ground rose through more trees until finally "above them, in the faraway distance, crowning the view, was a bare hilltop. In the centre of this hilltop was a clump of pines." Most of his father's visits to the forest at that time were, he noted, family expeditions on foot "to make yet another attempt to count the pine trees on Gill's Lap or to search for the marsh gentian." Christopher added that, inspired by Ashdown Forest, his father had made it "the setting for two of his books, finishing the second little over three years after his arrival".
Many locations in the stories can be associated with real places in and around the forest. As Christopher Milne wrote in his autobiography: "Pooh’s forest and Ashdown Forest are identical." For example, the fictional "Hundred Acre Wood" was in reality Five Hundred Acre Wood; Galleon's Leap was inspired by the prominent hilltop of Gill's Lap, while a clump of trees just north of Gill's Lap became Christopher Robin's The Enchanted Place, because no-one had ever been able to count whether there were 63 or 64 trees in the circle.
The landscapes depicted in E. H. Shepard's illustrations for the Winnie-the-Pooh books were directly inspired by the distinctive landscape of Ashdown Forest, with its high, open heathlands of heather, gorse, bracken and silver birch, punctuated by hilltop clumps of pine trees. Many of Shepard's illustrations can be matched to actual views, allowing for a degree of artistic licence. Shepard's sketches of pine trees and other forest scenes are held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.
The game of Poohsticks was originally played by Christopher Milne on the wooden footbridge, across the Millbrook, Posingford Wood, close to Cotchford Farm. It is now a tourist attraction, and it has become traditional to play the game there using sticks gathered in the nearby woodland. When the footbridge had to be replaced in 1999, the architect used as a main source drawings by Shepard in the books, which differ a little from the original structure.
First publication
Christopher Robin's teddy bear made his character début, under the name Edward, in A. A. Milne's poem, "Teddy Bear", in the edition of 13 February 1924 of Punch (E. H. Shepard had also included a similar bear in a cartoon published in Punch the previous week), and the same poem was published in Milne's book of children's verse When We Were Very Young (6 November 1924). Winnie-the-Pooh first appeared by name on 24 December 1925, in a Christmas story commissioned and published by the London newspaper Evening News. It was illustrated by J. H. Dowd.
The first collection of Pooh stories appeared in the book Winnie-the-Pooh. The Evening News Christmas story reappeared as the first chapter of the book. At the beginning, it explained that Pooh was in fact Christopher Robin's Edward Bear, who had been renamed by the boy. He was renamed after an American black bear at London Zoo called Winnie who got her name from the fact that her owner had come from Winnipeg, Canada. The book was published in October 1926 by the publisher of Milne's earlier children's work, Methuen, in England, E. P. Dutton in the United States, and McClelland & Stewart in Canada.
Character
In the Milne books, Pooh is naive and slow-witted, but he is also friendly, thoughtful and steadfast. Although he and his friends agree that he is "a bear of very little brain," Pooh is occasionally acknowledged to have a clever idea, usually driven by common sense. These include riding in Christopher Robin's umbrella to rescue Piglet from a flood, discovering "the North Pole" by picking it up to help fish Roo out of the river, inventing the game of Poohsticks, and getting Eeyore out of the river by dropping a large rock on one side of him to wash him towards the bank.
Pooh is also a talented poet and the stories are frequently punctuated by his poems and "hums". Although he is humble about his slow-wittedness, he is comfortable with his creative gifts. When Owl's house blows down in a windstorm, trapping Pooh, Piglet and Owl inside, Pooh encourages Piglet (the only one small enough to do so) to escape and rescue them all by promising that "a respectful Pooh song" will be written about Piglet's feat. Later, Pooh muses about the creative process as he composes the song.
Pooh is very fond of food, particularly "hunny", but also condensed milk and other items. When he visits friends, his desire to be offered a snack is in conflict with the impoliteness of asking too directly. Though intent on giving Eeyore a pot of honey for his birthday, Pooh could not resist eating it on his way to deliver the present and so instead gives Eeyore "a useful pot to put things in". When he and Piglet are lost in the forest during Rabbit's attempt to "unbounce" Tigger, Pooh finds his way home by following the "call" of the honeypots from his house. Pooh makes it a habit to have "a little something" around 11:00 in the morning. As the clock in his house "stopped at five minutes to eleven some weeks ago," any time can be Pooh's snack time.
Pooh is very social. After Christopher Robin, his closest friend is Piglet, and he most often chooses to spend his time with one or both of them. But he also habitually visits the other animals, often looking for a snack or an audience for his poetry as much as for companionship. His kind-heartedness means he goes out of his way to be friendly to Eeyore, visiting him and bringing him a birthday present and building him a house, despite receiving mostly disdain from Eeyore in return.
Sequel
An authorised sequel Return to the Hundred Acre Wood was published on 5 October 2009. The author, David Benedictus, has developed, but not changed, Milne's characterisations. The illustrations, by Mark Burgess, are in the style of Shepard.
Another authorised sequel, Winnie-the-Pooh: The Best Bear in All the World, was published by Egmont in 2016. The sequel consists of four short stories by four leading children's authors, Kate Saunders, Brian Sibley, Paul Bright, and Jeanne Willis. Illustrations are by Mark Burgess. The Best Bear in All The World sees the introduction of a new character, Penguin, which was inspired by a long-lost photograph of Milne and his son Christopher with a toy penguin. A further special story, Winnie-the-Pooh Meets the Queen, was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of Milne's creation and the 90th birthday of Elizabeth II. It sees Winnie the Pooh meet the Queen at Buckingham Palace.
Stephen Slesinger
On 6 January 1930, Stephen Slesinger purchased US and Canadian merchandising, television, recording, and other trade rights to the Winnie-the-Pooh works from Milne for a $1,000 advance and 66% of Slesinger's income, creating the modern licensing industry. By November 1931, Pooh was a $50 million-a-year business. Slesinger marketed Pooh and his friends for more than 30 years, creating the first Pooh doll, record, board game, puzzle, US radio broadcast (on NBC), animation, and motion picture.
Red shirt Pooh
The first time Pooh and his friends appeared in colour was 1932, when he was drawn by Slesinger in his now-familiar red shirt and featured on an RCA Victor picture record. Parker Brothers introduced A. A. Milne's Winnie-the-Pooh Game in 1933, again with Pooh in his red shirt. In the 1940s, Agnes Brush created the first plush dolls with Pooh in his a shirt. Shepard had drawn Pooh with a shirt as early as the first book Winnie-the-Pooh, which was subsequently coloured red in later coloured editions.
Disney ownership era (1966–present)
Main articles: Winnie the Pooh (franchise) and Winnie the Pooh (Disney character)After Slesinger's death in 1953, his wife, Shirley Slesinger Lasswell, continued developing the character herself. In 1961, she licensed rights to Walt Disney Productions in exchange for royalties in the first of two agreements between Stephen Slesinger, Inc., and Disney. The same year, A. A. Milne's widow, Daphne Milne, also licensed certain rights, including motion picture rights, to Disney.
Since 1966, Disney has released numerous animated productions starring its version of Winnie the Pooh and related characters, starting with the theatrical featurette Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree. This was followed by Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (1968), and Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too (1974). These three featurettes were combined into a feature-length movie, The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh, in 1977. A fourth featurette, Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore, was released in 1983.
A new series of Winnie the Pooh theatrical feature-length films launched in the 2000s, with The Tigger Movie (2000), Piglet's Big Movie (2003), Pooh's Heffalump Movie (2005), and Winnie the Pooh (2011).
Disney has also produced television series based on the franchise, including Welcome to Pooh Corner (Disney Channel, 1983–1986), The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (ABC, 1988–1991), The Book of Pooh (Playhouse Disney, 2001–2003), and My Friends Tigger & Pooh (Playhouse Disney, 2007–2010).
Merchandising revenue dispute
Pooh videos, soft toys, and other merchandise generate substantial annual revenues for Disney. The size of Pooh stuffed toys ranges from Beanie and miniature to human-sized. In addition to the stylised Disney Pooh, Disney markets Classic Pooh merchandise which more closely resembles E. H. Shepard's illustrations.
In 1991, Stephen Slesinger, Inc., filed a lawsuit against Disney which alleged that Disney had breached their 1983 agreement by again failing to accurately report revenue from Winnie the Pooh sales. Under this agreement, Disney was to retain approximately 98% of gross worldwide revenues while the remaining 2% was to be paid to Slesinger. In addition, the suit alleged that Disney had failed to pay required royalties on all commercial exploitation of the product name. Though the Disney corporation was sanctioned by a judge for destroying forty boxes of evidentiary documents, the suit was later terminated by another judge when it was discovered that Slesinger's investigator had rummaged through Disney's garbage to retrieve the discarded evidence. Slesinger appealed the termination and, on 26 September 2007, a three-judge panel upheld the lawsuit dismissal.
After the Copyright Term Extension Act of 1998, Clare Milne, Christopher Robin Milne's daughter, attempted to terminate any future US copyrights for Stephen Slesinger, Inc. After a series of legal hearings, Judge Florence-Marie Cooper of the US District Court in California found in favour of Stephen Slesinger, Inc., as did the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. On 26 June 2006, the US Supreme Court refused to hear the case, sustaining the ruling and ensuring the defeat of the suit.
On 19 February 2007, Disney lost a court case in Los Angeles which ruled their "misguided claims" to dispute the licensing agreements with Slesinger, Inc., were unjustified, but a federal ruling of 28 September 2009, again from Judge Florence-Marie Cooper, determined that the Slesinger family had granted all trademarks and copyrights to Disney, although Disney must pay royalties for all future use of the characters. Both parties have expressed satisfaction with the outcome.
Disney adaptations
Main article: Winnie the Pooh (franchise)Theatrical shorts
- 1966: Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree
- 1968: Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day
- 1974: Winnie the Pooh and Tigger Too
- 1981: Winnie the Pooh Discovers the Seasons
- 1983: Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore
Theatrical feature films
- 1977: The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (compilation of Honey Tree, Blustery Day, and Tigger Too)
- 2000: The Tigger Movie
- 2003: Piglet's Big Movie
- 2005: Pooh's Heffalump Movie
- 2011: Winnie the Pooh
- 2018: Christopher Robin
Television shows
- Welcome to Pooh Corner (Disney Channel, 1983–1986)
- The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (ABC, 1988–1991)
- The Book of Pooh (Disney Channel (Playhouse Disney), 2001–2003)
- My Friends Tigger & Pooh (Disney Channel (Playhouse Disney), 2007–2010)
- Mini Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (Disney Junior, 2011–2014)
Magical World of Winnie the Pooh
The below are considered episodes from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh.
Holiday TV specials
- 1991: Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too, included in A Very Merry Pooh Year
- 1996: Boo to You Too! Winnie the Pooh, included in Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie
- 1998: A Winnie the Pooh Thanksgiving, included in Seasons of Giving
- 1999: A Valentine for You
Direct-to-video shorts
- 1990: Winnie the Pooh's ABC of Me
Direct-to-video features
These features integrate stories from The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh and/or the holiday specials with new footage.
- 1997: Pooh's Grand Adventure: The Search for Christopher Robin
- 1999: Seasons of Giving*
- 2001: The Book of Pooh: Stories from the Heart
- 2002: A Very Merry Pooh Year*
- 2004: Springtime with Roo
- 2005: Pooh's Heffalump Halloween Movie
- 2007: Super Sleuth Christmas Movie
- 2009: Tigger and Pooh and a Musical Too
- 2010: Super Duper Super Sleuths
Video games
The following games are based on Disney's Winnie the Pooh; Pooh also appears in the Square Enix/Disney crossover series Kingdom Hearts.
Main title / alternate title(s) | Developer | Release date | System(s) |
---|---|---|---|
Winnie the Pooh in the Hundred Acre Wood | Sierra On-Line | 1984 | Amiga, Apple II, Atari ST, Commodore 64, DOS |
A Year at Pooh Corner | Novotrade, Sega | 1994 | Sega Pico |
Ready for Math with Pooh | Disney Interactive Studios | 1997 | Microsoft Windows |
Ready to Read with Pooh | Disney Interactive Studios | 1997 | Microsoft Windows |
Tigger's Honey Hunt | Doki Denki, NewKidCo | 2000 | PlayStation, Microsoft Windows, Nintendo 64 |
Winnie the Pooh: Adventures in the 100 Acre Wood | Tose, NewKidCo | 2000 | Game Boy Color |
Disney's Winnie the Pooh: Preschool | Hi Corp, Atlus | 2001 | PlayStation |
Disney's Pooh's Party Game: In Search of the Treasure | Doki Denki, SCEE, Electronic Arts, Tomy Corporation | 2001 | PlayStation, Microsoft Windows |
Kuma no Pooh-San: Mori no Nakamato 123 | Atlus | 2001 | PlayStation |
Pooh and Tigger's Hunny Safari | Digital Eclipse, Electronic Arts, Ubisoft | 2001 | Game Boy Color |
Disney's Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure | Hi Corp, Atlus | 2002 | PlayStation |
Piglet's Big Game | Doki Denki Studio, Disney Interactive Studios, THQ, Gotham Games | 2003 | Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, Game Boy Advance |
Pooh's Hunny Pot Challenge | Walt Disney Internet Group | 2003 | Mobile phone |
Pooh's Pairs | Walt Disney Internet Group | 2003 | Mobile phone |
Tigger's Bouncin' Time | Walt Disney Internet Group | 2003 | Mobile phone |
Pooh's Hunny Blocks | Walt Disney Internet Group | 2003 | Mobile phone |
Winnie the Pooh's Rumbly Tumbly Adventure | Phoenix Games Studio, Ubisoft | 2005 | Game Boy Advance, Nintendo GameCube, PlayStation 2, mobile phone |
Kuma no Pooh-San: 100 Acre no Mori no Cooking Book | Disney Interactive Studios | 2011 | Nintendo DS |
Disney's Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree Animated Storybook | Disney Interactive Studios | 2014 | Microsoft Windows |
Other adaptations
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Winnie-the-Pooh" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Theatre
- 1931. Winnie-the-Pooh at the Guild Theater, Sue Hastings Marionettes
- 1957. Winnie-the-Pooh, a play in three acts, dramatized by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing Company
- 1964. Winnie-the-Pooh, a musical comedy in two acts, lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, music by Allan Jay Friedman, book by Kristin Sergel, Dramatic Publishing Company
- 1977. A Winnie-the-Pooh Christmas Tail, in which Winnie-the-Pooh and his friends help Eeyore have a very Merry Christmas (or a very happy birthday), with the book, music, and lyrics by James W. Rogers, Dramatic Publishing Company
- 1986. Bother! The Brain of Pooh, Peter Dennis
- 1992. Winnie-the-Pooh, small cast musical version, dramatized by le Clanché du Rand, music by Allan Jay Friedman, lyrics by A. A. Milne and Kristin Sergel, additional lyrics by le Clanché du Rand, Dramatic Publishing Company
Audio
Selected Pooh stories read by Maurice Evans released on vinyl LP:
- 1956. Winnie-the-Pooh (consisting of three tracks: "Introducing Winnie-the-Pooh and Christopher Robin"; "Pooh Goes Visiting and Gets into a Tight Place"; and "Pooh and Piglet Go Hunting and Nearly Catch a Woozle")
- More Winnie-the-Pooh (consisting of three tracks: "Eeyore Loses a Tail"; "Piglet Meets a Heffalump"; "Eeyore Has a Birthday")
In 1951, RCA Records released four stories of Winnie-the-Pooh, narrated by Jimmy Stewart and featuring the voices of Cecil Roy as Pooh, Betty Jane Tyler as Kanga, Merrill Joels as Eeyore, and Arnold Stang as Rabbit.
In 1960, HMV recorded a dramatised version with songs (music by Harold Fraser-Simson) of two episodes from The House at Pooh Corner (Chapters 2 and 8), starring Ian Carmichael as Pooh, Denise Bryer as Christopher Robin (who also narrated), Hugh Lloyd as Tigger, Penny Morrell as Piglet, and Terry Norris as Eeyore. This was released on a 45 rpm EP.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Carol Channing recorded Winnie the Pooh, The House at Pooh Corner and The Winnie the Pooh Songbook, with music by Don Heckman. These were released on vinyl LP and audio cassette by Caedmon Records.
Unabridged recordings read by Peter Dennis of the four Pooh books:
- When We Were Very Young
- Winnie-the-Pooh
- Now We Are Six
- The House at Pooh Corner
In 1979, a double audio cassette set of Winnie the Pooh was produced featuring British actor Lionel Jeffries reading all of the characters in the stories. This was followed in 1981 by an audio cassette set of stories from The House at Pooh Corner also read by Lionel Jeffries.
In the 1990s, the stories were dramatised for audio by David Benedictus, with music composed, directed and played by John Gould. They were performed by a cast that included Stephen Fry as Winnie-the-Pooh, Jane Horrocks as Piglet, Geoffrey Palmer as Eeyore and Judi Dench as Kanga.
Radio
- The BBC has included readings of Winnie-the-Pooh stories in its programmes for children since very soon after their first publication. One of the earliest of such readings, by "Uncle Peter" (C. E. Hodges), was an item in the programme For the Children, broadcast by stations 2LO and 5XX on 23 March 1926.
- Pooh made his US radio debut on 10 November 1932, when he was broadcast to 40,000 schools by The American School of the Air, the educational division of the Columbia Broadcasting System.
Film
2017: Goodbye Christopher Robin, a British drama film exploring the creation of Winnie-the-Pooh with Domhnall Gleeson playing A.A. Milne.
Soviet adaptation
In the Soviet Union, three Winnie-the-Pooh, (transcribed in Russian as Винни-Пух, Vinni Pukh) stories were made into a celebrated trilogy of short films by Soyuzmultfilm (directed by Fyodor Khitruk) from 1969 to 1972, after being granted permission by Disney to make their own adaptation in a gesture of Cold War détente.
- 1969. Winnie-the-Pooh (Винни-Пух) – based on chapter 1
- 1971. Winnie-the-Pooh Pays a Visit (Винни-Пух идёт в гости) – based on chapter 2
- 1972. Winnie the Pooh and the Blustery Day (Винни-Пух и день забот) – based on chapters 4 and 6.
The films used Boris Zakhoder's translation of the book. Pooh was voiced by Yevgeny Leonov. Unlike in the Disney adaptations, the animators did not base their depictions of the characters on Shepard's illustrations, instead creating a different look. The Soviet adaptations made extensive use of Milne's original text and often bring out aspects of Milne's characters' personalities not used in the Disney adaptations.
Television
- 1960: Shirley Temple's Storybook on NBC: Winnie-the-Pooh– a version for marionettes, designed, made, and operated by Bil and Cora Baird. Pooh was voiced by Franz Fazakas.
- During the 1970s, the BBC children's television show Jackanory serialised the two books, which were read by Willie Rushton.
Cultural legacy
One of the best known characters in British children's literature, a 2011 poll saw Winnie the Pooh voted onto the list of top 100 "icons of England". Forbes magazine ranked Pooh the most valuable fictional character in 2002, with merchandising products alone generating more than $5.9 billion that year. In 2005, Pooh generated $6 billion, a figure surpassed by only Mickey Mouse. In 2006, Pooh received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, marking the 80th birthday of Milne's creation. The bear is such a popular character in Poland that a Warsaw street is named for him (Ulica Kubusia Puchatka). There is also a street named after him in Budapest, Hungary (Micimackó utca).
Winnie the Pooh has inspired multiple texts to explain complex philosophical ideas. Benjamin Hoff uses Milne's characters in The Tao of Pooh and The Te of Piglet to explain Taoism. Similarly, Frederick Crews wrote essays about the Pooh books in abstruse academic jargon in The Pooh Perplex and Postmodern Pooh to satirise a range of philosophical approaches. Pooh and the Philosophers by John T. Williams uses Winnie the Pooh as a backdrop to illustrate the works of philosophers, including Descartes, Kant, Plato and Nietzsche. "Epic Pooh" is a 1978 essay by Michael Moorcock that compares much fantasy writing to A. A. Milne's, as work intended to comfort, not challenge.
In music, Kenny Loggins wrote the song "House at Pooh Corner", which was originally recorded by the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. Loggins later rewrote the song as "Return to Pooh Corner", featuring on the album of the same name in 1991. In Italy, a pop band took their name from Winnie, and were titled Pooh. In Estonia, there is a punk/metal band called Winny Puhh.
In the "sport" of Poohsticks, competitors drop sticks into a stream from a bridge and then wait to see whose stick will cross the finish line first. Though it began as a game played by Pooh and his friends in the book The House at Pooh Corner and later in the films, it has crossed over into the real world: a World Championship Poohsticks race takes place in Oxfordshire each year. Ashdown Forest in England where the Pooh stories are set is a popular tourist attraction, and includes the wooden Pooh Bridge where Pooh and Piglet invented Poohsticks. The Oxford University Winnie the Pooh Society was founded by undergraduates in 1982.
From December 2017 to April 2018, the Victoria and Albert Museum hosted the exhibition Winnie-the-Pooh: Exploring a Classic. On exhibit were teddy bears that had not been on display for some 40 years because they were so fragile.
Censorship in China
Main article: Censorship in ChinaIn the People's Republic of China, images of Pooh were censored from social media websites in mid-2017, when Internet memes comparing Chinese Paramount Leader and General Secretary of the Communist Party Xi Jinping to (Disney's version of) Pooh became popular. The 2018 film Christopher Robin was also denied a Chinese release.
When Xi visited the Philippines, protestors posted images of Pooh on social media. Other politicians have been compared to Winnie-the-Pooh characters alongside Xi, including Barack Obama as Tigger, Carrie Lam, Rodrigo Duterte, and Peng Liyuan as Piglet, and Fernando Chui and Shinzo Abe as Eeyore.
Pooh's Chinese name (Chinese: 小熊维尼; lit. 'little bear Winnie') has been censored from video games such as World of Warcraft, PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds, Arena of Valor, and Devotion. Images of Pooh in Kingdom Hearts III were also blurred out on the gaming site A9VG.
Despite the ban, two Pooh-themed rides appear in Disneyland Shanghai.
In October 2019, Pooh was featured in the South Park episode "Band in China" because of his alleged resemblance with Xi. In the episode, Pooh is brutally killed by Randy Marsh. South Park was banned in China as a result of the episode.
Notes
References
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{{cite news}}
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{{cite web}}
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- Trent, John F. (20 March 2019). "Report: 'Winnie the Pooh' Censored in World of Warcraft, PUBG, and Arena of Valor in China". Bounding Into Comics. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
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- Ashcraft, Brian (23 November 2018). "Chinese Game Site Censors Winnie the Pooh in Kingdom Hearts III". Kotaku. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
- Stolworthy, Jacob; "Winnie the Pooh could be banned from Shanghai Disneyland as a result of an ongoing meme used to criticize China's leader", The Independent, 20 November 2018, via Business Insider.
- "'South Park' Scrubbed From Chinese Internet After Critical Episode". The Hollywood Reporter.
External links
- Template:Curlie
- The original bear, with A. A. and Christopher Robin Milne, at the National Portrait Gallery, London
- The real locations, from the Ashdown Forest Conservators
- Winnie-the-Pooh at the New York Public Library
- "Winnie the Pooh saga turns 100 years old", CBC News, 24 August 2014.
- "The skull of the 'real' Winnie goes on display", BBC News, 20 November 2015.
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