Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 08:38, 8 November 2024

Canada–India relations

India	Canada
Diplomatic mission
High Commission of India, Ottawa	High Commission of Canada, New Delhi
Envoy
High Commissioner of India to Canada Vacant	High Commissioner of Canada to India Vacant

Canada and India have had bilateral relations since the 19th century. Both are member nations of the Commonwealth of Nations and are part of G20, a group of world's largest economies. In 2023, bilateral trade between the countries was valued at $9.36 billion with the Indian exports to Canada worth $5.56 billion and Canadian exports to India valued at $3.80 billion.

Indian emigration to Canada started in the late 19th century. The Canadian Government established quotas initially but the immigration to Canada increased multi-fold in the 1970s and 1980s. Indian have become one of the largest immigrant populations in Canada. According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada, of the more than 800,000 international students in Canada in 2022, 40 percent were from India, constituting the largest international student group in Canada.

After the Indian Independence in 1947, the relation between the countries were furthered with Canada keen to act as a bridge between India and the Western World. The Canadian foreign aid to India started in 1951 and grew substantially under the Colombo Plan. Though there was a convergence of interest of both the countries in the 1950s, the views of the countries began to deviate in the 1960s. Canada reacted negatively after the Canadian-supplied nuclear reactor was used for India's first nuclear test in May 1974. The bombing of Air India Flight 182 in June 1985 and the events surrounding it, further led to misunderstandings between the two countries.

After the economic liberalisation policies of India in the 1990s, it attracted the Canadian government and the business community back to India. Bilateral visits by leaders of both countries furthered business deals and interests in other areas. However, the relationship was short lived, with Canada imposing further sanctions on India following India's second nuclear test in May 1998. The relations briefly recovered after the sanctions were lifted in 2001. The late 2000s and early 2010s saw a leap in the relationship between the countries, with the signing of Nuclear Cooperation Agreement in 2010 and other agreements.

While Canada and India have a broad-based relationship, their ties have often been strained by Sikh separatists that are affiliated with the Khalistan movement, calling for an independent Punjabi Sikh nation-state in India. Diplomatic tensions were triggered after 2023 Sikh protests and Canadian allegations that Indian agents were involved in the assassination of Sikh separatist Hardeep Singh Nijjar in September 2023. Both the sides expelled diplomats and warned against traveling to the other country. The Indian government claimed that Canada has not provided any evidence while Canada has contended that it was provided intelligence on the same by US intelligence agencies. After a brief thaw in the relationship, both the countries expelled six diplomats each in another stand-off in October 2024.

History

British empire (19th century)

In the early 19th century, Canada and India were part of the British Empire. The Indo-Canadian community was formed in the late 19th century due to the Indian emigration to Canada, majority of whom were Punjabis, which included veterans of the British Indian Army. When the British Crown took over India, Queen Victoria proclaimed that Indians would enjoy equal privileges across the British Empire without discrimination. The Indian emigrants settled mostly in the sparsely populated Western Canada and took up jobs such as law enforcement officers and lumberjacks. However, the race relations with white Canadians were strained as the socioeconomic systems ensured racial discrimination and minimal direct contact by setting up various barriers. Though initially reluctant to go to these countries due to the racial discrimination, many young men chose to go upon the assurance that they would not meet the same fate in the early 20th century. Canadian Government quotas were established to cap the number of Indians allowed to immigrate to Canada in the early 20th century and only allowed fewer than 100 people from India a year until 1957, when it was marginally increased to 300 people a year.

Independent nations (1947–1950s)

After Indian Independence, the relation between the countries were furthered. Canada worked on creating an intercontinental group within the Commonwealth of Nations and was keen to act as a bridge between the newly independent Afro-Asian states and the Western World. India being the world's largest democracy became a key partner for Canada. The bilateral relationship was furthered by the personal relationship between Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Canadian Prime Ministers Louis St. Laurent and Lester Pearson. Nehru addressed a joint session of the Canadian Parliament on 24 October 1949. The Canadian foreign aid to India started in 1951 and Canada started to provide aid for smaller projects in 1955-56, which grew substantially under the Colombo Plan. Canada supported the Kundah hydro-electric project project and aero-surveys in Rajasthan and Uttar Pradesh. During the Cold War, though Canada was favorable towards the United States, it pursued independent relation with India while the US aided Pakistan. As per Escott Reid, who was the High Commissioner for Canada to India from 1953 to 1957, the countries had "a special relationship" during the 1950s.

Growing differences (1960s-1980s)

Though there was a convergence of interest of both the countries, the views of the countries on major events such as the Korean War, Suez Crisis and Soviet intervention in Hungary and Canada's position on the Kashmir conflict. Though both the countries pursued increased cooperation with the establishment of the Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute to promote academic relations in 1968 and the Canadian visit of Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi in June 1973, the relations soured further in the late 1970s. For India's first nuclear test in May 1974, the fissionable material for the nuclear device was synthesized with the Canadian-supplied CIRUS nuclear research reactor. Canada reacted negatively towards the same, especially in light of then ongoing negotiations on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and the economic aid it had provided to India. Canada concluded that the test violated a 1971 understanding between the two states, and froze nuclear energy assistance for the two heavy water reactors then under construction. It resolved to engage in nuclear cooperation only with countries which signed the Treaty on the NPT and the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT), and which instituted full-scope safeguards on their nuclear energy programmes under the supervision of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). India had refused to sign the NPT, and voted against the UN General Assembly Resolutions which they assert violates its sovereign right to choose whether or not to sign such treaties. In the late 1970s, Canada focused on improving relations within the Western World while India pursued its own regional alliances.

On 23 June 1985, Air India Flight 182 from Montreal to Mumbai, disintegrated over the Atlantic Ocean as a result of an explosion from a bomb planted by Canada based Sikh terrorists and resulted in the deaths of 329 people. The Canadian government had been warned by the Indian R&AW about the possibility of terrorist attacks, and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service(CSIS) was accused of not acting on it. In his verdict, Justice Ian Josephson cited "unacceptable negligence" by CSIS when evidence on the suspects and other informants were destroyed. The Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau turned down Indian requests for extradition of the Canadian nationals suspected to be involved in the bombing.

Despite the differences between the countries, the Indian immigration continued in the 1970s and 1980s. South Asian population in Canada grew from 7,000 in 1961 to 67,900 in 1971 and more than 200,000 South Asians came to Canada between 1971 and 1982, majority of them being of Indian origin.

Brief recovery and further disagreements (1990s)

After the economic liberalisation policies of India in the 1990s, it attracted the Canadian government and the business community. After Jean Chrétien became the Prime Minister of Canada in 1993, it pursued renewed relations with India. In October 1994, Canadian minister Roy MacLaren visited India with a large trade delegation and proclaimed India to be "one of the most promising markets in the Asia-Pacific region for Canadian business." Bilateral visits by Chrétien along with a trade delegation in January 1996, a first by a Canadian Prime Minster in more than 25 years, and further visits by ministers of both the countries led to signing of business deals more than $3.4 billion and furthered the business interests. The two countries signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in 1994, which was operationalised in 1998 and the Indian Space Research Organisation and Canadian Space Agency signed two agreements in the field of exploration of outer space in October 1996. Canada and India agreed to a bilateral dialogue on combating terrorism, including the annual Canada-India Strategic Dialogue and the Canada-India working group on counter terrorism was established subsequently in 1997.

After India's second nuclear test in May 1998, Canada reacted negatively similar to its reaction to the earlier nuclear test. Canada suspended trade talks, recalled its envoy to India, paused weapon exports to India and opposed any non-humanitarian aid by the World Bank. Canadian foreign minister Lloyd Axworthy sought further sanctions on India and termed it as the "use the tools of soft power to demonstrate that security is better achieved through multilateral ventures than the attainment of nuclear capabilities". Canada refused to engage with India and discuss on the nuclear policies, while India remained committed to its nuclear policy. In 1998, India contributed to just 0.1% of Canada’s exports and 0.3% of its imports. India’s exports to Canada were only 1.6% of its total exports, and its imports from Canada were only 0.8% of its total imports. More than $3 billion worth of economic projects stagnated, and Canada ranked low amongst the foreign investors in India, with only a 1.4% share.

New beginning (early 21st century)

Axworthy's successor John Manley, who had personal connections with India, viewed India as a major partner and removed most of the Canadian sanctions in 2001. With further visits by ministers of both countries, it was agreed between the leaders of both the countries to triple the existing trade. But the rise of terrorist attacks which occupied Canada's attention, the view of Manley's successor Bill Graham, who viewed trade with Africa and Latin America as priority, meant that the relationship did not progress much further.

After Stephen Harper became the Prime Minister of Canada, Canada sought to increase its ties with India. Twenty Canadian ministers visited India in the late 2000s including an official visit by Prime Minister Harper in November 2009. Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Canada in June 2010, the first visit by an Indian Prime Minister to Canada since 1973. Both the countries sought to expand the bilateral relations across various sectors including education, energy, science and technology, culture, agriculture and the environment and multiple agreement on social security, foreign investment and economic partnership were agreed. The year 2011 was designated as the "Year of India in Canada" by both the governments.

In 2010, the Nuclear Cooperation Agreement was signed between the two countries, which was followed by a renewed agreement in 2015 to supply 3000 metric tons of Uranium concentrate to India under a five-year contract. The bilateral trade increased to $4.2 billion in 2010, a 46% increase from 2005. The foreign direct investment between Canada and India reached $3.6 billion of which nearly $3.0 billion were Canadian investments in India. More than 100 bilateral agreements were signed between Canadian and Indian institutes and nearly 12,000 students traveled to Canada for higher education in 2011.

Trudeau premiership (2015-present)

Justin Trudeau became the Canadian Prime Minister in 2015. He spent a week in India on a state visit in February 2018. A new agreement on education was signed and the India-Canada Consular Dialogue was established to sort diplomatic issues between the nations. Further agreements were signed in areas such as sport, information and communication technology, science and innovation and civil nuclear cooperation. During Trudeau's visit, he participated in a function in which Jaspal Atwal, a convict in the attempted murder of then Punjab minister Malkiat Singh Sidhu in 1986, also took part and drew criticism in India.

In 2019, Canada's Public Safety Department identified Sikh extremism as one the country's top terror threats, which was however omitted from further reports following protests from some of the Sikh community. Canada has the largest Sikh population outside India and Sikhs account for nearly 2 percent of Canada’s population. Omer Aziz, a former foreign policy advisor in the Trudeau government, claimed that the Sikh voting bloc influenced the government's policy making decisions and cited it as a reason why Canada ignored India's demands to crack down on financing from Khalistan supporters. The Indian government criticized the move and Chief Minister of Punjab Amarinder Singh claimed that Trudeau "succumbed to domestic political pressure" and that the move was a threat to global security.

In December 2020, Trudeau expressed concerns about the handling of farmer protests by the Indian government. He stated that "Canada will always be there to defend the rights of peaceful protestors" and expressed support for "the process of dialogue." India protested against the remarks and the Indian Ministry of External Affairs stated that Trudeau's comments were "an unacceptable interference in our internal affairs".

According to Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada (IRCC) data, of the more than 800,000 international students in Canada in 2022, 40 percent were from India, constituting the largest international student group in Canada.

India has, in recent times, accused Canada of sponsoring gang warfare, drugs trafficking, and extortion in India, which they believe sustains the Khalistan militant movement.

Diplomatic row (2023–2024)

The Canada–India diplomatic row is a diplomatic dispute between Canada and India that started in September 2023, with periodic escalation throughout the following year. While the diplomatic row was initially triggered due to Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau's allegations that the Indian government was involved in the assassination of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, the ongoing tensions between India and Canada have been largely fuelled by disagreements over the Sikh separatist Khalistan movement and its active supporters.

This led to a prolonged diplomatic stand-off between the countries. Both the countries expelled diplomatic staff, claiming interference in the other's internal affairs.

In 2023, both countries expelled members of each other's diplomatic staff and advised their citizens against traveling to the other; Canada closed three consulates in India. In October 2024, Canada expelled Sanjay Kumar Verma, the Indian High Commissioner to Canada, along with five other diplomats. India retaliated with six expulsions of its own.

Diplomatic missions

As both countries are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, Canada and India exchange High Commissioners.

• Canada:
  • High commission in New Delhi
  • Consulates-general in Bangalore, Chandigarh and Mumbai
• India:
  • High commission in Ottawa
  • Consulates-general in Toronto and Vancouver

Trade

In 2023, bilateral trade between India and Canada was valued at $9.36 billion with the Indian exports to Canada worth $5.56 billion and Canadian exports to India valued at $3.80 billion. In July 2024, India accounted for 0.74% ($0.74 billion) of Canada's total trade of $99.04 billion and Canada accounted for 0.82% of India's total trade of $90.14 billion. The major Indian exports included pharmaceuticals, telephones, automobile parts, sea food, electrical components, and jewelry, while Canada's main exports included coal briquettes, wood pulp, iron ore, legumes, and paper. The countries held discussions on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement in the 2010s and the volume of trade between the two countries has grew steadily over the last decade.

Air connectivity

As of 2024, Air Canada operates non-stop flights from Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver to Delhi, and from Toronto to Mumbai. In September 2019, Air India resumed its non-stop flights from Delhi to Toronto, and began scheduled flights from Delhi to Vancouver in October 2020. In May 2022, Indian aviation minister Jyotiraditya Scindia met with Canadian Transport Minister Omar Alghabra to discuss an open skies treaty, which would allow unlimited flights between the two countries.

See also

• Indo-Canadians

References

1. "India recalls its Envoy and diplomats".
2. "India expels Canadian Diplomats".
3. "The Union of Canada". Britannica. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
4. "British Raj". Britannica. Archived from the original on 24 November 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
5. Buchignani, Norman (12 May 2010). "South Asian Canadians". The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
6. ^ Singh, Khushwant (26 February – 12 March 1961). "The Ghadr Rebellion". Illustrated Weekly of India: Feb 26 – Mar 12. Archived from the original on 24 March 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
7. Unoki, Ko (2022). Racism, Diplomacy, and International Relations. Routledge. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-000-54154-0.
8. "Sikh Candian History". ExplorAsian. Archived from the original on 2 July 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2014.
9. ^ Arthur G. Rubinoff (December 2002). "Canada's re-engagement with India" (PDF). Asian Survey. 42 (6). University of California Press: 837–849. doi:10.1525/as.2002.42.6.838. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2021. Retrieved 11 December 2021.
10. ^ Willis C. Armstrong (September 1988). "Hungary and Suez 1956: A View from New Delhi by Escott Reid". The Canadian Historical Review. 69. University of Toronto Press: 405–406.
11. ^ "Heads of States and Governments who have addressed joint sessions of the senate and house of Commons of Canada". Archived from the original on 11 November 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
12. ^ "Canada catastrophe with India". The New Indian Express. 13 July 2024. Archived from the original on 15 July 2024. Retrieved 1 August 2024.
13. "Documents on Canadian External Relations". Foreign affairs and International Trade, Canada. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 28 June 2012.
14. Sublette, Carey. "Origins of Indian nuclear program". Nuclear weapon Archive. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
15. "Ripples in the nuclear pond". The Deseret News. 22 May 1974. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
16. United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Resolution A/RES/52/38 page 16.
17. United Nations General Assembly Session 52 Verbatim 67. A/52/PV.67 9 December 1997.
18. Bell, Stewart (2014). "Leadership and the Toronto 18". In Bruce Hoffman; Fernando Reinares (eds.). The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden's Death. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-231-16898-4.
19. Weston, Keith (2012). "Counter-Terrorism Policing and the Rule of Law: The Best of Friends". In Ana Salinas de Frías; Katja Samuel; Nigel White (eds.). Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice. Oxford University Press. p. 335. ISBN 978-0-19960-892-8.
20. Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182 (Canada) ; Major, John Charles (2010). Air India Flight 182: A Canadian Tragedy. Commission of Inquiry into the Investigation of the Bombing of Air India Flight 182. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-66019-926-9.
21. "The Air India Trial" (PDF). University of Toronto Faculty of Law. June 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
22. Mitrovica, Andrew; Sallot, Jeff (26 January 2000). "CSIS agent destroyed Air-India evidence". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2010.
23. Noronha, Charmaine (17 June 2010). "Canadian officials dropped ball before Air India bombing, inquiry finds". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 27 June 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2010.
24. "Chrétien Visits India". Canadian Encyclopedia. 17 March 2003. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
25. ^ Indian Canada bilateral brief (PDF). Government of India (Report). Retrieved 1 June 2024.
26. ^ "Canada–India Relations". Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015. Retrieved 11 May 2011.
27. "Joint Statement India-Canada Joint Working Group on counter-terrorism". Government of India. 11 December 2002. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
28. ^ "The Year of India in Canada 2011". Canada.ca. Archived from the original on 8 August 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
29. Chaudhury, Dipanjan Roy (14 July 2018). "First tranche of Canadian uranium for India's nuclear reactors arrives after four decades". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
30. "Justin Trudeau signals new style on 1st day as Canada's 23rd prime minister". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. 4 November 2015. Archived from the original on 4 November 2015. Retrieved 5 November 2015.
31. "What we know about Jaspal Atwal". National Post. Retrieved 3 October 2023.
32. Pietsch, Bryan (20 September 2023). "How Canada got caught up in the Sikh struggle in India". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 30 November 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
33. Mashal, Mujib; Kumar, Hari; Raj, Suhasini (19 September 2023). "Canada's Startling Claim Punctuates Tension With India Over Separatists". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 4 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
34. "A year after Hardeep Singh Nijjar's death, mysteries remain about how he really lived". The Globe and Mail. 22 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
35. "Canada drops reference to 'Sikh extremism' from terrorism threat report, Punjab CM protests". Scroll.in. 14 April 2019. Archived from the original on 24 June 2024. Retrieved 24 June 2024.
36. "'We are very worried': Canada PM Trudeau backs farmer protests in India". The Week. 1 December 2020. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
37. Roy, Shubhajit (1 December 2020). "Canada's Justin Trudeau backs farmers' protests; India says remarks 'ill-informed'". The Indian Express. Archived from the original on 1 December 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2020.
38. Bhattacharjee, Kallol (4 December 2020). "Farmers' protest | India summons Canadian High Commissioner; issues demarche over Trudeau's remarks". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
39. "India-Canada row: How Indian students contribute crores every year to Canada's economy". Firstpost. 25 September 2023. Archived from the original on 6 November 2023. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
40. Das, Yudhajit Shankar (21 September 2023). "India can hit Canada where it hurts the most". India Today. Retrieved 6 November 2023.
41. Das, Anupreeta (3 November 2024). "Sikh Activists See It as Freedom. India Calls It Terrorism". The New York Times.
42. ^ Landale, James (19 September 2023). "Hardeep Singh Nijjar: Why Western nations fear India-Canada row". BBC News. Archived from the original on 17 June 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
43. "Nijjar's killing to Trudeau's allegations: A timeline of how the India-Canada diplomatic row escalated". Financial Express. 21 September 2023.
44. "India-Canada row: Diplomatic standoff continues over Nijjar killing | 10 points". Livemint. 6 November 2023.
45. "Tensions are high between Canada and India. Here's why". CBC. 23 October 2023. Trudeau accused India's government of potentially being involved in the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar..The tensions are also fuelled by a larger disagreement over how Canada deals with supporters of the Khalistan movement. Indian officials have been concerned for a very long time that there are active advocates of an independent Khalistan homeland who reside in Canada
46. Duggal, Hanna; Chughtai, Alia (27 September 2023). "What is the Khalistan movement? How is it linked to India-Canada tensions?". Al Jazeera. A row between India and Canada surrounding Sikh independence, commonly referred to as the Khalistan movement, continues to cause tensions.. Last week, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau accused India of playing a role in the killing of Sikh separatist leader Hardeep Singh Nijjar, who was shot dead in June in British Columbia state.
47. Mogul, Rhea; Newton, Paula (18 September 2023). "India expels Canadian diplomat in tit-for-tat move as row over assassinated Sikh activist deepens". CNN. Archived from the original on 18 September 2023. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
48. "Tensions are high between Canada and India. Here's why". CBC. 23 October 2023. Archived from the original on 31 December 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
49. Rana, Uday (19 September 2023). "Canada has expelled a 'top' Indian diplomat. Who is Pavan Kumar Rai?". Global News. Archived from the original on 19 January 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
50. Pathi, Krutika; Gillies, Rob (19 September 2023). "India expels Canadian diplomat, escalating tensions after Trudeau accuses India in Sikh's killing". AP News. Archived from the original on 19 September 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
51. "In tit-for-tat move, India asks Canada diplomat to leave country in 5 days". Al Jazeera. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 22 September 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
52. "'Deeply Concerned': US, UK & Australia React After Canada Accuses India Of Killing Khalistani Leader Nijjar". Free Press Journal. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 14 June 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
53. "After U.K., U.S. expresses concern over departure of Canadian diplomats from India". The Hindu. 21 October 2023. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
54. Singh, Kanishka; Pitas, Costas (21 October 2023). "US and UK back Canada in dispute with India over diplomats". Reuters. Archived from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
55. Haidar, Suhasini (26 October 2023). "After U.S., U.K., Australia, Five eyes member New Zealand too criticises India on order expelling Canadian diplomats". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 23 March 2024. Retrieved 15 October 2024.
56. Webster, C. (2001). "Commonwealth Diplomatic Missions a Comparative Empirical Investigation of the Foreign Policy of Five Commonwealth Members". The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs. 90 (361): 529–539. doi:10.1080/00358530120082814.
57. "Embassies and consulates of Canada in India". Government of Canada. 16 November 2012. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
58. "Indian diplomatic representation in Canada". Indian High Commission. Archived from the original on 18 May 2024. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
59. ^ "Canada trade with India". Observatory of Economic Complexity. Archived from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
60. "Canadian Trade". Observatory of Economic Complexity. Archived from the original on 4 September 2024. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
61. "Indian Trade". Observatory of Economic Complexity. Retrieved 1 October 2024.
62. "India-Canada row: Will multi-billion trade ties between two countries take a hit?". Business Today. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 31 October 2023.
63. "Canada-India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations". Archived from the original on 1 February 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
64. "Despite Diplomatic Strains, Canada and India Conduct Business as Usual". Asia Pacific Foundation. 17 June 2024. Archived from the original on 5 October 2024. Retrieved 10 October 2024.
65. "Air Canada inaugurates non stop flights from Vancouver to India". Stockhouse. 20 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 February 2020. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
66. "A look at Canada and India and their relationship, by the numbers". Associated Press. 19 September 2023. Archived from the original on 26 September 2023. Retrieved 20 September 2023.
67. "Air India resumes Toronto service from late-Sep 2019". Routesonline. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
68. Disha Shah Ghosh (5 May 2022). "India, Canada discuss expansion of air services pact". Archived from the original on 25 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
69. "India, Canada discuss open skies policy". The South Asian Times. 5 May 2022. Archived from the original on 5 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
70. "India, Canada to allow more flights, revise pact". Trend. 6 May 2022. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2022.

Further reading

• Bragta, Sanjeev Kumar. "India-Canada Relations: A View on Geopolitical, Geoeconomic Convergence and Divergence." Technium Social Science Journal 31 (2022): 693+ online.
• Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." Indian Foreign Affairs Journal 13.1 (2018): 1-50. online essays by seven experts
• Chandrasekhar, Sripati (1986). From India to Canada: a brief history of immigration, problems of discrimination, admission and assimilation. Population Review Books. ISBN 9780960908011.
• Coward, Howard, ed. Peace. Development and Culture: Comparative Studies of lndia and Canada (Calgary: Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute. 1988).
• Dobell, W. M. "Canada and India: The Mulroney Years." Journal of Asian and African Studies 25.3-4 (1990): 131–145.
• Edwards, Lucie. "The lady is a tiger: Canada's erratic courtship of India." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 18#3 (2012): 264–266.
• Gayithri, K. et al. eds. Nation-Building, Education and Culture in India and Canada (Springer, 2019) online
• Grewal, J.S. and Hugh Johnston, eds. The India-Canada Relationship -- Exploring Political, Economic and Cultural Dimensions (London: Sage/Shastri Indo-Canadian Institute, 1994).
• Gupta, Ashis, ed. Canada-lndia Opportunities - Selected 1988 Conference Proceedings, (University of Calgary, 1988)
• Mansi, K. "Foreign Policy of Canada vis-à-vis India under Stephen Harper: From Cold Storage to Warmth of Billion-Dollar Trade." in K. Gayithri, et al. eds. Nation-Building, Education and Culture in India and Canada (Springer, 2019) pp. 135–154. online
• Mishra, Anil Dutta and Govind Prasad (2003). India and Canada: Past, Present & Future. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788170998785.
• Raj, Christopher S. and Abdul Nafey (2007). Canada's global engagements and relations with India. Manak Publications. ISBN 978-81-7827-168-2.
• Reid, Escott. Envoy to Nehru (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1981).
• Rubinoff, Arthur, ed. Canada and South Asia: Political and Strategic Relations (University of Toronto Press, 1992).
• Rubinoff, Arthur G. "Canada's re-engagement with India." Asian Survey 42.6 (2002): 838–855. online
• Rudner, Martin. "The Canada-India nexus: Trade and development assistance in Canada's new foreign policy framework." Canadian Foreign Policy Journal 3.2 (1995): 33–50.
• Sharma, Kavita. "Dynamics of Sikh Diaspora and its Implications for India-Canada Relations" Research Reinforcement (2021) 9#1 pp. 50–57 ISSN 2348-3857 online
• Singh, Milan, and Anita Singh. "Diaspora, political action, and identity: A case study of Canada's Indian diaspora." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 17.2 (2014): 149–171. online
• Suryanarayana, P. S. "Canada-India row: a test of the “rules-based order”." RSIS Commentaries, 141-23 (2023). online
• Touhey, Ryan M. "The Canada-India Relationship: A Historical Understanding of Political Discontent and Diaspora." India Migration Report 2024 (Routledge India, 2024) pp. 26–35. online
• Touhey, Ryan. Conflicting Visions: Canada and India in the Cold War World, 1946-76 (U British Columbia Press, 2015)

External links

• Canada–India relations, Government of Canada

• Canada
• India
• Politics

v t e Foreign relations of India
Bilateral relations Africa Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Chad Comoros Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Equatorial Guinea Gabon Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe Americas Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Cayman Islands Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Hong Kong Tibet East Timor Georgia Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal North Korea Oman Pakistan Palestine Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia Singapore South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bulgaria Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Holy See Iceland Ireland Italy Kosovo Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Former Soviet Union Yugoslavia
Multilateral relations 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue ASEAN Africa (Summit) BASIC BIMSTEC BBIN BRICS (4th, 8th, 13th summit) Central Asia Commonwealth of Nations East Asia Summit European Union G4 G20 G77 I2U2 Group IBSA Indian Ocean Naval Symposium Indian Ocean Rim Association India–Pacific Islands relations Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation India–Latin America relations International Solar Alliance Mekong–Ganga Cooperation Non-Aligned Movement (7th Summit) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue Sanctions SAARC Shanghai Cooperation Organisation United Nations
Diplomacy History Ministry of External Affairs Minister Foreign Secretary Diplomatic missions of India / in India (in Chennai) Ambassadors and High Commissioners of India / to India Foreign aid by India / to India Indian diaspora Overseas citizens Foreign policy ITEC programme Look East policy Pan-African e-Network project Indira Gandhi government Narendra Modi government Asian Middle Eastern South Asian Act East) Kashmir conflict Siachen conflict Conflicts with Pakistan Disputes with China Disputes with Nepal State visits to India State visits by prime ministers of India Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh Narendra Modi

• Canada–India relations
• Bilateral relations of India
• Bilateral relations of Canada
• Canada and the Commonwealth of Nations
• India and the Commonwealth of Nations