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Archive 1Archive 2

Request: History updates

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Hello, I'm here to offer an updated draft of History. Disclosure: I have a conflict of interest because I'm here on behalf of Gallup as part of my work at Beutler Ink. AmericanAir88: Could you review this request as you had reviewed my previous infobox and Gallup Press updates?

History as currently written is generally well-constructed, but there are some gaps that I hope to fill and some existing content is unsourced. This is what I've done in my draft, based on secondary sources I found in my research:

  • Divided History in two subsections: Early history and Recent history
  • Added citations for Gallup's founding
  • Rewrote the second sentence of the first paragraph based on available secondary sourcing
  • Added citations for Gallup refusing to conduct surveys commissioned by organizations such as the Republican and Democratic parties
  • The sentence about David Ogilvy in the live article sources Gallup. I have used a new reference to rewrite this sentence to show that Gallup began conducting market research for advertising companies and the film industry, but deleted reference to Mr. Ogilvy. This was done to better reflect available secondary sourcing.
  • Added a new sentence that shows that by 1948, Gallup established polling organizations abroad, and its polls were syndicated in newspapers
  • Removed the sentence on Gallup compiling video game sales charts in the UK. The reference contained a dead link, and I question if it is even a reliable source to begin with. Also, this article would get very messy if it listed all the charts and research Gallup has conducted over the decades
  • Rewrote the content on Gallup's sale to SRI, adding that the deal was for an undisclosed price, the Gallup family remained active in the business, and shuffled the detail about the nonprofit George H. Gallup Foundation here
  • Added a citation for the Gallup name giving SRI more credibility and higher response rates
  • Removed "Today the poll is used to gain visibility", as this is a vague timeline. Additionally, I moved this point to the next paragraph
  • Added two paragraphs on Gallup repositioning itself as a research and management consulting company following the acquisition by SRI
  • Added a paragraph on Gallup's incorrect prediction of the 2012 U.S. presidential election and the company's subsequent six-month review of its methodology
  • Moved the content from the existing Legal section and rewrote it. The Legal section was largely written off a Department of Justice press release. I reworked the content and added citations throughout.
  • Added a paragraph on Gallup deciding not to conduct horse-race polling of the 2016 election
  • I added citations throughout, and tweaked language where necessary
Proposed History History Early History
George Gallup (1901-1984), founder of the company in 1935

George Gallup (1901–1984) founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of the Gallup Organization, in Princeton, New Jersey, in 1935. Gallup attempted to make his company's polls fair by sampling demographics representative of each state's voters. Gallup also refused to conduct surveys commissioned by organizations such as the Republican and Democratic parties, a position the company has continued to hold.

In 1936, Gallup successfully predicted that Franklin Roosevelt would defeat Alfred Landon for the U.S. presidency in direct contradiction to the popular The Literary Digest; this event popularized the company and made it a leader in American polling.In 1938, Gallup began conducting market research for advertising companies and the film industry.

By 1948, Gallup's company established polling organizations in a dozen other countries and Gallup's polls were syndicated in newspapers in the U.S. and abroad.The modern Gallup Organization formed in 1958, when George Gallup grouped all of his polling operations into one organization.

Recent history

George Gallup died in 1984. Four years later, his family sold the firm for an undisclosed price to Selection Research, Incorporated (SRI), a research firm in Omaha, Nebraska. The family's involvement with the business continued; sons George Gallup, Jr. and Alec Gallup kept their positions as co-chairmen and directors. George Gallup, Jr. (1930–2011) established the nonprofit George H. Gallup Foundation as part of the acquisition agreement. SRI, founded in 1969 by the psychologist Don Clifton, focused on market research and personnel selection; it pioneered the use of talent-based structured psychological interviews. Acquiring the Gallup name gave SRI more credibility and higher response rates.

Following its sale to SRI, Gallup repositioned itself as a research and management consulting company that works with businesses to identify and address issues with employees and their customers. Gallup continues to conduct and report on public polls. While the Gallup Poll generates relatively smaller portion of revenue for the company, it helps the company maintain visibility.

In the 1990s, Gallup developed a set of 12 questions it called Q12 to help businesses gauge employee engagement, it entered partnerships to conduct polls for USA Today and CNN, and launched its Clifton StrengthsFinder online assessment tool. In 1999, Gallup analysts wrote First, Break All the Rules, a bestselling book on management. Fortune Small Business wrote that the success of the book bolstered Gallup's consulting business.

In 2012, Gallup incorrectly predicted that Mitt Romney would win the 2012 U.S. presidential election. Following the results of the election, Gallup spent six months reviewing its methodology. The company concluded that its methodology was flawed as it made too few phone calls in Eastern and Pacific time zones, overestimated the white vote, and relied on listed landline phones that skewed the sample to an older demographic.

In July 2013, the United States Department of Justice and Gallup reached a $10.5 million settlement based upon allegations that the company violated the False Claims Act and the Procurement Integrity Act. The complaint alleged that Gallup overstated its labor hours in proposals to the U.S. Mint and State Department for contracts and task orders to be awarded without competition. The Department of Justice alleged that the agencies awarded contracts and task orders at falsely inflated prices. The settlement also resolved allegations that Gallup engaged in improper employment negotiations with a then-Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) official, Timothy Cannon, for work and funding. Michael Lindley, a former Gallup employee, originally made the allegations against Gallup under the False Claims Act. Lindley received nearly $2 million of the settlement. Under the settlement, there was no prosecution and no determination of liability.

Gallup decided not to conduct horse-race polling of the 2016 U.S. presidential election to help Gallup focus on its consulting business. Gallup officials said polling could still be accurate during the election, but the company decided to reallocate resources. Gallup Editor-in-Chief Frank Newport told The Washington Post said Gallup felt polling the public on issues was a better use of resources. Markup

==History==
===Early history===
]
] (1901–1984) founded the American Institute of Public Opinion, the precursor of the Gallup Organization, in ], in 1935.<ref name="Vadukut09">{{cite news |title=Jim Clifton: This guy knows what you’re thinking |last1=Vadukut |first1=Sidin |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/QDJvwgVFDTZ2hdMhWz85ZL/Jim-Clifton--This-guy-knows-what-you8217re-thinking.html |newspaper=] |date=8 May 2009 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="Lepore15">{{cite news |title=Politics and the new machine |last1=Lepore |first1=Jill |url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/11/16/politics-and-the-new-machine |newspaper=] |date=16 November 2015 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> Gallup attempted to make his company's polls fair by sampling demographics representative of each state's voters.<ref name="Overbey12">{{cite news |title=Double take: George Gallup and the mystery of polls |last1=Overbey |first1=Erin |url=https://www.newyorker.com/books/double-take/george-gallup-and-the-mystery-of-polls |newspaper=] |date=26 October 2012 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> Gallup also refused to conduct surveys commissioned by organizations such as the ] and ] parties, a position the company has continued to hold.<ref name="Vadukut09"/><ref name="Pace84">{{cite news |title=George H. Gallup is dead at 82; pioneer in public opinion polling |last1=Pace |first1=Eric |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/28/obituaries/george-h-gallup-is-dead-at-82-pioneer-in-public-opinion-polling.html |newspaper=] |date=28 July 1984 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref>

In 1936, Gallup successfully predicted that ] would defeat ] for the ] in direct contradiction to the popular '']''; this event popularized the company and made it a leader in American polling.<ref name="Pace84"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi1199.htm |title=Engines of Our Ingenuity No. 1199: Gallup Poll |publisher=uh.edu |accessdate=2015-04-25}}</ref>In 1938, Gallup began conducting market research for advertising companies and the film industry.<ref name="Albert14">{{cite news |title=Pulse of the nation: Gallup memorabilia displayed at Blount library |last1=Albert |first1=Linda Braden |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=5C5T-61H1-JD6S-R0NF&csi=280434&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=The Daily Times (Maryville, Tennessee) |date=11 May 2014 |registration=Yes |accessdate=4 May 2018}}</ref>

By 1948, Gallup's company established polling organizations in a dozen other countries<ref name="Rothman16">{{cite news |title=How One Man Used Opinion Polling to Change American Politics |last1=Rothman |first1=Lily |url=http://time.com/4568359/george-gallup-polling-history/ |newspaper=] |date=17 November 2016 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> and Gallup's polls were syndicated in newspapers in the U.S. and abroad.<ref name="Clymer84">{{cite news |title=An appreciation; the man who made polling what it is |last1=Clymer |first1=Adam |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/28/us/an-appreciation-the-man-who-made-polling-what-it-is.html |newspaper=] |date=28 July 1984 |accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref>The modern Gallup Organization formed in 1958, when George Gallup grouped all of his polling operations into one organization.<ref>“.” Boundless Political Science. Boundless, 14 Nov. 2014.</ref>

===Recent history===
George Gallup died in 1984. Four years later, his family sold the firm for an undisclosed price to Selection Research, Incorporated (SRI), a research firm in ].<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|first=Kate|last=Zernike|title=George Gallup Jr., of Polling Family, Dies at 81 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/23/us/george-gallup-jr-of-polling-family-dies-at-81.html |work=] |date=2011-11-22 |accessdate=2011-11-26}}</ref><ref name="Boudway12"/> The family's involvement with the business continued; sons ] and ] kept their positions as co-chairmen and directors.<ref name="Purdum88">{{cite news |title=Nebraska Concern Buys Gallup Organization |last1=Purdum |first1=Todd |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/18/us/nebraska-concern-buys-gallup-organization.html |newspaper=] |date=18 September 1988 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> George Gallup, Jr. (1930–2011) established the ] George H. Gallup Foundation as part of the acquisition agreement.<ref name=nytimes/> SRI, founded in 1969 by the psychologist ], focused on market research and personnel selection; it pioneered the use of talent-based structured psychological interviews.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gallup's Clifton dies at age 79|url=http://journalstar.com/gallup-s-clifton-dies-at-age-this-story-ran-in/article_cb499250-04a5-5852-b48f-282c047ff505.html|website=Lincoln Journal Star}}</ref> Acquiring the Gallup name gave SRI more credibility and higher response rates.<ref name="Purdum88"/>

Following its sale to SRI, Gallup repositioned itself as a research and management consulting company that works with businesses to identify and address issues with employees and their customers.<ref name="Spiro03"/> Gallup continues to conduct and report on public polls.<ref name="Johnson13"/><ref name="Piersol15"/> While the Gallup Poll generates relatively smaller portion of revenue for the company, it helps the company maintain visibility.<ref name="Vadukut09"/><ref name="Boudway12">{{cite news |title=Right or Wrong, Gallup Always Wins |last1=Boudway |first1=Ira |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-11-08/right-or-wrong-gallup-always-wins |newspaper=] |date=8 November 2012 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref>

In the 1990s, Gallup developed a set of 12 questions it called Q12 to help businesses gauge employee engagement,<ref name="Caulkin98">{{cite news |title=How that pat on the head can mean money in the bank |last1=Caulkin |first1=Simon |url=https://www.nexis.com/docview/getDocForCuiReq?lni=3SH9-TCM0-0051-451W&csi=8399&oc=00240&perma=true |newspaper=] |date=19 April 1998 |registration=Yes |accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> it entered partnerships to conduct polls for ] and ],<ref name="Blake13">{{cite news |title=Gallup and USA Today part ways |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2013/01/18/gallup-and-usa-today-part-ways/?utm_term=.0eddbc0f5864 |newspaper=] |date=18 January 2013 |accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref> and launched its Clifton StrengthsFinder online assessment tool.<ref name="Piersol15"/> In 1999, Gallup analysts wrote '']'', a bestselling book on management.<ref name="Feloni16"/> '']'' wrote that the success of the book bolstered Gallup's consulting business.<ref name="Fisher02">{{cite news |title=Break All The Rules After polling thousands of companies, Gallup created a new approach to managing that has helped it and many others grow |last1=Fisher |first1=Anne |url=http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2002/09/01/329011/ |newspaper=Fortune Small Business |date=1 September 2002 |accessdate=2 May 2018}}</ref>

In 2012, Gallup incorrectly predicted that ] would win the ].<ref name="Moore13">{{cite news |title=Gallup identifies flaws in 2012 election polls |last1=Moore |first1=Martha T. |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2013/06/04/gallup-poll-election-obama-romney/2388921/ |newspaper=] |date=4 June 2013 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> Following the results of the election, Gallup spent six months reviewing its methodology.<ref name="Moore13"/> The company concluded that its methodology was flawed as it made too few phone calls in Eastern and Pacific time zones, overestimated the white vote, and relied on listed landline phones that skewed the sample to an older demographic.<ref name="Moore13"/>

In July 2013, the ] and Gallup reached a $10.5 million settlement based upon allegations that the company violated the ] and the Procurement Integrity Act.<ref name=doj-2013>{{cite web|title=The Gallup Organization Agrees to Pay $10.5 Million to Settle Allegations That It Improperly Inflated Contract Prices and Engaged in Prohibited Employment Negotiations with Fema Official|url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2013/July/13-civ-786.html |publisher=United States Department of Justice|accessdate=16 July 2013|author=Office of Public Affairs|date=15 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="BlakeJuly13">{{cite news|last=Blake|first=Aaron|title=Gallup agrees to $10.5 million settlement with Justice Department|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-politics/wp/2013/07/15/gallup-agrees-to-10-5-million-settlement-with-justice-department/ |accessdate=16 July 2013|newspaper=Washington Post|date=July 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Kendall13">{{cite news|last=Kendall|first=Brent|title=Gallup Settles U.S. Disputes Over Billing|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323664204578607721890957706 |accessdate=16 July 2013|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|date=July 15, 2013|author2=Chaudhuri, Saabira }}</ref> The complaint alleged that Gallup overstated its labor hours in proposals to the ] and ] for contracts and task orders to be awarded without competition.<ref name=doj-2013/><ref name="BlakeJuly13"/> The Department of Justice alleged that the agencies awarded contracts and task orders at falsely inflated prices.<ref name=doj-2013/> The settlement also resolved allegations that Gallup engaged in improper employment negotiations with a then-] (FEMA) official, Timothy Cannon, for work and funding.<ref name="BlakeJuly13"/><ref name="Kendall13"/> Michael Lindley, a former Gallup employee, originally made the allegations against Gallup under the False Claims Act.<ref name="Kendall13"/> Lindley received nearly $2 million of the settlement.<ref name="Kendall13"/> Under the settlement, there was no prosecution and no determination of liability.<ref name=doj-2013/>

Gallup decided not to conduct horse-race polling of the ] to help Gallup focus on its consulting business.<ref name="Epley15">{{cite news |title=Gallup hopes halting presidential horse-race polling will shine light on other ventures |last1=Epley |first1=Cole |url=http://www.omaha.com/money/gallup-hopes-halting-presidential-horse-race-polling-will-shine-light/article_4b139a5c-57ef-5e92-a08e-bb5320c0f5ee.html |newspaper=] |date=17 November 2015 |accessdate=10 May 2018}}</ref><ref name="White15">{{cite news |title=Here's Why Gallup Won't Poll the 2016 Election |last1=White |first1=Daniel |url=http://time.com/4067019/gallup-horse-race-polling/ |newspaper=] |date=9 October 2015 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref> Gallup officials said polling could still be accurate during the election, but the company decided to reallocate resources.<ref name="Thee-Brenan15">{{cite news |title=Poll Watch: Gallup Ends ‘Horse Race’ Polling of 2016 Presidential Race to Focus on Issues |last1=Thee-Brenan |first1=Megan |url=https://www.nytimes.com/politics/first-draft/2015/10/07/poll-watch-gallup-ends-horse-race-polling-of-2016-presidential-race-to-focus-on-issues/ |newspaper=] |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=10 May 2018}}</ref> Gallup Editor-in-Chief Frank Newport told ''The Washington Post'' said Gallup felt polling the public on issues was a better use of resources.<ref name="Clement15">{{cite news |title=Gallup isn't doing any horserace polling in 2016. Here's why. |last1=Clement |first1=Scott |last2=Craighill |first2=Peyton M. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/10/07/gallup-isnt-doing-any-horserace-polling-in-2016-heres-why/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.2e081a161f86 |newspaper=] |date=7 October 2015 |accessdate=1 May 2018}}</ref>
References

References

  1. ^ Vadukut, Sidin (8 May 2009). "Jim Clifton: This guy knows what you're thinking". Mint. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  2. Lepore, Jill (16 November 2015). "Politics and the new machine". The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  3. Overbey, Erin (26 October 2012). "Double take: George Gallup and the mystery of polls". The New Yorker. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  4. ^ Pace, Eric (28 July 1984). "George H. Gallup is dead at 82; pioneer in public opinion polling". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  5. "Engines of Our Ingenuity No. 1199: Gallup Poll". uh.edu. Retrieved 2015-04-25.
  6. Albert, Linda Braden (11 May 2014). "Pulse of the nation: Gallup memorabilia displayed at Blount library". The Daily Times (Maryville, Tennessee). Retrieved 4 May 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  7. Rothman, Lily (17 November 2016). "How One Man Used Opinion Polling to Change American Politics". Time. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  8. Clymer, Adam (28 July 1984). "An appreciation; the man who made polling what it is". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  9. “The Gallup Organization.” Boundless Political Science. Boundless, 14 Nov. 2014.
  10. ^ Zernike, Kate (2011-11-22). "George Gallup Jr., of Polling Family, Dies at 81". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-11-26.
  11. ^ Boudway, Ira (8 November 2012). "Right or Wrong, Gallup Always Wins". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  12. ^ Purdum, Todd (18 September 1988). "Nebraska Concern Buys Gallup Organization". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  13. "Gallup's Clifton dies at age 79". Lincoln Journal Star.
  14. Spiro, Leah Nathans (21 July 2003). "Gallup, the pollset, wants to be known for its consulting". The New York Times. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  15. Johnson, Carrie (30 January 2013). "Polling firm Gallup lands in legal hot water". NPR. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  16. ^ Pierson, Richard (5 June 2015). "Cliftons, Gallup give $30 million to UNL". Lincoln Journal Star. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  17. Caulkin, Simon (19 April 1998). "How that pat on the head can mean money in the bank". The Guardian. Retrieved 2 May 2018. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |registration= ignored (|url-access= suggested) (help)
  18. Blake, Aaron (18 January 2013). "Gallup and USA Today part ways". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  19. Richard Feloni (2 September 2016). "8 leadership lessons from the book Facebook's HR chief recommends to all new managers". Business Insider. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  20. Fisher, Anne (1 September 2002). "Break All The Rules After polling thousands of companies, Gallup created a new approach to managing that has helped it and many others grow". Fortune Small Business. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
  21. ^ Moore, Martha T. (4 June 2013). "Gallup identifies flaws in 2012 election polls". USA Today. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  22. ^ Office of Public Affairs (15 July 2013). "The Gallup Organization Agrees to Pay $10.5 Million to Settle Allegations That It Improperly Inflated Contract Prices and Engaged in Prohibited Employment Negotiations with Fema Official". United States Department of Justice. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  23. ^ Blake, Aaron (July 15, 2013). "Gallup agrees to $10.5 million settlement with Justice Department". Washington Post. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  24. ^ Kendall, Brent; Chaudhuri, Saabira (July 15, 2013). "Gallup Settles U.S. Disputes Over Billing". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 16 July 2013.
  25. Epley, Cole (17 November 2015). "Gallup hopes halting presidential horse-race polling will shine light on other ventures". Omaha World-Herald. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  26. White, Daniel (9 October 2015). "Here's Why Gallup Won't Poll the 2016 Election". Time. Retrieved 1 May 2018.
  27. Thee-Brenan, Megan (7 October 2015). "Poll Watch: Gallup Ends 'Horse Race' Polling of 2016 Presidential Race to Focus on Issues". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 May 2018.
  28. Clement, Scott; Craighill, Peyton M. (7 October 2015). "Gallup isn't doing any horserace polling in 2016. Here's why". The Washington Post. Retrieved 1 May 2018.

I keep my Misplaced Pages contributions where I have a financial conflict of interest on Talk pages rather than directly edit entries, so I'm looking for editors who might be willing to review my request and update the article if things look neutral and well-sourced. Please ping me if you have any questions. Thank you in advance, Danilo Two (talk) 13:32, 22 June 2018 (UTC)

@Danilo Two: Approved. AmericanAir88 (talk) 15:01, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

AmericanAir88: Thanks for moving my History draft live! I noticed the Early history and Recent history subsections are each one long paragraph (in other words, the paragraph breaks from my draft are lost). Was that intentional? If so, that's fine, but I wanted to flag it here in case not. Also, now that the material on Gallup's settlement with the U.S. Department of Justice is included in History, can you remove the Legal section? Thank you again for your help with this. Danilo Two (talk) 18:55, 29 June 2018 (UTC)

@Danilo Two: My pleasure. I split the history section. I forgot to.

AmericanAir88: Looks great. Thanks. Danilo Two (talk) 19:45, 29 June 2018 (UTC)