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| The '''Ahluwalia-Ramgarhia War''' was fought in 1776-1778 between a Coalition led by ] against the ]. It was primarily caused by an attack on Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by the Ramgarhia Sardars, leading to a conflict over territorial control in ] in which the Ramgarhia Sardars got expelled. | The '''Ahluwalia-Ramgarhia War''' was fought in 1776-1778 between a Coalition led by ] against the ]. It was primarily caused by an attack on Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by the Ramgarhia Sardars, leading to a conflict over territorial control in ] in which the Ramgarhia Sardars got expelled. | ||
| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| After fighting on opposite sides during the campaign at ], the long-standing animosity between ] of the ] and ] of the ] reappeared in 1775. The two leaders clashed in ] which is close to the ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799 |date=1939 |publisher=S.N. Sarkar |location=Punjab (India) |page=37 |url=https://books.google. |
After fighting on opposite sides during the campaign at ], the long-standing animosity between ] of the ] and ] of the ] reappeared in 1775. The two leaders clashed in ] which is close to the ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799 |date=1939 |publisher=S.N. Sarkar |location=Punjab (India) |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZtS42Jxi9MC}}</ref> A gunshot wound to Jassa Singh Ramgarhia during the subsequent fighting forced him to leave the field. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was able to declare victory in the engagement as a result.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=G. S. |title=The Advanced Study in History of the Punjab, Volume 1 |date=1960 |publisher=Sharanjit |location=Punjab (India) |page=487 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2BDAAAAYAAJ&q=Zahura}}</ref> Later, ] of the ] was given the area of Zahura.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799 |date=1939 |publisher=S.N. Sarkar |location=Punjab (India) |page=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZtS42Jxi9MC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=9788172052171 |page=472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiluAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> | ||
| ===Early Skirmishes=== | ===Early Skirmishes=== | ||
| ], was on his way to a fair at ], which is close to ], in 1776. Mali Singh, a commander of the ] and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's brother, was simultaneously in charge of a detachment traveling from ] to Batala. On their separate travels, the two parties came into collision with one other, which led to a bloody Battle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121501651 |page=281 |edition=3, illustrated |url=https://books.google. |
], was on his way to a fair at ], which is close to ], in 1776. Mali Singh, a commander of the ] and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's brother, was simultaneously in charge of a detachment traveling from ] to Batala. On their separate travels, the two parties came into collision with one other, which led to a bloody Battle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121501651 |page=281 |edition=3, illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Ganda |title=Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia |date=1990 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University. |location=Punjab (India) |page=199 |url=https://archive.org/details/SardarJassaSinghAhluwalia_651/page/n215/mode/2up}}</ref> The battle claimed the lives of several of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's soldiers and left him with two injuries. He suddenly fell from his horse and lost consciousness. Mali Singh intervened by putting him in a palanquin and taking him to Sri Hargobindpur for treatment.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siṅgha |first1=Bhagata |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University. |location=Punjab (India) |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=palanquin}}</ref> | ||
| ] expressed deep regret for the incident. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was at Batala for two days, during which he did not eat or drink, did not speak to anyone, and remained a complete silence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799 |date=1939 |publisher=S.N. Sarkar |location=Punjab (India) |page=38 |url=https://books.google. |
] expressed deep regret for the incident. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was at Batala for two days, during which he did not eat or drink, did not speak to anyone, and remained a complete silence.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799 |date=1939 |publisher=S.N. Sarkar |location=Punjab (India) |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZtS42Jxi9MC}}</ref> ], ], and other leaders paid him a visit at this period and urged him to take revenge on the Ramgarhias.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121501651 |page=281 |edition=3, illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> | ||
| Jassa Singh Ramgarhia made arrangements for Ahluwalia to travel for ] on the third day with full honors and an appropriate escort. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia pledged to get revenge and expel the Ramgarhias from Punjab in spite of the diplomatic attempts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siṅgha |first1=Bhagata |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University. |location=Punjab (India) |page=66 |url=https://books.google. |
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia made arrangements for Ahluwalia to travel for ] on the third day with full honors and an appropriate escort. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia pledged to get revenge and expel the Ramgarhias from Punjab in spite of the diplomatic attempts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Siṅgha |first1=Bhagata |title=A History of the Sikh Misals |date=1993 |publisher=Publication Bureau, Panjab University. |location=Punjab (India) |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=palanquin}}</ref> | ||
| ==Expulsion of the Ramgarhias== | ==Expulsion of the Ramgarhias== | ||
| The ] and the ] were in conflict in September 1778 over the revenue of some areas since their domains were mixed together in the Upper Bari ] and Upper Jullundur Doab districts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=9788172052171 |page=472 |url=https://books.google. |
The ] and the ] were in conflict in September 1778 over the revenue of some areas since their domains were mixed together in the Upper Bari ] and Upper Jullundur Doab districts.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=9788172052171 |page=472 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiluAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> In this dispute, ] had the backing of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. With the support of an Ahluwalia force, Jai Singh and ] attacked Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's headquarters in ]. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia bravely resisted, but the pressure from the attackers compelled him to leave the Trans-Sutlej area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121501651 |page=282 |edition=3, illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> | ||
| Meanwhile, ], which was occupied by Jassa Singh's brother Mali Singh, was under siege by ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799 |date=1939 |publisher=S.N. Sarkar |location=Punjab (India) |page=38 |url=https://books.google. |
Meanwhile, ], which was occupied by Jassa Singh's brother Mali Singh, was under siege by ].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799 |date=1939 |publisher=S.N. Sarkar |location=Punjab (India) |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZtS42Jxi9MC}}</ref> Due to his many cruel and immoral actions, Mali Singh was well-known for his oppressive reign. He was very much disliked as a result of his activities. dissatisfied with Mali Singh's governance, the locals gave the besiegers help and opened the city gates when the Kanhayias besieged Batala.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121501651 |page=282 |edition=3, illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> | ||
| After Mali Singh retreated, the Kanhaiyas took control of Batala, and Gurbakhsh Singh was selected as the new administrator. Prominent administrators like Raja Singh, Diwan Singh, Mansabdar Qanungo, and the ] Tara Chand were among those who helped Gurbakhsh Singh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=9788172052171 |page=474 |url=https://books.google. |
After Mali Singh retreated, the Kanhaiyas took control of Batala, and Gurbakhsh Singh was selected as the new administrator. Prominent administrators like Raja Singh, Diwan Singh, Mansabdar Qanungo, and the ] Tara Chand were among those who helped Gurbakhsh Singh.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=9788172052171 |page=474 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiluAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> | ||
| Following these victories, the combined Kanhaiya and Ahluwalia forces advanced towards ], which was held by ], another brother of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. Following Tara Singh's defeat and death, Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya took control of Kalanaur. Consequently, the whole Ramgarhia area in the Trans-Sutlej region was effectively taken by the Kanhaiyas and the Ahluwalia Misl.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=G. S. |title=The Advanced Study in History of the Punjab, Volume 1 |date=1960 |publisher=Sharanjit |location=Punjab (India) |page=487 |url=https://books.google. |
Following these victories, the combined Kanhaiya and Ahluwalia forces advanced towards ], which was held by ], another brother of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. Following Tara Singh's defeat and death, Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya took control of Kalanaur. Consequently, the whole Ramgarhia area in the Trans-Sutlej region was effectively taken by the Kanhaiyas and the Ahluwalia Misl.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Chhabra |first1=G. S. |title=The Advanced Study in History of the Punjab, Volume 1 |date=1960 |publisher=Sharanjit |location=Punjab (India) |page=487 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2BDAAAAYAAJ&q=Zahura}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Narang |first1=Kirpal Singh |last2=Gupta |first2=Hari Ram |title=History of the Punjab, 1526-1857 |date=1969 |publisher=Uttar Chand Kapur |location=Punjab (India) |page=251 |edition=3, revised |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16471/page/n281/mode/2up}}</ref> | ||
| ==Aftermath== | ==Aftermath== | ||
| Consequently Kanwar ] was assigned to ], close to the ]. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia had advised him not to block the ] retreat over the river or interfere with their flight.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121501651 |page=282 |edition=3, illustrated |url=https://books.google. |
Consequently Kanwar ] was assigned to ], close to the ]. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia had advised him not to block the ] retreat over the river or interfere with their flight.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121501651 |page=282 |edition=3, illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> The ] didn't give in in spite of this defeat. He subsequently assembled a sizable contingent of irregular cavalry on the other side of the river and, with the help of ] leader ], took up his position in the ] area.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Hari Ram |title=History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv |date=1999 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=9788121501651 |page=282 |edition=3, illustrated |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gandhi |first1=Surjit Singh |title=Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy |date=1999 |publisher=Singh Bros |isbn=9788172052171 |page=474 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiluAAAAMAAJ}}</ref> | ||
| From Hissar, the Jassa Singh Ramgarhia launched his raids all the way to ]'s walls. One time he broke into the city and took four cannons and a big chunk of variegated stone from the ] quarters. Additionally, he assaulted ] and forced its Muslim leader to pay a hefty tribute.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Narang |first1=Kirpal Singh |last2=Gupta |first2=Hari Ram |title=History of the Punjab, 1526-1857 |date=1969 |publisher=Uttar Chand Kapur |location=Punjab (India) |page=251 |edition=3, revised |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16471/page/n281/mode/2up}}</ref> | From Hissar, the Jassa Singh Ramgarhia launched his raids all the way to ]'s walls. One time he broke into the city and took four cannons and a big chunk of variegated stone from the ] quarters. Additionally, he assaulted ] and forced its Muslim leader to pay a hefty tribute.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Narang |first1=Kirpal Singh |last2=Gupta |first2=Hari Ram |title=History of the Punjab, 1526-1857 |date=1969 |publisher=Uttar Chand Kapur |location=Punjab (India) |page=251 |edition=3, revised |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.16471/page/n281/mode/2up}}</ref> | ||
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Sikh Interwarfare| Ahluwalia-Ramgarhia War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Sikh Interwarfare | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
|
Ahluwalia Misl Kanhaiya Misl Supported By: Bhangi Misl Sukerchakia Misl | Ramgarhia Misl | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
|
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia Jai Singh Kanhaiya Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya |
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia (WIA) Tara Singh Ramgarhia † Mali Singh | ||||||||
The Ahluwalia-Ramgarhia War was fought in 1776-1778 between a Coalition led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia against the Ramgarhia Misl. It was primarily caused by an attack on Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by the Ramgarhia Sardars, leading to a conflict over territorial control in Punjab in which the Ramgarhia Sardars got expelled.
Background
After fighting on opposite sides during the campaign at Pathankot, the long-standing animosity between Jassa Singh Ahluwalia of the Ahluwalia Misl and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia of the Ramgarhia Misl reappeared in 1775. The two leaders clashed in Zahura which is close to the Beas River. A gunshot wound to Jassa Singh Ramgarhia during the subsequent fighting forced him to leave the field. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was able to declare victory in the engagement as a result. Later, Baghel Singh of the Karorsinghia Misl was given the area of Zahura.
Early Skirmishes
Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, was on his way to a fair at Achal, which is close to Batala, in 1776. Mali Singh, a commander of the Ramgarhia Misl and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's brother, was simultaneously in charge of a detachment traveling from Sri Hargobindpur to Batala. On their separate travels, the two parties came into collision with one other, which led to a bloody Battle. The battle claimed the lives of several of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's soldiers and left him with two injuries. He suddenly fell from his horse and lost consciousness. Mali Singh intervened by putting him in a palanquin and taking him to Sri Hargobindpur for treatment.
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia expressed deep regret for the incident. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was at Batala for two days, during which he did not eat or drink, did not speak to anyone, and remained a complete silence. Jai Singh Kanhaiya, Gujjar Singh Bhangi, and other leaders paid him a visit at this period and urged him to take revenge on the Ramgarhias.
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia made arrangements for Ahluwalia to travel for Fatahabad on the third day with full honors and an appropriate escort. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia pledged to get revenge and expel the Ramgarhias from Punjab in spite of the diplomatic attempts.
Expulsion of the Ramgarhias
The Ramgarhias and the Kanhaiya were in conflict in September 1778 over the revenue of some areas since their domains were mixed together in the Upper Bari Doab and Upper Jullundur Doab districts. In this dispute, Jai Singh Kanhaiya had the backing of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. With the support of an Ahluwalia force, Jai Singh and Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya attacked Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's headquarters in Sri Hargobindpur. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia bravely resisted, but the pressure from the attackers compelled him to leave the Trans-Sutlej area.
Meanwhile, Batala, which was occupied by Jassa Singh's brother Mali Singh, was under siege by Gurbaksh Singh Kanhaiya. Due to his many cruel and immoral actions, Mali Singh was well-known for his oppressive reign. He was very much disliked as a result of his activities. dissatisfied with Mali Singh's governance, the locals gave the besiegers help and opened the city gates when the Kanhayias besieged Batala. After Mali Singh retreated, the Kanhaiyas took control of Batala, and Gurbakhsh Singh was selected as the new administrator. Prominent administrators like Raja Singh, Diwan Singh, Mansabdar Qanungo, and the Brahmin Tara Chand were among those who helped Gurbakhsh Singh.
Following these victories, the combined Kanhaiya and Ahluwalia forces advanced towards Kalanaur, which was held by Tara Singh Ramgarhia, another brother of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia. Following Tara Singh's defeat and death, Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya took control of Kalanaur. Consequently, the whole Ramgarhia area in the Trans-Sutlej region was effectively taken by the Kanhaiyas and the Ahluwalia Misl.
Aftermath
Consequently Kanwar Bhag Singh Ahluwalia was assigned to Mahtabkot, close to the Satluj River. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia had advised him not to block the Ramgarhia retreat over the river or interfere with their flight. The Ramgarhia Misaldar didn't give in in spite of this defeat. He subsequently assembled a sizable contingent of irregular cavalry on the other side of the river and, with the help of Phulkian leader Amar Singh, took up his position in the Hissar area.
From Hissar, the Jassa Singh Ramgarhia launched his raids all the way to Delhi's walls. One time he broke into the city and took four cannons and a big chunk of variegated stone from the Mughal quarters. Additionally, he assaulted Meerut and forced its Muslim leader to pay a hefty tribute.
References
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1939). History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799. Punjab (India): S.N. Sarkar. p. 37.
- Chhabra, G. S. (1960). The Advanced Study in History of the Punjab, Volume 1. Punjab (India): Sharanjit. p. 487.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1939). History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799. Punjab (India): S.N. Sarkar. p. 37.
- Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1999). Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy. Singh Bros. p. 472. ISBN 9788172052171.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1999). History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv (3, illustrated ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 281. ISBN 9788121501651.
- Singh, Ganda (1990). Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. Punjab (India): Publication Bureau, Panjab University. p. 199.
- Siṅgha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Punjab (India): Publication Bureau, Panjab University. p. 66.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1939). History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799. Punjab (India): S.N. Sarkar. p. 38.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1999). History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv (3, illustrated ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 281. ISBN 9788121501651.
- Siṅgha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Punjab (India): Publication Bureau, Panjab University. p. 66.
- Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1999). Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy. Singh Bros. p. 472. ISBN 9788172052171.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1999). History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv (3, illustrated ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 282. ISBN 9788121501651.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1939). History of the Sikhs: Trans-Sutlej Sikhs, 1769-1799. Punjab (India): S.N. Sarkar. p. 38.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1999). History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv (3, illustrated ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 282. ISBN 9788121501651.
- Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1999). Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy. Singh Bros. p. 474. ISBN 9788172052171.
- Chhabra, G. S. (1960). The Advanced Study in History of the Punjab, Volume 1. Punjab (India): Sharanjit. p. 487.
- Narang, Kirpal Singh; Gupta, Hari Ram (1969). History of the Punjab, 1526-1857 (3, revised ed.). Punjab (India): Uttar Chand Kapur. p. 251.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1999). History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv (3, illustrated ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 282. ISBN 9788121501651.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (1999). History Of The Sikhs: The Sikh Commonwealth Or Rise And Fall Of Sikh Misls, Vol. Iv (3, illustrated ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. p. 282. ISBN 9788121501651.
- Gandhi, Surjit Singh (1999). Sikhs in the Eighteenth Century: Their Struggle for Survival and Supremacy. Singh Bros. p. 474. ISBN 9788172052171.
- Narang, Kirpal Singh; Gupta, Hari Ram (1969). History of the Punjab, 1526-1857 (3, revised ed.). Punjab (India): Uttar Chand Kapur. p. 251.