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{{short description|Hindu Orthodox ] Royal ] Pastoral community living in ], and are descendents of ].|noreplace}}
{{short description|Hindu pastoral caste}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2018}} {{use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2018}} {{use dmy dates|date=October 2024|cs1-dates=yy}}
{{Infobox caste|caste_name=Konar|classification=|languages=]|religions=]|related=]|subdivisions=}} {{Infobox caste|caste_name=Ayar/Kōnar/Kōn|classification=|languages=]|religions=Ancient ],]|related=]|subdivisions=],
],
],
],] or ],
]/]/],]|gotra=] gotra,
] gotra,
] gotra,
Etc.|mantra=], ], Sacred ].|notable_members=],
],
],]
],],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
].|endogamous=] ], within their clan.|lineage=]|victory_weapon=],],]|other_kingdom=],
]
<nowiki>],</nowiki>
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],
],],
],],
],],
],],].
],|image=God krishna,(Lunar dynasty).jpg{{!}}thumb{{!}}God krishna ancestor of konar community.
]
]Kōnar priest Dr.Chinnappa kon Ramasamy pillai Ravivarma.}}


'''Konar''' is a Hindu caste found in the Indian state of ]. They are traditionally a ] community<ref>{{cite book|title= Ethonbotany of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10MiEAAAQBAJ&dq=konars+pastoral&pg=PA15|page=15|year=2016|publisher=Apple academic press|isbn = 9781771883399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Stone age in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1Li2LLKvEQC&dq=konar+pastoral&pg=PA26|page=26|year=2016|publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn = 9788120601482}}</ref> involved in cattle herding and cultivation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTVuAAAAMAAJ&q=konar+idaiyar|year=2003|publisher=Department of Modern Indian History}}</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}} They are a part of the ] community,<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ&q=konar+yadav |title=People of India: India's communities |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2}}</ref> and are also known as ''Ayar'' and ''Idaiyar'',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PozZAAAAMAAJ|title=Religious Festivals in South India and Sri Lanka|last=Richard|first=Guy|publisher=Manohar|year=1982|page=128|isbn=9780836409000 }}</ref> and appear in the ancient ] as occupants of the ] (forest region).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qU5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|title=Possessed by the Virgin: Hinduism, Roman Catholicism, and Marian Possession in South India|last=Bloomer|first=Kristin C.|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190615093|page=258|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|The five regions that comprised the ]s are literary devices, not geographical areas.<ref name="allchin"/>}} '''Ayar/Konar/Kōn dynasty,''' is an Orthodox Royal ] tribal community following ] ] found in the Indian state of ]. They are traditionally a ], ethnoreligious community<ref>{{cite book|title= Ethonbotany of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10MiEAAAQBAJ&dq=konars+pastoral&pg=PA15|page=15|year=2016|publisher=Apple academic press|isbn = 9781771883399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title= The Stone age in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1Li2LLKvEQC&dq=konar+pastoral&pg=PA26|page=26|year=2016|publisher= Asian Educational Services|isbn = 9788120601482}}</ref> involved in cattle herding and cultivation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Indian History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DTVuAAAAMAAJ&q=konar+idaiyar|year=2003|publisher=Department of Modern Indian History}}</ref>{{full|date=October 2023}} They are a part of the ] community.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9MVAQAAMAAJ&q=konar+yadav |title=People of India: India's communities |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2}}</ref> They also known as ''Ayar'' and ''Idaiyar'',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PozZAAAAMAAJ|title=Religious Festivals in South India and Sri Lanka|last=Richard|first=Guy|publisher=Manohar|year=1982|page=128|isbn=9780836409000 }}</ref> and appear in the ancient ] as occupants of the ] (forest region).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qU5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA258|title=Possessed by the Virgin: Hinduism, Roman Catholicism, and Marian Possession in South India|last=Bloomer|first=Kristin C.|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190615093|page=258|language=en}}</ref>{{efn|The five regions that comprised the ]s are literary devices, not geographical areas.<ref name="allchin"/>}} They are also known as ](Royal kings),and appear in ] ] and in ancient ] like ] and ]. As ] son of ], grandson of ],and a great grand son of ]. They usually referred them as a children's of God.


== Etymology == == Etymology ==
According to ], Konar is a Tamil caste who can trace their origin to ], the caste to which ] belongs.<ref>{{cite book|title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe, 1991 - 487 pages|page=91}}</ref> Several Vaishnavite texts associate Krishna with the Aayar caste, or Konar, most notably the ], composed by goddess ] herself, most notably referring Krishna as the “Aayar kulathu mani vilakke”. The caste name is interchangeable with the names ''Konar'' and ''Kovalar'' being derived from Tamil word ''Kōn'', which can mean "king" and "herdsmen".<ref name="allchin">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101|title=Neolithic Cattle-keepers of South India|last=Allchin|first=Frank Raymond|publisher=Cambridge University|year=1963|page=101}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ui5gju8MwDUC&pg=PA35|title=The Cult of Draupadi|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=9780226340463|page=35|author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel}}</ref> The word might be derived from the from ] word ''kōl'', a herdsman's staff.<ref name="allchin"/> The ] word ''kōl'' also means a king's sceptre.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural heritage of ancient Tamils|author=Katir Makātēvan̲|publisher=Lakshmi Publications, 1981|page=65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Asia Pub. House, 1966|page=71}}</ref> In The word kōnar, Kōn means king or God and aar' means orthodox or noble. Kōnar's are the orthodox Royal ethnic ancient tribal community following the tradition of ] According to ], Konar is a Tamil caste who can trace their origin to ],the caste to which ] belongs.<ref>{{cite book|title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1|author=Alf Hiltebeitel|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe, 1991 - 487 pages|page=91}}</ref> Several Vaishnavite texts associate Krishna belong to the Aayar caste, or Konar, most notably the ], composed by goddess ] herself, most notably referring Krishna as the “Aayar kulathu mani vilakke”. The caste name is interchangeable with the names ''Konar'' and ''Kovalar'' being derived from Tamil word ''Kōn'', which can mean "king" and "God".<ref name="allchin">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YSM9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA101|title=Neolithic Cattle-keepers of South India|last=Allchin|first=Frank Raymond|publisher=Cambridge University|year=1963|page=101}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ui5gju8MwDUC&pg=PA35|title=The Cult of Draupadi|last=Hiltebeitel|first=Alf|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1988|isbn=9780226340463|page=35|author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel}}</ref> The word might be derived from the from ] word ''kōl'', a herdsman's staff.<ref name="allchin"/> The ] word ''kōl'' also means a king's sceptre.<ref>{{cite book|title=Cultural heritage of ancient Tamils|author=Katir Makātēvan̲|publisher=Lakshmi Publications, 1981|page=65}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Asia Pub. House, 1966|page=71}}</ref>


The word ''Ayar'' might be derived from the Tamil word ''Aa'', meaning ''cow''.<ref name="allchin" /> The term ''idai'' (middle) might refer to the '']'' region, being an intermediate zone between two other Sangam landscapes called '']'' (hilly region) and '']'' (cultivation region), but probably reflected their intermediate socio-economic status.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2017|isbn=9781538106860|page=153|language=en}}</ref> ''Idaiyar'' remains the most commonly used word in Tamil for a cow-herder, and another name for Ayars was ''pothuvar'', meaning ''common''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=RA1-PA35|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu|last=Padmaja|first=T.|publisher=Abhinav publications|year=2002|isbn=9788170173984|page=35}}</ref> The word ''Ayar'' might be derived from the Tamil word ''Aa'', meaning ''cow''.<ref name="allchin" /> The term ''idai'' (middle) might refer to the '']'' region, probably reflected their intermediate socio-economic status.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALUvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA153|title=Historical Dictionary of the Tamils|last=Ramaswamy|first=Vijaya|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2017|isbn=9781538106860|page=153|language=en}}</ref> ''Idaiyar'' remains the most commonly used word in Tamil for a cow-herder, and another name for Ayars was P''othuvar'', meaning ] for ''common''.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&pg=RA1-PA35|title=Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu|last=Padmaja|first=T.|publisher=Abhinav publications|year=2002|isbn=9788170173984|page=35}}</ref>


== History == == History ==
According to medieval inscriptions the Konars are mentioned as ] of ] lineage.<ref name="Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu By T Padmaja "> Conclusion pages 103: "We also get several instances of the patronage extended to Krsna temples by the shepherd class (manradi or Konars ) In one inscription they are significantly called Nandaputras and Tiruvaypadi Nattar of Tondaimandalam"{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&q=Author+Padmaja+temples+of+krishna |title= Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu |isbn= 9788170173984 |access-date=2002-01-01 |last1= Padmaja |first1= T. |year= 2002 |publisher= Abhinav Publications }}</ref> Historically some of them have held positions such as kings and chieftains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&dq=Konar+kings&pg=PA99 |title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1 |publisher=Motilal |year=1988 |isbn=81-208-1000-7 |page=99 |language=en}}</ref> Konars/Kōn are mostly kings and landlords,they are the descendants of God ].According to medieval inscriptions the Konars are mentioned as ] of ] lineage.<ref name="Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu By T Padmaja "> Conclusion pages 103: "We also get several instances of the patronage extended to Krsna temples by the shepherd class (manradi or Konars ) In one inscription they are significantly called Nandaputras and Tiruvaypadi Nattar of Tondaimandalam"{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pzgaS1wRnl8C&q=Author+Padmaja+temples+of+krishna |title= Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu |isbn= 9788170173984 |access-date=2002-01-01 |last1= Padmaja |first1= T. |year= 2002 |publisher= Abhinav Publications }}</ref> of lunar dynasty.Historically many of them have held positions such as kings and chieftains.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&dq=Konar+kings&pg=PA99 |title=The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1 |publisher=Motilal |year=1988 |isbn=81-208-1000-7 |page=99 |language=en}}</ref>


] ]


The ] was originally built by Ananta kon of the Konar Dynasty, around 1190 A.D. and was later fortified by Krishna Konar.<ref name="Hiltebeitel 1991 450">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&q=Krishna+Kon&pg=PA90 |title= The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1|last= Hiltebeitel |first=Alf|publisher= University of Chicago|year=1991|isbn= 81-208-1000-7|page=450}}</ref> It was later modified in the 13th century to elevate it to the status of an unbreachable citadel to protect the small town of saenji. It was also the headquarters <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/crafts/Ancient-Futures/article16894623.ece|title=Ancient Futures|first=Divya|last=Sridharan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 November 2009|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/where-eagles-dare/article4619668.ece|title=Where eagles dare|first=Sanjay|last=Sivadas|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 April 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> domination in northern Tamil Nadu. The fort was built as a strategic place of fending off any invading armies. The ] was originally built by Ananta kon of the Konar Dynasty, around 1190 A.D. and was later fortified by Krishna Konar.<ref name="Hiltebeitel 1991 450">{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=VncomfRVVhoC&q=Krishna+Kon&pg=PA90 |title= The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1|last= Hiltebeitel |first=Alf|publisher= University of Chicago|year=1991|isbn= 81-208-1000-7|page=450}}</ref> It was later modified in the 13th century to elevate it to the status of an unbreachable citadel to protect the small town of ] It was also the headquarters <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/arts/crafts/Ancient-Futures/article16894623.ece|title=Ancient Futures|first=Divya|last=Sridharan|newspaper=The Hindu|date=27 November 2009|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/kids/where-eagles-dare/article4619668.ece|title=Where eagles dare|first=Sanjay|last=Sivadas|newspaper=The Hindu|date=15 April 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> domination in northern Tamil Nadu. The fort was built as a strategic place of defending off any invading armies.


The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri named after Krishna Kon to the north, Rajagiri or Anandagiri named after Ananda kon to the west<ref name="Hiltebeitel 1991 450"/> and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel. The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri named after Krishna Kon to the north, Rajagiri or Ananda giri named after Ananda kon to the west<ref name="Hiltebeitel 1991 450"/> and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel.


== See also == == See also ==
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== Wedding customs ==
See also: ]

Tamil Ayar or Sambar Ida ayar weddings are held to a distinct standard of religious orthodoxy in comparison to the ceremonies of other communities. They consist of age-old traditions, enactments, time-bound customs, as well as practices for securing kinship affiliations for the sacred initiation of the bride into her new family. These are performed in an elaborate fashion that are intended to secure the blessings of both God and one's ancestors. A typical sambar idayar wedding is made up of the following events:

* '''Vethalai pakku''' Exchange of gifts between the bride and groom
* '''Pandal kaal''' Blessing the wedding venue
* '''Janavasam''' Heralding the arrival of the groom and inviting him to the ]
* '''Nischayathartham''' Commitment to be married is made and announced to all
* '''Jadhaga Naama porutham''' Re-naming of bride
* '''Nandi or Vratham''' Anointing the bride and groom
* '''Kashitriyai/]''' This tradition is vanished now
* '''Oonjal''' The couple exchanges garlands and sit on a decorated swing while ladies sing songs of ].
* '''Piddishuttal''' The couple is protected from 'dhrishti' evil eye
* '''Kanyadaanam''' The father gives away the bride
* '''Mangalya Dharanam''' The groom ties the sacred 'thaali' on the bride
* '''Akshathai''' The couple is blessed with the showering of coloured rice
* '''Sesha Homam''' Lighting of the sacred fire
* '''Sapta padi''' The groom and bride take seven steps around the sacred fire
* '''Nagoli Vasthra''' The bride' s family welcomes the son-in-law
* '''Graha pravesham''' The bride is welcomed into her marital home
* '''Sambandhi Virandhu''' The wedding is followed by a feast for the new families
* '''Reception''' Post-wedding celebrations
* '''Nalangu''' The bride and groom play games while the guests sing songs
* '''Maruveedu'''


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 03:39, 25 December 2024

Hindu Orthodox legendary Royal ethnoreligious Pastoral community living in India, and are descendents of God krishna.

Ayar/Kōnar/Kōn
File:God krishna,(Lunar dynasty).jpg
God krishna ancestor of konar community. ] ]Kōnar priest Dr.Chinnappa kon Ramasamy pillai Ravivarma.
GotraGopala gotra,

Krishna gotra, Nanda gotra,

Etc.
MantraAstakshar mantram, Maya mantram, Sacred Hymn.
ReligionsAncient Vaishnavism,Vedanta
LanguagesTamil
LineageGod Krishna
Victory weaponConch,sudarshana Chakra,Gada (mace)
EndogamousEndogamy Marriage, within their clan.
Notable membersGod Krishna,

Lord Vishnu, God Chandra/Soma,Lunar dynasty Atri maharishi,Ayu's, Ay dynasty, Nakusha, Yadu, Surasena, Kansa, Shibi, Idaikaadar, Kuthambai sithar, Parasarar,

Sahadeva.
SubdivisionsAyar,

Idaiyar, Valathu Kai marappu idaiyar, Sambar idayar,Vaduga iyer or Vaduga ayar,

Kon/kōnar/Ayar,Kadavulin Pillai
Related groupsTamil people
Kingdom (other)Ay kingdom,

Ikshavagu dynasty ], Anu dynasty, Haieyaya dynasty, Lunar dynasty, Yadu dynasty, Kuru kingdom, Shibi, Chola kingdom, Amavasu dynasty, Pournamas dynasty, Chedi kingdom, Buddha, Vrishni, Vrishni heroes, Surasena kingdom, Madura, Dwaraka,Hastinapur, Velir kingdom,vijaynagar kingdom, Varma kingdom,Mahismati, Nakusha,Yayati,Devyani.

maratha empire,

Ayar/Konar/Kōn dynasty, is an Orthodox Royal Ethnoreligious ancient tribal community following Vedanta tradition of sacred Vaishnavism found in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. They are traditionally a sacred pastoral, ethnoreligious community involved in cattle herding and cultivation. They are a part of the Ahir community. They also known as Ayar and Idaiyar, and appear in the ancient Sangam literature as occupants of the Mullai (forest region). They are also known as Ahir/Yadav(Royal kings),and appear in Ramayana, Mahabharata and in ancient Vedic Literatures like Vedas and Upanishads. As Chandravanshi son of Maharishi Atri, grandson of God Brahma,and a great grand son of Lord Vishnu(The protector). They usually referred them as a children's of God.

Etymology

In The word kōnar, Kōn means king or God and aar' means orthodox or noble. Kōnar's are the orthodox Royal ethnic ancient tribal community following the tradition of Vedanta, sacred Vaishnavisam. According to Alf Hiltebeitel, Konar is a Tamil caste who can trace their origin to Lunar dynasty,the caste to which Krishna belongs. Several Vaishnavite texts associate Krishna belong to the Aayar caste, or Konar, most notably the Thiruppavai, composed by goddess Andal herself, most notably referring Krishna as the “Aayar kulathu mani vilakke”. The caste name is interchangeable with the names Konar and Kovalar being derived from Tamil word Kōn, which can mean "king" and "God". The word might be derived from the from Tamil word kōl, a herdsman's staff. The Tamil word kōl also means a king's sceptre.

The word Ayar might be derived from the Tamil word Aa, meaning cow. The term idai (middle) might refer to the Mullai region, probably reflected their intermediate socio-economic status. Idaiyar remains the most commonly used word in Tamil for a cow-herder, and another name for Ayars was Pothuvar, meaning Judge for common.

History

Konars/Kōn are mostly kings and landlords,they are the descendants of God Krishna.According to medieval inscriptions the Konars are mentioned as Nandaputras of Yadava lineage. of lunar dynasty.Historically many of them have held positions such as kings and chieftains.

Gingee Fort Hill view from road

The Gingee Fort was originally built by Ananta kon of the Konar Dynasty, around 1190 A.D. and was later fortified by Krishna Konar. It was later modified in the 13th century to elevate it to the status of an unbreachable citadel to protect the small town of Gingee It was also the headquarters domination in northern Tamil Nadu. The fort was built as a strategic place of defending off any invading armies.

The Gingee Fort complex is on three hillocks: Krishnagiri named after Krishna Kon to the north, Rajagiri or Ananda giri named after Ananda kon to the west and Chandrayandurg to the southeast. The three hills together constitute a fort complex, each having a separate and self-contained citadel.

See also

Wedding customs

See also: Vaishnavism

Tamil Ayar or Sambar Ida ayar weddings are held to a distinct standard of religious orthodoxy in comparison to the ceremonies of other communities. They consist of age-old traditions, enactments, time-bound customs, as well as practices for securing kinship affiliations for the sacred initiation of the bride into her new family. These are performed in an elaborate fashion that are intended to secure the blessings of both God and one's ancestors. A typical sambar idayar wedding is made up of the following events:

  • Vethalai pakku Exchange of gifts between the bride and groom
  • Pandal kaal Blessing the wedding venue
  • Janavasam Heralding the arrival of the groom and inviting him to the mandapam
  • Nischayathartham Commitment to be married is made and announced to all
  • Jadhaga Naama porutham Re-naming of bride
  • Nandi or Vratham Anointing the bride and groom
  • Kashitriyai/Eerkol This tradition is vanished now
  • Oonjal The couple exchanges garlands and sit on a decorated swing while ladies sing songs of Tiruppavai.
  • Piddishuttal The couple is protected from 'dhrishti' evil eye
  • Kanyadaanam The father gives away the bride
  • Mangalya Dharanam The groom ties the sacred 'thaali' on the bride
  • Akshathai The couple is blessed with the showering of coloured rice
  • Sesha Homam Lighting of the sacred fire
  • Sapta padi The groom and bride take seven steps around the sacred fire
  • Nagoli Vasthra The bride' s family welcomes the son-in-law
  • Graha pravesham The bride is welcomed into her marital home
  • Sambandhi Virandhu The wedding is followed by a feast for the new families
  • Reception Post-wedding celebrations
  • Nalangu The bride and groom play games while the guests sing songs
  • Maruveedu

References

Notes

  1. The five regions that comprised the Sangam landscapes are literary devices, not geographical areas.

Citations

  1. Ethonbotany of India. Apple academic press. 2016. p. 15. ISBN 9781771883399.
  2. The Stone age in India. Asian Educational Services. 2016. p. 26. ISBN 9788120601482.
  3. Journal of Indian History. Department of Modern Indian History. 2003.
  4. People of India: India's communities. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-563354-2.
  5. Richard, Guy (1982). Religious Festivals in South India and Sri Lanka. Manohar. p. 128. ISBN 9780836409000.
  6. Bloomer, Kristin C. (2018). Possessed by the Virgin: Hinduism, Roman Catholicism, and Marian Possession in South India. Oxford University Press. p. 258. ISBN 9780190615093.
  7. ^ Allchin, Frank Raymond (1963). Neolithic Cattle-keepers of South India. Cambridge University. p. 101.
  8. Alf Hiltebeitel. The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1. Motilal Banarsidass Publishe, 1991 - 487 pages. p. 91.
  9. Hiltebeitel, Alf (1988). The Cult of Draupadi. University of Chicago Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780226340463.
  10. Katir Makātēvan̲. Cultural heritage of ancient Tamils. Lakshmi Publications, 1981. p. 65.
  11. N. Subrahmanian. Śaṅgam polity: the administration and social life of the Śaṅgam Tamils. Asia Pub. House, 1966. p. 71.
  12. Ramaswamy, Vijaya (2017). Historical Dictionary of the Tamils. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 153. ISBN 9781538106860.
  13. Padmaja, T. (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: history, art, and traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Abhinav publications. p. 35. ISBN 9788170173984.
  14. Conclusion pages 103: "We also get several instances of the patronage extended to Krsna temples by the shepherd class (manradi or Konars ) In one inscription they are significantly called Nandaputras and Tiruvaypadi Nattar of Tondaimandalam"Padmaja, T. (2002). Temples of Kr̥ṣṇa in South India: History, Art, and Traditions in Tamilnāḍu. Abhinav Publications. ISBN 9788170173984. Retrieved 2002-01-01.
  15. Hiltebeitel, Alf (1988). The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1. Motilal. p. 99. ISBN 81-208-1000-7.
  16. ^ Hiltebeitel, Alf (1991). The cult of Draupadī: Mythologies : from Gingee to Kurukserta, Volume 1. University of Chicago. p. 450. ISBN 81-208-1000-7.
  17. Sridharan, Divya (2009-11-27). "Ancient Futures". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
  18. Sivadas, Sanjay (2013-04-15). "Where eagles dare". The Hindu – via www.thehindu.com.
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