Help:IPA/Russian: Difference between revisions

< Help:IPA Browse history interactively ← Previous edit Next edit →Content deleted Content addedVisual WikitextInline

Revision as of 22:29, 10 December 2024 editDiscospinster (talk \| contribs)Administrators464,185 editsm Reverted edit by 136.57.5.2 (talk) to last version by NardogTag: Rollback ← Previous edit		Revision as of 19:01, 19 December 2024 edit undoGlenn103 (talk \| contribs)83 edits ←Replaced content with 'Double closed central unrounded vowel (ɨɨ) is the letter from IPA in keyboard with IPA number 255 began with some began letters in the IPA key ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== {{Refbegin}} * {{Citation \|last=Cubberley \|first=Paul \|year=2002 \|title=Russian: A Linguistic Introduction \|chapter=The phonology of Modern Russian \|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yOGzAyN3V88C&pg=PA59 \|publisher=Cambridge University Press }} * {{Citation \|l...'Tags: Replaced Reverted Visual edit Mobile edit Mobile web editNext edit →
Line 1:		Line 1:
			Double closed central unrounded vowel
	{{IPA key\|H:IPA-RU}}
	{{inline audio}}
	The charts below show the way in which the ] represents ] pronunciations in Misplaced Pages articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Misplaced Pages articles, see ] and {{section link\|Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

			(ɨɨ) is the letter from IPA in keyboard with IPA number 255 began with some began letters in the IPA key
	Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (]) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript {{angbr IPA\|ʲ}}, are pronounced with the body of the ] raised toward the ], like the articulation of the ''y'' sound in ''yes''. In native words, {{IPA\|/j, ɕː, tɕ/}} are always soft, whereas {{IPA\|/ʐ, ʂ, ts/}} are always hard.<ref name="cdz"/>

	See ] and ] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.

	{\| class="wikitable"
	\|- style="vertical-align: top;"
	! colspan="6" \| ]s
	\|-
	! colspan="3" \| Hard
	! colspan="3" \| ]
	\|-
	! ]
	! Examples
	! English approximation
	! ]
	! Examples
	! English approximation
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|b}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-бок.ogg\|ru\|'''б'''ок\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|а'''п'''де́йт}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| '''b'''oot
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|bʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-белый.ogg\|ru\|'''б'''е́лый\|help=no}}, {{audio-lang\|Ru-бью.ogg\|ru\|'''бь'''ю\|help=no}}
	\| '''b'''eautiful
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|d̪\|d}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-дать.ogg\|ru\|'''д'''ать\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-футбол.ogg\|ru\|фу'''т'''бо́л\|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| '''d'''o
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|dʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-дело.ogg\|ru\|'''д'''е́ло\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-ходьба.ogg\|ru\|хо'''дь'''ба́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-женитьба.ogg\|ru\|жени́'''ть'''ба\|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| me'''di'''a
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|dʐ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-джип.ogg\|ru\|'''дж'''ип\|help=no}}
	\| '''j'''ug
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|dʑ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
	\| {{lang\|ru\|на'''ч'''ди́в}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-дочь бы.ogg\|ru\|до'''чь''' бы\|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| '''j'''ig
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|dz}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-плацдарм.ogg\|ru\|пла'''ц'''да́рм\|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| la'''ds'''
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|dzʲ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
	\| {{lang\|ru\|'''дз'''юдо́}}<ref name="cdz">Even though {{IPA\|/ts/}} and its voicing {{IPA\|}} are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.</ref>
	\| la'''d's''' young
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|f}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-форма.ogg\|ru\|'''ф'''о́рма\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-выставка.ogg\|ru\|вы́ста'''в'''ка\|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang\|Ru-боров.ogg\|ru\|бо́ро'''в'''\|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
	\| '''f'''ool
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|fʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-финал.ogg\|ru\|'''ф'''ина́л\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-верфь.ogg\|ru\|вер'''фь'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-кровь.ogg\|ru\|кро'''вь'''\|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
	\| '''f'''ew
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɡ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-год.ogg\|ru\|'''г'''од\|help=no}};<ref name="g2">{{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|г}}}} is usually pronounced {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} or (word-finally) {{IPAblink\|x}} in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as {{lang\|ru\|'''Г'''оспо́дь}} {{IPA\|}} and {{audio-lang\|Ru-бог.ogg\|ru\|Бо'''г'''\|help=no}} {{IPA\|}}, and in the interjections {{audio-lang\|Ru-ага.ogg\|ru\|а'''г'''а́\|help=no}}, {{audio-lang\|Ru-ого.ogg\|ru\|о'''г'''о́\|help=no}}, {{audio-lang\|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg\|ru\|'''Г'''о́споди\|help=no}}, {{audio-lang\|Ru-ей-богу_(ɣ).ogg\|ru\|ей-бо́'''г'''у\|help=no}}, and also in {{audio-lang\|LL-Q7737 (rus)-Cinemantique-бухгалтер.wav\|ru\|бу'''хг'''а́лтер\|help=no}} {{IPA\|}} {{Harvcol\|Timberlake\|2004\|p=23}}. {{IPA\|/ɡ/}} devoices and ] to {{IPA\|}} before voiceless obstruents (]) in the word roots {{lang\|ru\|-мягк-}} or {{lang\|ru\|-мягч-}}, {{lang\|ru\|-легк-}} or {{lang\|ru\|-легч-}}, {{lang\|ru\|-тягч-}}, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of {{lang\|ru\|-ногт-}}, {{lang\|ru\|-когт-}}, {{lang\|ru\|кто}}. Speakers of the ] may pronounce {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|г}}}} as {{IPAblink\|ɣ}} (soft {{IPAblink\|ɣ̟\|ɣʲ}}, devoiced {{IPAblink\|x}} and {{IPAblink\|x̟\|xʲ}}) throughout.</ref><ref name="g" /> {{audio-lang\|Ru-анекдот.ogg\|ru\|ане'''к'''до́т\|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| '''g'''ood
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɡ˖\|ɡʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-герой.ogg\|ru\|'''г'''еро́й\|help=no}}
	\| ar'''g'''ue
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɣ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg\|ru\|'''Г'''о́споди\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-ага.ogg\|ru\|а'''г'''а́\|help=no}};<ref name="g2"/> {{lang\|ru\|Бо'''г''' даст}}; {{lang\|ru\|ду'''х''' бодр}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| lo'''ch''' ('']'') ''but voiced''
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɣ̟\|ɣʲ}}</big>
	\| {{lang\|ru\|дву'''х'''дверный}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| Lo'''ch''' Ewe ('']'') ''but voiced''
	\|-
	\| colspan="3" {{n/a}}
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|j}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-есть.ogg\|ru\|'''е'''сть\|help=no}} {{IPA\|}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-ёж.ogg\|ru\|'''ё'''ж\|help=no}} {{IPA\|}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-юг.ogg\|ru\|'''ю'''г\|help=no}} {{IPA\|}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-я.ogg\|ru\|'''я'''\|help=no}} {{IPA\|}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-майор.ogg\|ru\|ма'''й'''о́р\|help=no}}<ref>The soft vowel letters {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|е, ё, ю, я}}}} represent ] vowels {{IPA\|/je, jo, ju, ja/}}, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|ё}}}}, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the {{IPA\|/j/}} may not be present. The letter {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|и}}}} produces iotated sound {{IPA\|/ji/}} only after {{lang\|ru\|ь}}.</ref>
	\| '''y'''es
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|k}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-кость.ogg\|ru\|'''к'''ость\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-бегство.ogg\|ru\|бе́'''г'''ство\|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang\|Ru-флаг.ogg\|ru\|фла'''г'''\|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
	\| s'''c'''ar
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|k̟\|kʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-кино.ogg\|ru\|'''к'''ино́\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|се'''кь'''ю́рити}}
	\| s'''k'''ew
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|l}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-луна.ogg\|ru\|'''л'''уна́\|help=no}}<ref>{{IPA\|/l/}} is often strongly ] {{IPAblink\|ɫ}}, but that feature is not distinctive {{Harvcol\|Ladefoged\|Maddieson\|1996\|p=187-188}}.</ref>
	\| pi'''ll'''
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|lʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-лес.ogg\|ru\|'''л'''ес\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-боль.ogg\|ru\|бо'''ль'''\|help=no}}
	\| fai'''l'''ure
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|m}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-мыло.ogg\|ru\|'''м'''ы́ло\|help=no}}
	\| '''m'''oot
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|mʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-мясо.ogg\|ru\|'''м'''я́со\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-семь.ogg\|ru\|се'''мь'''\|help=no}}
	\| '''m'''ute
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|n̪\|n}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-нос.ogg\|ru\|'''н'''ос\|help=no}}
	\| '''n'''oon
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|nʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-нёс.ogg\|ru\|'''н'''ёс\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-день.ogg\|ru\|де'''нь'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-кончик.ogg\|ru\|ко́'''н'''чик\|help=no}}<ref>Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.</ref>
	\| vi'''n'''yard
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|p}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-под.ogg\|ru\|'''п'''од\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-рыбка.ogg\|ru\|ры́'''б'''ка\|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang\|Ru-зуб.ogg\|ru\|зу'''б'''\|help=no}}<ref name="devoice">The voiced obstruents {{IPA\|/b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/}}<!-- ʑː can't be word-final --> are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent {{Harvcol\|Halle\|1959\|p=22}}.</ref>
	\| s'''p'''an
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|pʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-пепел.ogg\|ru\|'''п'''е́'''п'''ел\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-цепь.ogg\|ru\|це'''пь'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-зыбь.ogg\|ru\|зы'''бь'''\|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
	\| s'''p'''ew
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|r}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-раз.ogg\|ru\|'''р'''аз\|help=no}}
	\| '']'' a'''t'''om
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|rʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-ряд.ogg\|ru\|'''р'''яд\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-зверь.ogg\|ru\|зве'''рь'''\|help=no}}
	\| '']'' ca'''tt'''y
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|s̪\|s}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-собака.ogg\|ru\|'''с'''оба́ка\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-сказка.ogg\|ru\|ска́'''з'''ка\|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang\|Ru-глаз.ogg\|ru\|гла'''з'''\|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
	\| '''s'''oup
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|sʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-синий.ogg\|ru\|'''с'''и́ний\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-здесь.ogg\|ru\|зде'''сь'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-есть.ogg\|ru\|е'''с'''ть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-грызть.ogg\|ru\|гры'''з'''ть\|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang\|Ru-резь.ogg\|ru\|ре'''зь'''\|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
	\| a'''ss'''ume (''RP'')
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ʂ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-широкий.ogg\|ru\|'''ш'''иро́кий\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-книжка.ogg\|ru\|кни́'''ж'''ка\|help=no}};<ref name="voice"/> {{audio-lang\|Ru-муж.ogg\|ru\|му'''ж'''\|help=no}};<ref name="devoice"/> {{audio-lang\|Ru-что (што).ogg\|ru\|'''ч'''то\|help=no}}<ref>Most speakers pronounce {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|ч}}}} in the pronoun {{lang\|ru\|что}} and its derivatives as {{IPA\|}}. All other occurrences of {{lang\|ru\|чт}} cluster stay as affricate and stop.</ref>
	\| ru'''sh'''
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɕ\|ɕː}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-щека.ogg\|ru\|'''щ'''ека́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-считать.ogg\|ru\|'''сч'''ита́ть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-мужчина.ogg\|ru\|му'''жч'''и́на\|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/><ref name="щ">{{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|щ}}}} is sometimes pronounced as {{IPA\|}} or {{IPA\|}} and sometimes as {{IPA\|}}, but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word {{lang\|ru\|'''сч'''и́тывать}} sometimes has {{IPA\|}} because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|с-}}}} and the root {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|-чит-}}}}.</ref>
	\| wi'''sh sh'''eep<!-- Not fre'''sh ch'''eese, which is a "clearly obsolete" pronunciation (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:223–224)). -->
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|t̪\|t}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-то.ogg\|ru\|'''т'''о\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-водка.ogg\|ru\|во́'''д'''ка\|help=no}};<ref name="voice">Consonants in consonant clusters are ] in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except {{IPA\|}}). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced {{Harvcol\|Halle\|1959\|p=31}}.</ref> {{audio-lang\|Ru-лёд.ogg\|ru\|лё'''д'''\|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
	\| s'''t'''and
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|tʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-тень.ogg\|ru\|'''т'''ень\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-дитя.ogg\|ru\|ди'''т'''я́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-путь.ogg\|ru\|пу'''ть'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-грудь.ogg\|ru\|гру'''дь'''\|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
	\| s'''t'''ew (''RP'')
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ts}}</big><ref name="tie">The ]s {{IPA\|}}, {{IPA\|}}, and {{IPA\|}} (and their voiced counterparts {{IPA\|}}, {{IPA\|}}, and {{IPA\|}}) are sometimes written with ]s: {{IPA\|}}, {{IPA\|}}, and {{IPA\|}} ({{IPA\|}}, {{IPA\|}}, and {{IPA\|}}). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Misplaced Pages (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.</ref>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-цена.ogg\|ru\|'''ц'''ена́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-нравиться.ogg\|ru\|нра́ви'''тьс'''я\|help=no}}
	\| ca'''ts'''
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|tsʲ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
	\| {{lang\|ru\|'''Ц'''ю́рих}}<ref name="cdz"/>
	\| ca'''t's''' young
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|tʂ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-колледж.ogg\|ru\|ко́лле'''дж'''\|help=no}}<ref name="devoice"/>
	\| '''ch'''op
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|tɕ}}</big><ref name="tie"/>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-чай.ogg\|ru\|'''ч'''ай\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-течь.ogg\|ru\|те'''чь'''\|help=no}}
	\| '''ch'''ip
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|v}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-вы.ogg\|ru\|'''в'''ы\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|е'''г'''о́}};<ref name="g">Intervocalic {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|г}}}} represents {{IPA\|/v/}} in certain words ({{audio-lang\|Ru-сегодня.ogg\|ru\|се'''г'''о́дня\|help=no}}, {{audio-lang\|Ru-сегодняшний.ogg\|ru\|се'''г'''о́дняшний\|help=no}}, {{lang\|ru\|ито'''г'''о́}} <!-- audio needed {{audio-lang\|Ru-итого.ogg\|ru\|ито'''г'''о́\|help=no}} -->), and in the genitive suffix {{lang\|ru\|-ого/-его}} {{Harvcol\|Timberlake\|2004\|p=23}}.</ref> {{lang\|ru\|а'''ф'''га́н}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| '''v'''oodoo
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|vʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-весь.ogg\|ru\|'''в'''есь\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-вьюга.ogg\|ru\|'''вь'''ю́га\|help=no}}
	\| '''v'''iew
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|x}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-ход.ogg\|ru\|'''х'''од\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-бог.ogg\|ru\|Бо'''г'''\|help=no}}<ref name="g2"/>
	\| lo'''ch''' ('']''); u'''gh'''
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|x̟\|xʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-хитрый.ogg\|ru\|'''х'''и́трый\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|'''Хь'''ю́стон}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-лёгкий.ogg\|ru\|лё'''г'''кий\|help=no}}<ref name="g2"/>
	\| '''h'''uge (''for some dialects'')
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|z̪\|z}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-зуб.ogg\|ru\|'''з'''уб\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-сбор.ogg\|ru\|'''с'''бор\|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| '''z'''oo
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|zʲ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-зима.ogg\|ru\|'''з'''има́\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|ре'''зь'''ба́}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-жизнь.ogg\|ru\|жи'''з'''нь\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-просьба.ogg\|ru\|про́'''сь'''ба\|help=no}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| pre'''s'''ume (''RP'')
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ʐ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-жест.ogg\|ru\|'''ж'''ест\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|ке'''ш'''бэ́к}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| plea'''s'''ure
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ʑ\|ʑː}}</big>
	\| <!-- not geminate: {{audio-lang\|Ru-жюри.ogg\|ru\|'''ж'''юри\|help=no}}; -->{{audio-lang\|Ru-позже.ogg\|ru\|по́'''зж'''е\|help=no}};<ref>Geminated {{IPAblink\|ʐ\|ʐː}} is pronounced as soft {{IPAblink\|ʑ\|ʑː}}, the voiced counterpart to {{IPAblink\|ɕ\|ɕː}}, in a few lexical items (such as {{lang\|ru\|дро́'''жж'''и}} or {{lang\|ru\|зае'''зж'''а́ть}}) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete ({{Harvcoltxt\|Yanushevskaya\|Bunčić\|2015\|p=224}}).</ref> {{lang\|ru\|ве'''щ'''до́к}}<ref name="voice"/>
	\| presti'''ge g'''enre
	\|-
	! colspan="6" \| Stressed ]s
	\|-
	! colspan="3" \| {{abbr\|\|Not surrounded by soft consonants}}
	! colspan="3" \| {{abbr\|\|After and/or before soft consonants}}
	\|-
	! ]
	! Examples
	! English approximation
	! ]
	! Examples
	! English approximation
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ä\|a}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-трава.ogg\|ru\|трав'''а́'''\|help=no}}
	\| f'''a'''ther (])
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|æ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-пять.ogg\|ru\|п'''я'''ть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-часть.ogg\|ru\|ч'''а́'''сть\|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel">Vowels are ] and/or ] in the context of palatalized consonants: {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}} become {{IPA\|}} and {{IPA\|}}, respectively between palatalized consonants, {{IPA\|/e/}} is realized as {{IPA\|}} before and between palatalized consonants and {{IPA\|/o/}} becomes {{IPA\|}} after and between palatalized consonants.</ref>
	\| p'''a'''t
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɛ}}</big><!-- Linking to a vowel article isn't appropriate here since this character is used here to represent both an open-mid and a mid vowel, depending on context -->
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-жест.ogg\|ru\|ж'''е'''ст\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-этот.ogg\|ru\|'''э́'''тот\|help=no}}
	\| m'''e'''t
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|e}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-пень.ogg\|ru\|п'''е'''нь\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-этика.ogg\|ru\|'''э́'''тика\|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel" />
	\| m'''a'''ce
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɨ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-ты.ogg\|ru\|т'''ы'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-шишка.ogg\|ru\|ш'''и́'''шка\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|с{{nbsp}}'''и́'''грами}}
	\| ros'''e'''s (''for some ]'')
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|i}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-линия.ogg\|ru\|л'''и́'''ния\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-или.ogg\|ru\|'''и́'''ли\|help=no}}
	\| m'''ee'''t
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|o̞\|o}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-облако.ogg\|ru\|'''о́'''блако\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-шёпот.ogg\|ru\|ш'''ё'''пот\|help=no}}
	\| ch'''o'''re
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɵ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-тётя.ogg\|ru\|т'''ё'''тя\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-плечо.ogg\|ru\|плеч'''о́'''\|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel" />
	\| f'''oo'''t
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|u}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-пуля.ogg\|ru\|п'''у́'''ля\|help=no}}
	\| c'''oo'''l
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ʉ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-чуть.ogg\|ru\|ч'''у'''ть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-люди.ogg\|ru\|л'''ю́'''ди\|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel" />
	\| ch'''oo'''se
	\|-
	! colspan="6" \| ]
	\|-
	! colspan="3" \| {{abbr\|\|Not surrounded by soft consonants}}
	! colspan="3" \| {{abbr\|\|After and/or before soft consonants}}
	\|-
	! ]
	! Examples
	! English approximation
	! ]
	! Examples
	! English approximation
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ə}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-кожа.ogg\|ru\|ко́ж'''а'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-облако.ogg\|ru\|о́бл'''а'''к'''о'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-сердце.ogg\|ru\|се́рдц'''е'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-собирать.ogg\|ru\|с'''о'''бира́ть\|help=no}}<ref name="ao">Unstressed {{IPA\|/a/}} and {{IPA\|/o/}} regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced {{IPA\|}} in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and {{IPA\|}} in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to {{IPA\|}} only immediately before the stress, being realized {{IPA\|}} otherwise.</ref>
	\| '''a'''bout
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ə}}</big>
	\| <!-- {{audio-lang\|Ru-шея.ogg\|ru\|ше́'''я'''\|help=no}}; -->{{audio-lang\|Ru-воля.ogg\|ru\|во́л'''я'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-сегодня.ogg\|ru\|сего́дн'''я'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-куча.ogg\|ru\|ку́ч'''а'''\|help=no}}<ref>Only in certain word-final morphemes {{Harvcol\|Timberlake\|2004\|p=48-51}}.</ref>
	\| lasagn'''a'''
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɐ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-облака.ogg<!-- This filename is ambiguous with the genitive singular form, о́блака. -->\|ru\|'''о'''бл'''а'''ка́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-какой.ogg\|ru\|к'''а'''ко́й\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-соображать.ogg\|ru\|с'''оо'''бр'''а'''жа́ть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-тропа.ogg\|ru\|тр'''о'''па́\|help=no}}<ref name="ao"/>
	\| b'''u'''d
	\| rowspan="3" style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɪ}}</big>
	\| rowspan="3" \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-лиса.ogg\|ru\|л'''и'''са́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-четыре.ogg\|ru\|ч'''е'''ты́р'''е'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-тяжёлый.ogg\|ru\|т'''я'''жёлый\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-девять.ogg\|ru\|де́в'''я'''ть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-часы.ogg\|ru\|ч'''а'''сы́\|help=no}}<ref name="a">Unstressed {{IPA\|/a/}} is pronounced as {{IPA\|}} after {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|ч}}}} and {{angbr\|{{lang\|ru\|щ}}}} except when word-final.{{Citation needed\|reason=Apart from the missing source: there are «йа» and «йя» cases like «Ма́йя»; then word final ones like «ку́ча, гу́ща». None have . OTOH, there is «чистота́/частота́» homophones pair.\|date=July 2018}}</ref>
	\| rowspan="3" \| b'''i'''t
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɛ}}</big>
	\| {{lang\|ru\|т'''е'''тра́'''э'''др; по'''э'''те́сса}}<ref name="foreign">In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed {{IPA\|/e/}} and {{IPA\|/o/}} in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.</ref>
	\| m'''e'''t
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɨ̞\|ɨ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-дышать.ogg\|ru\|д'''ы'''ша́ть\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-жена.ogg\|ru\|ж'''е'''на́\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-воды.ogg\|ru\|во́д'''ы'''\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-этап.ogg\|ru\|'''э'''та́п\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|к{{nbsp}}'''И'''ва́ну}}
	\| ros'''e'''s (''for some ]'')
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|o̞\|o}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-радио.ogg\|ru\|ра́ди'''о'''\|help=no}}; {{lang\|ru\|п'''о'''эте́сса}}<ref name="foreign" />
	\| ch'''o'''re
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ɵ}}</big>
	\| {{lang\|ru\|ма́ч'''о'''}}; {{lang\|ru\|с'''ё'''рфинги́ст}}<ref name="palatalized vowel"/><ref name="foreign2">Unstressed {{IPA\|}} only occurs in words of foreign origin.</ref>
	\| f'''oo'''t
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ʊ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-мужчина.ogg\|ru\|м'''у'''жчи́на\|help=no}}
	\| p'''u'''ll
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ʉ̞\|ʉ}}</big>
	\| {{audio-lang\|Ru-чудесный.ogg\|ru\|ч'''у'''де́сный\|help=no}}; {{audio-lang\|Ru-любить.ogg\|ru\|л'''ю'''би́ть\|help=no}}<ref name="palatalized vowel" />
	\| '''you'''th
	\|-
	! colspan="6" \| ]
	\|-
	! IPA
	! colspan="2" \| Example
	! colspan="4" \| Explanation
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ˈ}}</big>
	\| colspan="2" \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-четыре.ogg\|ru\|четы'''́'''ре\|help=no}} {{IPA\|}}
	\| colspan="4" \| ], placed before the stressed syllable
	\|-
	\| style="text-align: center;" \| <big>{{IPA link\|ː}}</big>
	\| colspan="2" \| {{audio-lang\|Ru-сзади.ogg\|ru\|'''сз'''а́ди\|help=no}} {{IPA\|}}<ref name="voice" />
	\| colspan="4" \| ], placed after the geminated consonant
	\|}

	==Notes==		==Notes==

Revision as of 19:01, 19 December 2024

Double closed central unrounded vowel

(ɨɨ) is the letter from IPA in keyboard with IPA number 255 began with some began letters in the IPA key

Notes

References

Cubberley, Paul (2002), "The phonology of Modern Russian", Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press
Halle, Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press
Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
Timberlake, Alan (2004), "Sounds", A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press
Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395

v t e International Phonetic Alphabet keys
Adyghe Afrikaans Albanian Amharic Arabic Modern Standard Egyptian Hejazi Lebanese Tunisian Armenian Assamese Asturian Australian languages Azerbaijani Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Breton Bulgarian Burmese Catalan Standard Insular Chinese Mandarin Cantonese Hokkien Jin Wu Xiang Corsican Czech Danish Dari Dutch English Old English Emilian-Romagnol Esperanto Estonian Extremaduran Fijian Finnish Franco-Provençal French Galician Georgian German Standard Alemannic Colognian Greek Greenlandic Gujarati Haitian Creole Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hmong Hungarian Icelandic Igbo Indonesian Inuktitut Inupiaq Irish Isan Italian Central Japanese Kazakh Khmer Korean Kurdish Kyrgyz Lakota Lao Latin Latvian Ligurian Lithuanian Lombard Luxembourgish Macedonian Malagasy Malay Malayalam Maltese Manx Māori Marathi Marshallese Mauritian Creole Mayan Mongolian Mirandese Nahuatl Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Northern Thai Norwegian Occitan Odia Pashto Persian Piedmontese Polish Portuguese Punjabi Quechua Romanian Romansh Russian Sanskrit Sardinian Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Shan Sicilian Slovak Slovene Sorbian Spanish Swahili Swazi Swedish Sylheti Tagalog Tai Lue Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Thai Tibetan Tigrinya Turkish Turkmen Ukrainian Urdu Uzbek Venetian Vietnamese Walloon Welsh West Frisian Xhosa Yiddish Yoruba Zhuang Zulu
Comparisons	IPA conventions for English English dialects Misplaced Pages pronunciation respelling Other English pronunciation respellings
Introductory guides	Symbols For English speakers Manual of Style: Pronunciation

Revision as of 19:01, 19 December 2024

Notes

References

See also