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Paakuma known by his Spanish-language name Santos Manuel (1814 - October 25, 1919) was the Captain (chief) of the San Manuel Band of Mission Indians (now known as the Yuhaaviatam of San Manuel Nation).

Santos Manual was born in a village in the Bear Valley region of the San Bernardino Mountains in the 1810s.

After gold was discovered in Holcomb Valley in the 1860s, an influx of Americans came to the area. American settlers formed militias after the deaths of some settlers, that were not caused by the Yuhaaviatam. However, the settlers did not distinguish between the Native Americans, causing heavy losses to Yuhaaviatam in the thirty-two day campaign. In 1866, Santos Manuel led the remaining members of the clan (fewer than 30) to the San Bernardino Valley floor to the banks of Warm Creek (a tributary of the Santa Ana River). Later, the tribe moved to Harlem Springs (roughly near the intersection of Victoria and Base Line in Highland, California). Here, they were "pushed out by the white men," and forced them north to land that was barely able to be farmed.

In either 1882 or 1882, the tribe moved to its present location in the foothills of San Bernardino. Contemporary accounts refer it to "Manuel's Village." On January 12, 1891, the 55th Congress passed "An act for the relief of the Mission Indians in the State of California." President Benjamin Harrison established the San Manuel Reservation in 1891. The reservation originally consisted of 640 acres, most of which were foothills. Of those, 13 acres were tillable.

Captain Manuel and his men participated in the Tournament of Roses in Pasadena on January 1, 1902.

Santos Manuel died on October 25, 1919, at the San Manuel Reservation, and was buried in the cemetery on the reservation with Catholic and native rights.

  1. ^ "Posthumous honorary doctorate for San Manuel Band of Mission Indians founding leader". CSUSB.org. March 17, 2022. Retrieved December 16, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  2. ^ "OLDEST INDIAN OF VALLY IS DEAD". Sunday Morning Index and San Bernardino News (San Bernardino, CA). October 26, 1919. p. 1.
  3. "INDIANS MOURN FOR AGED CHIEF, AGED 108 AT DEATH". The Daily Report (Ontario, CA). October 27, 1919. p. 8.
  4. ^ Lindsey, James S. (December 29, 1932). "Indian is Real 'Forgotten Man'". The San Bernardino Daily Sun (San Bernardino, CA). p. 11.
  5. Marquez, Deron (January 16, 2000). "Declaration of Deron Marquez in support of Motion to Dismiss Before the NLRB" (PDF). Native American Rights Fund. Retrieved December 16, 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  6. "INDIANS AT PASADENA". San Bernardino Daily Sun. January 2, 1902. p. 7.