| Revision as of 18:35, 26 April 2007 view source195.50.197.195 (talk) →Politics← Previous edit | Revision as of 18:35, 26 April 2007 view source 195.50.197.195 (talk) →Counties and municipalitiesNext edit → | ||
| Line 74: | Line 74: | ||
| ==Counties and municipalities== | |||
| ===Counties=== | |||
| {{main|Counties of Estonia|Municipalities of Estonia}} | |||
| Estonia is divided into 15 counties. (''maakonnad''; sing. - ''maakond''). They include: | |||
| {{Image with scale | |||
| |image=] | |||
| |float=right |scale=400 |x=0.06 |y=0.9 |high=800 |width=544 |bl=0.133 |bw=1px |bc=black |fc=black | |||
| |text=<small>50 km</small> | |||
| }} | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Harjumaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Hiiumaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Ida-Virumaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Järvamaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Jõgevamaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Läänemaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Lääne-Virumaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Pärnumaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Põlvamaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Raplamaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Saaremaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Tartumaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Valgamaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Viljandimaa'') | |||
| *] (Estonian: ''Võrumaa'') | |||
| ===Smaller divisions=== | |||
| {{seealso|Populated places in Estonia|List of towns in Estonia|Cities of Estonia}} | |||
| Estonian counties are divided into rural (''vallad'', singular ''vald'') and urban (''linnad'', singular ''linn''; ''alevid'', singular ''alev''; ''alevikud'', singular ''alevik'') municipalities. The municipalities are comprised of populated places (''asula'' or ''asustusüksus'') - various settlements and territorial units that have no administrative function. A group of populated places form a rural municipality with local administration. Most towns constitute separate urban municipalities, while some have joined with surrounding rural municipalities. | |||
| Officially, there are four types of populated places in Estonia: towns (''linn''), boroughs (''alev''), small boroughs (''alevik''), and villages (''küla''). | |||
| ==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
Revision as of 18:35, 26 April 2007
For other uses, see Estonia (disambiguation).
| Republic of EstoniaEesti Vabariik | |
|---|---|
Flag
Coat of arms
| |
| Anthem: Mu isamaa, mu õnn ja rõõm | |
 Location of Estonia (orange)– in Europe (tan & white) | |
| Capitaland largest city | Tallinn |
| Official languages | Estonian |
| Government | Parliamentary democracy |
| • President | Toomas Hendrik Ilves |
| • Prime Minister | Andrus Ansip |
| Independence from Russia | |
| • Declared | 24 February 1918 |
| • Recognised | 2 February 1920 |
| • Occupied by USSR | 16 June 1940 |
| • Re-declared | 20 August 1991 |
| • Water (%) | 4.56% |
| Population | |
| • 2006 estimate | 1,324,333 (151st) |
| GDP (PPP) | 2006 estimate |
| • Total | $23.93 billion (106th) |
| • Per capita | $18,216 (42nd) |
| Gini (2003) | 35.8 medium inequality |
| HDI (2004) |  0.858Error: Invalid HDI value (40th) |
| Currency | Estonian kroon (EEK) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
| Calling code | 372 |
| ISO 3166 code | EE |
| Internet TLD | .ee |
| |
Estonia (older English spelling Esthonia), officially the Republic of Estonia (Estonian: Eesti or Eesti Vabariik), is a country in Northern Europe. Estonia has land borders to the south with Latvia and to the east with Russia. It is separated from Finland in the north by the Gulf of Finland and from Sweden in the west by the Baltic Sea.
Estonia has been a member of the European Union since 1 May 2004, and of NATO since 29 March 2004. The Estonian language, along with its close relative Finnish as well as Hungarian, is one of the few official languages of the European Union that is not of Indo-European origin.
Monkeys rule!
Geography
Topography
Estonia lies on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea immediately across the Gulf of Finland from Finland on the level northwestern part of the rising east European platform between 57.3° and 59.5° N and 21.5° and 28.1° E. Average elevation reaches only 50 metres (164 ft) and the country's highest point is the Suur Munamägi in the southeast at 318 metres (1,043 ft).
Oil shale (or kukersite) and limestone deposits, along with forests which cover 47% of the land, play key economic roles in this generally resource-poor country. Estonia boasts over 1,400 lakes. Most are very small, with the largest, Lake Peipus, (Peipsi in Estonian) being 3555 km² (1372 sq mi). There are many rivers in the country. The largest are the Võhandu (162 km), Pärnu (144 km), and Põltsamaa (135 km). Estonia also boasts numerous bogs, and 3794 kilometers (2,357 mi) of coastline marked by numerous bays, straits, and inlets. The number of islands and islets is estimated at some 1,500. Two are large enough to constitute their own counties: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa..
Climate
Estonia lies in the northern part of the temperate climate zone and in the transition zone between maritime and continental climate. Because Estonia (and all of Northern Europe) is continuously warmed by the Gulf Stream it has a milder climate despite its northern latitude. The Baltic Sea causes differences between the climate of coastal and inland areas.
The average annual temperature in Estonia is 4.5 degrees Celsius. The average temperature in February, the coldest month of the year, is negative 5.2 degrees Celsius. The average temperature in July, which is considered the warmest month of the year, is 17 degrees Celsius.
The climate is also influenced by the Atlantic Ocean, the North-Atlantic Stream and the Icelandic Minimum, which is an area known for the formation of cyclones and where the average air pressure is lower than in neighbouring areas.
Estonia is located in a humid zone in which the amount of precipitation is greater than total evaporation. There are about 160 to 180 rainy days a year, and average precipitation is biggest on the western slopes of the Sakala and Haanja Uplands. Snow cover, which is deepest in the south-eastern part of Estonia, usually lasts from mid-December to late March.
Economy
Main article: Economy of EstoniaGeneral situation
As a member of the European Union, Estonia is part of the one of the world's largest and most tightly integrated trade blocs.
In June 1992, Estonia replaced the ruble with its own freely convertible currency, the kroon (EEK). A currency board was created and the new currency was pegged to the German mark at the rate at 8 EEK for 1 DEM. When Germany introduced the euro, the peg was changed to 15.6466 kroon for 1 euro. The Estonian government finalized the design of Estonia's euro coins in late 2004, and is now intending to adopt the euro as the country's currency in 2010, later than planned due to continued high inflation.
In 1994, Estonia became one of the first countries in the world to adopt a flat tax, with a uniform rate of 26% regardless of personal income. In January 2005 the personal income tax rate was reduced to 24%. A subsequent reduction to 23% followed in January 2006. The income tax rate will be decreased by 1% annually to reach 20% by January 2009.
In 1999, Estonia experienced its worst year economically since it regained independence in 1991, largely because of the impact of the August 1998 Russian financial crisis. Estonia joined the WTO in November 1999. It was the second Baltic state to join. With assistance from the European Union, the World Bank and the Nordic Investment Bank, Estonia completed most of its preparations for European Union membership by the end of 2002 and now has one of the strongest economies of the new member states of the European Union, which it joined on 1 May 2004.
Since January 1, 2000, companies have not had to pay income tax on re-invested income. However, tax is due on profit distributions (including hidden distributions) at a rate of 22%. Despite the fact that only the moment of taxation was shifted from earning profits to their distribution, leaving the rest of the corporate taxation system mostly unchanged, the current legislation is said to be in violation of one of the fundamental freedoms of the European Union — free movement of capital. Estonia is to remove this hindrance by January 2009 when the temporary derogation expires, though the conventional wisdom is that Estonia would at that point institute a very low corporate income tax, either 10%, or even 0%.
The Estonian economy is growing quickly, partly due to a number of Scandinavian companies relocating their routine operations to the country and Russian oil transit using Estonian ports. Estonia has a strong information technology (IT) sector. Its GDP PPP per capita is at $17,802, the highest of the Baltic states, while its unemployment rate was 4.2% in July 2006, one of the lowest in the European Union.
Although the annual GDP growth rate in 2006 amounted again 11,4%, some of the leading financial institutions and rating agencies (Dankse Bank, S&P, IWF) expressed serious concerns about possible overheating syndromes of the booming economy. A number of the main economic indicators (e.g. inflation at the 4,5%, significantly negative trade balance and private credit level) partly support this opinion.
Exports
Estonia exports machinery and equipment (33% of all exports annually), wood and paper (15% of all exports annually), textiles (14% of all exports annually), food products (8% of all exports annually), furniture (7% of all exports annually), and metals and chemical products. Estonia also exports 1.562 billion kilowatt hours of electricity annually.
Estonia's export partners are Finland (26.4%), Sweden (12.9%), Latvia (8.8%), Russia (6.5%), Germany (6.2%), and Lithuania (4.8%).
Imports
Estonia imports machinery and equipment (33.5% of all imports annually), chemical products (11.6% of all imports annually), textiles (10.3% of all imports annually), food products (9.4% of all imports annually), and transportation equipment (8.9% of all imports annually). Estonia imports 200 million kilowatt hours of electricity annually.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of EstoniaIndigenous Estonian-speaking ethnic Estonians constitute nearly 70% of the total population of about 1.3 million people. First and second generation immigrants from various parts of the former Soviet Union (mainly Russia) comprise most of the remaining 30%. The latter, mostly Russian-speaking ethnic minorities, reside predominantly in the capital city (Tallinn) and the industrial urban areas in northeastern Estonia (Ida-Virumaa county). There is also a small group of Finnish descent, mainly from Ingermanland (Ingria). A significant part of Baltic Germans left Estonia during the early 1920s, after land reforms and even dispossessions had taken place. But the majority of Baltic Germans left the country after the Soviet occupation in 1940, following an amendment to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact that committed the Baltic Germans to be evacuated from Estonia to Germany. Historically, large parts of Estonia’s north-western coast and islands have been populated by an indigenous ethnically Swedish population called "rannarootslased" ("coastal Swedes"). The majority of Estonia's Swedish population fled to Sweden in 1944, escaping the advancing Soviet Army.
The country's official language is Estonian, a Finno-Ugric language which is closely related to Finnish. It has been influenced by German, and like Finnish contains many Swedish words. Russian is also widely spoken as a secondary language by thirty- to seventy-year-old ethnic Estonians, because Russian was taught as a compulsory second language during the Soviet era. Many younger Estonian people can usually speak English, having learned it as their first foreign language. Some Russians residing in Estonia do not speak Estonian, but many of those who remained after the collapse of the Soviet Union have begun to learn it.
In the southernmost region of the country, some 70,000 people speak Võro, a Baltic-Finnic language closely related to Estonian.
Ethnicity
According to information published by the Estonian Statistical Office in 2006, the population of Estonia comprised the following self-reported ethnic groups :
| Ethnicity | Population | % of total |
|---|---|---|
| Estonians | 923,908 | 68.56 |
| Russians | 345,168 | 25.67 |
| Ukrainians | 28,321 | 2.11 |
| Belorussians | 16,316 | 1.21 |
| Finns | 11,163 | 0.83 |
| Tatars | 2,500 | 0.19 |
| Latvians | 2,230 | 0.17 |
| Poles | 2,097 | 0.16 |
| Lithuanians | 2,079 | 0.15 |
| Jews | 1,939 | 0.14 |
| Germans | 1,895 | 0.14 |
| Other nationalities | 9,068 | 0.67 |
Religion
According to the most recent Eurostat "Eurobarometer" poll, in 2005 , only 16% of Estonian citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 54% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force" and 26% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force". This, according to the survey, would have made Estonians the least religious people in the then 25-member European Union.
International rankings
| Organisation | Survey | Year | Ranking |
|---|---|---|---|
| Columbia University / Yale University |
Environmental Sustainability Index | 2001 2002 2005 |
Rank 27 out of 122 countries Rank 18 out of 142 countries Rank 27 out of 146 countries |
| Heritage Foundation / The Wall Street Journal |
Index of Economic Freedom | 2006 | Rank 12 out of 157 countries, not accounting 5 that were not ranked |
| Reporters Without Borders | World Press Freedom Ranking | 2004 2005 2006 |
Rank 11 out of 167 countries (tied with Germany, Sweden, Trinidad and Tobago) Rank 11 out of 167 countries Rank 6 out of 168 countries (tied with Norway) |
| State of World Liberty Project | State of World Liberty Index | 2006 | Rank 1 out of 159 countries |
| Transparency International | Corruption Perceptions Index | 2004 2005 2006 |
Rank 31 out of 146 countries (tied with Botswana and Slovenia) Rank 27 out of 158 countries Rank 24 out of 163 countries (tied with Barbados) |
| UNDP | Human Development Index | 2004 2005 2006 |
Rank 36 out of 177 countries Rank 38 out of 177 countries Rank 40 out of 177 countries |
| World Economic Forum | Global Competitiveness Report | 2005–2006 2006–2007 |
Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking – Rank 26 out of 117 countries Growth Competitiveness Index Ranking – Rank 25 out of 125 countries |
| WorldAudit.org | World Democracy Audit | 2006 | Rank 18 out of 150 countries |
See also
Column-generating template families
The templates listed here are not interchangeable. For example, using {{col-float}} with {{col-end}} instead of {{col-float-end}} would leave a <div>...</div> open, potentially harming any subsequent formatting.
| Type | Family | Handles wiki table code? |
Responsive/ mobile suited |
Start template | Column divider | End template |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Float | "col-float" | Yes | Yes | {{col-float}} | {{col-float-break}} | {{col-float-end}} |
| "columns-start" | Yes | Yes | {{columns-start}} | {{column}} | {{columns-end}} | |
| Columns | "div col" | Yes | Yes | {{div col}} | – | {{div col end}} |
| "columns-list" | No | Yes | {{columns-list}} (wraps div col) | – | – | |
| Flexbox | "flex columns" | No | Yes | {{flex columns}} | – | – |
| Table | "col" | Yes | No | {{col-begin}}, {{col-begin-fixed}} or {{col-begin-small}} |
{{col-break}} or {{col-2}} .. {{col-5}} |
{{col-end}} |
Can template handle the basic wiki markup {| | || |- |} used to create tables? If not, special templates that produce these elements (such as {{(!}}, {{!}}, {{!!}}, {{!-}}, {{!)}})—or HTML tags (<table>...</table>, <tr>...</tr>, etc.)—need to be used instead.
Image gallery
-
Estonian folk dancing
-
Estonian folk dance festival "Tantsupidu"
- Statue of Anton Hansen Tammsaare, Tallinn Statue of Anton Hansen Tammsaare, Tallinn
-
Medieval city centre and marketplace of Tallinn
-
Another view from the Finnish Gulf to Old Tallinn
- The city center (winter 2007) The city center (winter 2007)
-
Tartu University
Further reading
- Hiden, John (1991). The Baltic Nations and Europe: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the Twentieth Century. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-08246-3.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Laar, Mart (1992). War in the Woods: Estonia's Struggle for Survival, 1944-1956. trans. Tiina Ets. Washington, D.C.: Compass Press. ISBN 0-929590-08-2.
- Lievel, Anatol (1993). The Baltic Revolution: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and the Path to Independence. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-05552-8.
- Raun, Toivo U. (1987). Estonia and the Estonians. Stanford, Calif.: Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University. ISBN 0-8179-8511-5.
- Smith, David J. (2001). Estonia: Independence and European Integration. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-26728-5.
- Smith, Graham (ed.) (1994). The Baltic States: The National Self-determination of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-12060-5.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help) - Taagepera, Rein (1993). Estonia: Return to Independence. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1199-3.
- Taylor, Neil (2004). Estonia (4th ed. ed.). Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt. ISBN 1-84162-095-5.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help) - Williams, Nicola (2003). Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania (3rd ed. ed.). London: Lonely Planet. ISBN 1-74059-132-1.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - Subrenat, Jean-Jacques (Ed.) (2004). Estonia, identity and independence. Rodopi. ISBN 90-420-0890-3.
{{cite book}}: Text "Amsterdam & New York" ignored (help)
Notes and references
- ^ "World InfoZone - Estonia". World InfoZone. World InfoZonek, LTD.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|access_date=ignored (help) Cite error: The named reference "worldinfo" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page). - Eurostat unemployment report, July 2006
- ^ CIA World Factbook: Estonia
- Eurobarometer, http://europa.eu.int/comm/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_225_report_en.pdf
External links
Government
Tourism
- Visitestonia.com
- Template:Wikitravel
- Estonian Manors Portal the English version introduces 438 well-preserved historical manor houses in Estonia
Culture
Overviews
- Statistical Office of Estonia
- Estonian Meteorological and Hydrological Institute
- Estonia onLine
- All about Estonia in the Baltic Key
News
| International membership | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Languages | |
|---|---|
| Template:Finno-Ugric-speaking nations |