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			He's A Duck!!!!!
	] '''Michael Francis Addison Woodruff''' ] (] ] – ] ]) was a ]-born ] and ] principally remembered for his research into ]ation. Though born in ], Woodruff spent his youth in ], where he earned degrees in ] and ]. Having completed his studies shortly after the outbreak of ], he joined the ], but was soon captured by ] forces and imprisoned in the ]. While there, he devised an ingenious method of extracting ]s from agricultural wastes to prevent ] among his fellow ].

	At the conclusion of the war, Woodruff returned to Britain and began a long career as an academic surgeon, mixing ] work and ]. By the end of the ], his study of aspects of transplantation biology such as ] and ] led to his making the first ] in the ], on ], ]. For this and his other scientific contributions, Woodruff was elected a ] in 1968 and made a ] in 1969. Although retiring from surgical work in 1976, he remained an active figure in the scientific community, researching ] and serving on the boards of various medical and scientific organizations. He died on ] ] at the age of 89.

	==Early life==
	Michael Woodruff was born on ] ] in ], ], ].<ref> Biogr. Mems Fell. R. Soc. 51, 455–471 (2005). Morris, Peter. Available at Retrieved ] ]</ref> In 1913, his father, Harold Woodruff, a professor of ], moved the family to ]. The Woodruffs did briefly return to London during ], but Michael and his brother went back to ] in 1917 after their mother, Margaret, died. The two then spent a short time under the care of an aunt before being rejoined by their father.<ref name="NVNW">Woodruff, Michael. ''Nothing Venture Nothing Win''. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press, 1996. ISBN 0-7073-0737-6.</ref>

	Other than his time in London and a single year in ], Michael spent all of his youth in Australia. Staying close to his family, he attended both ] in the Melbourne area, and enrolled in the ] for his post-secondary education. At the university, Woodruff studied ] and ], receiving some instruction from the influential physicist ].<ref name="MFAW"> Morris, Peter. . Retrieved ] ].</ref>

	Despite success in engineering, Woodruff decided that he would have weak prospects as an engineer in Australia.<ref name="SM"> *Morris, Peter (2001). . ''The Royal Society of New Zealand''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> So, after graduating in 1933, he entered the medical program at the University of Melbourne. While at the University, he passed the primary exam for the ] in 1934. He finished the program in 1937 and received an ] with honors as well as two prizes in surgery. After graduation, he studied ] for one more year, and served as a house surgeon at the ].<ref name="MFAW"/>

	==World War II==
	At the outbreak of ], Woodruff joined the ]. He stayed in Melbourne until he finished his Master of Surgery Degree in 1941. At that time, he was assigned to the Tenth Australian Army General Hospital in ] as a ] in the Medical Corps. However, after the ], a Japanese offensive resulted in his capture.<ref name="SM" />
	]

	After being captured, Woodruff was imprisoned in the ]. In the camp, Woodruff realized that his fellow prisoners were at great risk from ] due to the poor quality of the rations they were issued by the Japanese. To help fight this threat, Woodruff devised a method for extracting important nutrients from ], ]s, ]s, and agricultural wastes using old machinery that he found at the camp. Woodruff later published an account of his methods through the ] titled "Deficiency Diseases in Japanese Prison Camps".<ref name="NVNW" />

	At the conclusion of World War II, Woodruff returned to Melbourne to continue his surgical training. During his studies, he served as the surgical associate to ], and met Hazel Ashby. Ashby, a science student, made a great impression on Woodruff, and he married her in 1946.<ref name="MFAW" />

	==Early career==
	Soon after his marriage, Woodruff decided to travel to England in order to take the second half of the ] Exam. Before departing, he applied for a position as a Tutor of Surgery at the ], and learned en route that the University had accepted his application. He took the FRCS exam in 1947 and passed, perhaps aided by the fact that one of his examiners, Julian Taylor, had been with him at Changi.<ref name= "SM" />

	===Sheffield===
	After passing his exam, Woodruff entered his position at Sheffield. Originally, he had planned to do surgical research, but Sheffield had no space for him in its surgical lab. Instead, Woodruff was given a place in the ] laboratory where he studied ], a process in which the ] of a transplant recipient attacks the transplanted tissue. Woodruff was particularly interested in ] ]s to the ] of the eye because they did not appear to meet with rejection.

	Woodruff's work with the allografts gave him a solid basis to work in the developing field of transplantion and rejection. To further himself in these areas, Woodruff arranged to meet ], an eminent zoologist and important pioneer in the study of rejection. The two men discussed ] and rejection, beginning a lasting professional relationship. Despite his achievements at Sheffield, Woodruff was rejected upon applying for a post at the ].<ref name ="MFAW" />

	===Aberdeen===
	In 1948, shortly after applying for the position in Melbourne, Woodruff moved from Sheffield to the ] where he was given a post as a senior lecturer.<ref name= "SM" /> At Aberdeen, Woodruff was given better laboratory access. He took advantage of this access and his wife's skills as a lab assistant to investigate '']'' grafts (tissue grafts performed while the recipient was still in the ]). At the time, the surgical community hypothesized that if a recipient were given ''in utero'' grafts, he would be able to receive tissue from the donor later in life without risk of rejection. Woodruff's experiments with ], however, produced negative results.

	While in Aberdeen, Woodruff also visited the ] on a ] Traveling Fellowship. During the visit, he met many of the leading American surgeons, an experience that increased his own desire to continue his work and research. After returning from the US, Woodruff experimented with the effects of ] and the impact of blood ] on rejection. As part of his blood antigen studies, Woodruff found two volunteers with identical blood antigens and arranged for them to exchange ]. When the grafts were rejected, Woodruff determined that rejection must be controlled by additional factors.<ref name="MFAW" />

	===Dunedin===
	]
	In 1953, Woodruff moved to ] to take up a position as the Chair of Surgery at the ], ]'s only ] at that time. While in Dunedin, Woodruff conducted research on the use of ]s (white blood cells) to increase tolerance for allografts in rats. This line of research proved to be largely unsuccessful, but some of Woodruff's other projects did well. Among his more important accomplishments in the period, Woodruff established a frozen skin bank for ] treatment and worked on the phenomenon known as runt disease (]).<ref name ="MFAW" />

	==Edinburgh==
	]
	In 1957, Woodruff was appointed to the Chair of Surgical Science at the ]. At the university, he split his time equally between his clinical and teaching responsibilities and his research. As a major part of his research, Woodruff served as the honorary director of a Research Group on Transplantation established by the ].

	The research group's principal investigations concerned ] (the body's acceptance of tissues, as opposed to rejection), ] (especially in mice), and immune responses to ] in various animals. In his clinical role, Woodruff started a ] program and worked with the use of ] as a cancer treatment. However, his most important clinical accomplishments were in ].<ref name="MFAW" />

	Most notably, he performed the first kidney transplant in the ] at the ].<ref> ''BBC Health''. Retrieved ] ].</ref> Woodruff had been waiting for the right patient for some time, hoping to find a patient with an ] to act as the donor, as this would significantly reduce the risk of rejection. The patient that Woodruff eventually found was a 49-year-old man suffering from severely impaired kidney function who received one of his identical twin brother's kidneys on ] ].<ref> . Retrieved ] ].</ref> That same year, Woodruff published ''The Transplantation of Tissues and Organs'', a comprehensive survey of transplant biology and one of seven books he wrote.<ref>{{cite web \| title=Michael Francis Addison Woodruff Bibliography\| work=The Royal Society \| url=http://www.pubs.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/bio_mems/Woodruff%20biblio.pdf\| accessdate = May 6 \| accessyear=2006 }}</ref>

	Woodruff retired from the University of Edinburgh in 1976 and joined the MRC Clinical and Population Cytogenetics Unit. He spent the next ten years there, engaged in cancer research with an emphasis on ]. During that time, Woodruff also published 25 papers and two books.<ref name = "MFAW" /> After retiring from his cancer research, Woodruff lived quietly with his wife in Edinburgh, traveling occasionally <ref name ="NVNW" /> until his death on ] ] at the age of 89.<ref name ="SM" />

	==Importance==
	Woodruff's contributions to surgery were important and long-lasting. In addition to performing the first kidney transplant in the UK, he devised a method of implanting a transplanted ] in the ] during transplants that is still used today. Furthermore, he established a large, efficient transplant unit in Edinburgh that remains one of the world's best. Although best known for these clinical accomplishments, Woodruff's contributions to the study of rejection and tolerance induction were equally important. Among these contributions, Woodruff's work with ] has led to its wide use to reduce rejection symptoms in organ transplant recipients up to the current day.<ref name="MFAW" />

	These important contributions to medicine and biology were first seriously honored in 1968 when Woodruff was elected to be a ]. The next year, 1969, Woodruff was ] by the Queen, a rare accomplishment for a surgeon. Additionally, numerous medical organizations gave Woodruff honorary membership, including the ], the American Surgical Association, and the ]. Woodruff also held office in several scientific organizations, serving as Vice-President of the ] and President of The Transplantation Society. Finally, Woodruff served for many years as a WHO advisor and as a ] at a number of universities.<ref name="MFAW" />

	===Publications===
	Woodruff's impact is also apparent in his large volume of publications. In addition to authoring over 200 scholarly papers, Woodruff wrote seven books during his career, covering numerous aspects of medicine and surgery.
	*''Deficiency Diseases in Japanese Prison Camps''. M.R.C Special Report No. 274. H.M. Stationary Office, London 1951.
	*''Surgery for Dental Students''. Blackwell, Oxford. (Fourth Ed., 1984 with H.E. Berry) 1954.
	*''The Transplantation of Tissues and Organs''. Charles C. Thomas. Springfield, Illinois 1960.
	*''The One and the Many: Edwin Stevens Lectures for the Laity''. Royal Society of Medicine, London 1970.
	*''On Science and Surgery''. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh 1976.
	*''The Interaction of Cancer and Host: Its Therapeutic Significance''. Grune Stratton, New York 1980.
	*''Cellular Variation and Adaptation in Cancer: Biological Basis and Therapeutic Consequences''. Oxford University Press 1990.

	==References==
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	{{Persondata
	\|NAME=Woodruff, Michael Francis Addison
	\|ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
	\|SHORT DESCRIPTION=British surgeon and biologist; transplantation and cancer researcher
	\|DATE OF BIRTH=] ]
	\|PLACE OF BIRTH=], ], ]
	\|DATE OF DEATH=] ]
	\|PLACE OF DEATH= ], ]
	}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Woodruff, Michael}}
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Revision as of 12:36, 26 April 2007

Michael Francis Addison Woodruff
Sir Michael Woodruff
Born	3 April 1911 London, England
Died	10 March 2001
Nationality	British
Scientific career
Fields	Organ transplantation

He's A Duck!!!!!