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| '''La Mota Castle ''' ('''Castillo de la Mota''') is an old fortress in ], Spain. The castle's primary defences were |
'''La Mota Castle ''' ('''Castillo de la Mota''' or '''Castillo de Santa Cruz de la Mota'''<ref name=barba/>) is an old fortress in ], Spain. The castle's primary defences were its strategic placement on the hilltop of ] (Monte Orgullo), its thick walls and, over time, its integration with the city's overall fortifications. Official documents often refer only to the main buildings of the castle itself but sometimes also include the whole of Mount Urgull when referring to the castle.<ref name=barba> INGEBA. san / Dn Anto Alvarez Barba". ''Cartografía Antigua en el Archivo General de Simancas''.] Sociedad Instituto Geográfico Vasco "Andrés de Urdaneta" - Euskal Geografi Elkargoa (INGEBA). Retrieved 25 December 2024.</ref> Much of the current structure of the castle dates from between 1863 and 1866, and further restoration work was carried out in 1965.<ref name=saez/> The castle was declared a ] (national monument) in 1984.<ref name=saez/> | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| Line 30: | Line 30: | ||
| It is thought that the castle was originally constructed in 1194 by the ], ] (1194 1234), over a simpler construction, possibly a mere watchtower, built in the previous century by ] of Navarra (1000-1035). In any case, it was included on the list of Navarran fortresses that were transferred to the ] in 1200.<ref name=saez/> | It is thought that the castle was originally constructed in 1194 by the ], ] (1194 1234), over a simpler construction, possibly a mere watchtower, built in the previous century by ] of Navarra (1000-1035). In any case, it was included on the list of Navarran fortresses that were transferred to the ] in 1200.<ref name=saez/> | ||
| In 1520, ], ordered the restoration of the ruined castle. The works were carried out according to the plans drawn up by ],<ref name=echarri/> recently appointed Capitán General de la Artillería de España y Aragón,<ref></ref> in 1524, and in 1535, a ] was added to the castle and at the gate to the docks.<ref name=echarri/> In 1542, Charles V ordered the construction of the "cubo Imperial" (Imperial bastion), probably projected by ], to replace the existing heart-shaped defensive structure to the town, and incorporated two bastions (Ingente and Gobernador) on either side of it, to make up what was known as the "frente real" ("royal front") to protect it from attacks coming from the south.<ref name=echarri/> | |||
| ⚫ | The inner castle wall, designed by the ] of ] ], was completed around 1551.<ref name=saez/> | ||
| ⚫ | The inner castle wall, designed by the ] of ] ], was completed around 1551.<ref name=saez/> | ||
| ⚫ | In 1595, the Italian engineer ], having already worked on several other fortresses around the Iberian Peninsula, projected works on the fortifications in the north, including those at San Sebastian, before being appointed, in 1601, chief engineer of all the kingdoms of Spain, in charge of all their fortresses.<ref> ]. Retrieved 24 December 2024.</ref> He projected a wall, known as the Spanocchi Wall, which was not completed at the time, to separate, from west to east, the port and the town from |
||
| Following the report by ] in 1574, ] commissioned ] to plan a large bastion (originally called Ingente, but later San Felipe), similar to that at ]; works were also carried out on the defences to the castle, including a large battery for six cannon from which to defend the port on the estuary to the River ].<ref name=echarri/> | |||
| Following the explosión of the magazine in 1688, due to it being struck by lightning,<ref name=saez/> ] reconstructed the castle keep. | |||
| ⚫ | In 1595, the Italian engineer ], having already worked on several other fortresses around the Iberian Peninsula, projected works on the fortifications in the north of the country, including those at San Sebastian, before being appointed, in 1601, chief engineer of all the kingdoms of Spain, in charge of all their fortresses.<ref> ]. Retrieved 24 December 2024.</ref> He projected a wall, known as the Spanocchi Wall, which was not completed at the time, to separate, from west to east, the port and the town from Mount Urgull itself.<ref name=saez/> He also agreed with Fratín's recommendation to reinforce the defences to the castle itself rather than to the town and projected a ] structure around La Mota. However, no drawings have been found for this.<ref name=echarri/> Moreover, following the death of Spannocchi, his successor, ], also projected, in 1610, a citadel around La Mota but, again, no information has been found to date regarding its structure.<ref name=echarri/> | ||
| During the ], major works were carried out by Marco Antonio Gandolfo, Pedro Texeira and Gerónimo de Soto, with the latter again insisting on the impregnable nature of La Mota. The three engineers projected moving the front forward, with wide bastions below those of the existing Ingente and Gobernador bastions, a ], a large ] and a ], as well as a second moat to separate the old front from the new extension.<ref name=echarri/> | |||
| In 1640, ] proposed major works to the town's defences and the following year, ] presented plans for a citadel to be constructed around Mount Urgull, between the castle and the town. That same year, ] gave his favourable opinion and Garay presented a major project with all the previous proposals, including the citadel for the castle. However, the project was not adopted.<ref name=echarri/> | |||
| In the second half of the 17th century, several works were projected by ]<ref>INGEBA. Sociedad Instituto Geográfico Vasco "Andrés de Urdaneta" - Euskal Geografi Elkargoa (INGEBA). Retrieved 25 December 2024.</ref> ], ]<ref name=echarri/> and ], the latter also reconstructing the castle ] following the explosion of the magazine in 1688, due to it being struck by lightning.<ref name=saez/> | |||
| In 1693, work was concluded on one of the most important projects, the Mirador ], on the east slope of Mount Urgull, to cover the approach from the sea and from La Zurriola beach.<ref name=echarri/> | |||
| ===Siege of San Sebastián (1719)=== | ===Siege of San Sebastián (1719)=== | ||
| Line 40: | Line 50: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Having ] San Sebastian on 30 June, the French, under ], began positioning batteries along the |
Having ] San Sebastian on 30 June, the French, under ], began positioning batteries along the Urumea where the city's walls were most vulnerable. Although heavy rain slowed the digging of trenches, by 25 July the French artillery was able to open fire on the walls. The siege guns rapidly created a breach and pounded it until it was practical to be stormed. As was the convention at the time, the Spanish commander Alexandro de la Motte requested a ] and his garrison were allowed to retreat into the castle, leaving the remainder of the city to French control. | ||
| Meanwhile, Berwick was able at last to establish batteries with a clearer range on the castle, and launched fresh bombardments of mortar fire which struck the magazine, and also destroyed the garrison's food provisions. Morale in the garrison rapidly declined, and their commander sought terms from Berwick |
Meanwhile, Berwick was able at last to establish batteries with a clearer range on the castle, and launched fresh bombardments of mortar fire which struck the magazine, and also destroyed the garrison's food provisions. Morale in the garrison rapidly declined, and their commander sought terms from Berwick. | ||
| ===Jorge de Verboom=== | ===Jorge de Verboom=== | ||
| Line 62: | Line 72: | ||
| The defences at San Sebastian in 1813 were a combination of natural and man-made features, with the city's fortifications and La Mota castle on Monte Orgullo being distinct but interconnected defences. Thus, the city's location on a narrow peninsula provided some natural protection, with the estuary of the River ] to the east and to the west, "a tiny bay about sixteen hundred yards across at its broadest," further limiting access. Its man-made fortifications included a high wall, eight feet thick, with the ] of St. Elmo at the north-eastern angle, and the two small towers of Los Hornos and Las Miguetas towards the southern end with a bastion in the centre, "covered by a ], with the usual ], covered way and ]; but these works were dominated throughout by the neighbouring heights ] and Orgullo] which were in range of cannon".<ref name=fortescue>] (1920). ''A History of the British Army, Vols. IX and X. 1813-1814'', p. 225. MacMillan and Co. Ltd. </ref> The hornwork further strengthened the defences on the landward side. The bastions, projecting outward, allowed for ]. | The defences at San Sebastian in 1813 were a combination of natural and man-made features, with the city's fortifications and La Mota castle on Monte Orgullo being distinct but interconnected defences. Thus, the city's location on a narrow peninsula provided some natural protection, with the estuary of the River ] to the east and to the west, "a tiny bay about sixteen hundred yards across at its broadest," further limiting access. Its man-made fortifications included a high wall, eight feet thick, with the ] of St. Elmo at the north-eastern angle, and the two small towers of Los Hornos and Las Miguetas towards the southern end with a bastion in the centre, "covered by a ], with the usual ], covered way and ]; but these works were dominated throughout by the neighbouring heights ] and Orgullo] which were in range of cannon".<ref name=fortescue>] (1920). ''A History of the British Army, Vols. IX and X. 1813-1814'', p. 225. MacMillan and Co. Ltd. </ref> The hornwork further strengthened the defences on the landward side. The bastions, projecting outward, allowed for ]. | ||
| Monte Orgullo itself was protected from assault from the north by deep water and cliffs. Although the castle also had seaward-facing batteries,<ref name=oman6>] (1922). ''Project Gutenberg''. Retrieved 24 December 2024.</ref> the landward battery of La Mota, together with two batteries to the right and left of it, "were able from their great elevation to sweep the isthmus from end to end",<ref name=fortescue/> thereby providing artillery support to the city's defences, while the city walls helped protect the lower slopes of Monte Orgullo. On 8 September, sixty-one British guns and mortars began their bombardment of the castle defences and after two hours, in which all the defences had been levelled to the ground, the French governor, General ], surrendered his garrison of some 1,300 troops, plus 450 wounded and the almost 350 Portuguese and British prisoners captured on previous assaults.<ref name=oman7>] (1930). ''Google Books''. Retrieved 24 December 2024.</ref> | Monte Orgullo itself was protected from assault from the north by deep water and cliffs. Although the castle also had seaward-facing batteries,<ref name=oman6>] (1922). ''Project Gutenberg''. Retrieved 24 December 2024.</ref> the landward battery of La Mota, together with two batteries to the right and left of it, "were able from their great elevation to sweep the isthmus from end to end",<ref name=fortescue/> thereby providing artillery support to the city's defences, while the city walls helped protect the lower slopes of Monte Orgullo. On 8 September, sixty-one British guns and mortars began their bombardment of the castle defences and after two hours, in which all the defences had been levelled to the ground, the French governor, General ], surrendered his garrison of some 1,300 troops, plus 450 wounded and the almost 350 Portuguese and British prisoners captured on previous assaults.<ref name=oman7>] (1930). ''Google Books''. Retrieved 24 December 2024.</ref> | ||
| ===Barracks=== | ===Barracks=== | ||
| Line 69: | Line 79: | ||
| ===Spanish–American War=== | ===Spanish–American War=== | ||
| {{Main|Spanish–American War}} | {{Main|Spanish–American War}} | ||
| Due to the threat of a US naval attack during the Spanish–American War in 1898, works were carried out to reinforce the fortress.<ref name=saez>Sáez García, Juan Antonio (2020). Retrieved 24 December 2024.</ref> | Due to the threat of a US naval attack during the Spanish–American War in 1898, works were carried out to reinforce the fortress.<ref name=saez>Sáez García, Juan Antonio (2020). Sociedad Instituto Geográfico Vasco "Andrés de Urdaneta" - Euskal Geografi Elkargoa (INGEBA). Retrieved 24 December 2024.</ref> | ||
| ==20th century== | |||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 12:39, 25 December 2024
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| La Mota Castle | |
|---|---|
| San Sebastian, in Spain | |
 San Sebastian, with La Mota Castle on the hilltop of Mount Urgull, by Georg Braun and Frans Hogenberg: Civitates Orbis Terrarum, Band 1, 1572. Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg | |
| Site information | |
| Owner | City Council of San Sebastián (since 1921) |
| Site history | |
| In use | Late 11th century – 19th century |
| Events | |
La Mota Castle (Castillo de la Mota or Castillo de Santa Cruz de la Mota) is an old fortress in San Sebastian, Spain. The castle's primary defences were its strategic placement on the hilltop of Mount Urgull (Monte Orgullo), its thick walls and, over time, its integration with the city's overall fortifications. Official documents often refer only to the main buildings of the castle itself but sometimes also include the whole of Mount Urgull when referring to the castle. Much of the current structure of the castle dates from between 1863 and 1866, and further restoration work was carried out in 1965. The castle was declared a Monumento Históricoartístico de Carácter Nacional (national monument) in 1984.
History
It is thought that the castle was originally constructed in 1194 by the King of Navarre, Sancho the Strong (1194 1234), over a simpler construction, possibly a mere watchtower, built in the previous century by Sancho the Great of Navarra (1000-1035). In any case, it was included on the list of Navarran fortresses that were transferred to the King of Castile in 1200.
In 1520, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, ordered the restoration of the ruined castle. The works were carried out according to the plans drawn up by Gabriele Tadino di Martinengo, recently appointed Capitán General de la Artillería de España y Aragón, in 1524, and in 1535, a bastion was added to the castle and at the gate to the docks. In 1542, Charles V ordered the construction of the "cubo Imperial" (Imperial bastion), probably projected by Luis Pizano, to replace the existing heart-shaped defensive structure to the town, and incorporated two bastions (Ingente and Gobernador) on either side of it, to make up what was known as the "frente real" ("royal front") to protect it from attacks coming from the south.
The inner castle wall, designed by the captain general of Guipúzcoa Sancho de Leyva, was completed around 1551.
Following the report by Juan Bautista Antonelli in 1574, Philip II commissioned Jacobo Palear Fratín to plan a large bastion (originally called Ingente, but later San Felipe), similar to that at Fuenterrabía; works were also carried out on the defences to the castle, including a large battery for six cannon from which to defend the port on the estuary to the River Urumea.
In 1595, the Italian engineer Tiburzio Spannocchi, having already worked on several other fortresses around the Iberian Peninsula, projected works on the fortifications in the north of the country, including those at San Sebastian, before being appointed, in 1601, chief engineer of all the kingdoms of Spain, in charge of all their fortresses. He projected a wall, known as the Spanocchi Wall, which was not completed at the time, to separate, from west to east, the port and the town from Mount Urgull itself. He also agreed with Fratín's recommendation to reinforce the defences to the castle itself rather than to the town and projected a citadel structure around La Mota. However, no drawings have been found for this. Moreover, following the death of Spannocchi, his successor, Jerónimo de Soto, also projected, in 1610, a citadel around La Mota but, again, no information has been found to date regarding its structure.
During the Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659), major works were carried out by Marco Antonio Gandolfo, Pedro Texeira and Gerónimo de Soto, with the latter again insisting on the impregnable nature of La Mota. The three engineers projected moving the front forward, with wide bastions below those of the existing Ingente and Gobernador bastions, a glacis, a large ravelin and a moat, as well as a second moat to separate the old front from the new extension.
In 1640, Juan de Garay proposed major works to the town's defences and the following year, Diego de Isasi presented plans for a citadel to be constructed around Mount Urgull, between the castle and the town. That same year, Marco Antonio Gandolfo gave his favourable opinion and Garay presented a major project with all the previous proposals, including the citadel for the castle. However, the project was not adopted.
In the second half of the 17th century, several works were projected by Alonso de Cepeda Francisco Domingo y Cueva, Octaviano Meni and Hércules Torelli, the latter also reconstructing the castle keep following the explosion of the magazine in 1688, due to it being struck by lightning.
In 1693, work was concluded on one of the most important projects, the Mirador battery, on the east slope of Mount Urgull, to cover the approach from the sea and from La Zurriola beach.
Siege of San Sebastián (1719)
Main article: Siege of San Sebastián (1719).jpg)
Having invested San Sebastian on 30 June, the French, under Duke of Berwick, began positioning batteries along the Urumea where the city's walls were most vulnerable. Although heavy rain slowed the digging of trenches, by 25 July the French artillery was able to open fire on the walls. The siege guns rapidly created a breach and pounded it until it was practical to be stormed. As was the convention at the time, the Spanish commander Alexandro de la Motte requested a parley and his garrison were allowed to retreat into the castle, leaving the remainder of the city to French control.
Meanwhile, Berwick was able at last to establish batteries with a clearer range on the castle, and launched fresh bombardments of mortar fire which struck the magazine, and also destroyed the garrison's food provisions. Morale in the garrison rapidly declined, and their commander sought terms from Berwick.
Jorge de Verboom
Main article: Jorge de Verboom, 1st Marquess of VerboomIn 1725, Verboom directed the projects for the fortification of San Sebastián, Pamplona and Fuenterrabía. He entrusted his son Isidro Próspero with drawing up the project for San Sebastián. As well as repairing the breaches from the siege of 1719, Isidro Verboom strengthened the defences at strategic points, and established a system of batteries at the top of Mount Urgull.
Juan Martín Cermeño
Main article: Juan Martín CermeñoIn 1756, Cermeño drew up plans for the fortifications at San Sebastian, including those of the Frente de Tierra (the stretch of sand and land between the town and Mount Urgull) and projected the defensive works for La Zurriola beach, between the estuary of the Urumea and Mount Ulia.
Peninsular War
Main article: Peninsular WarSiege of San Sebastian (7 July – 8 September 1813)
Main article: Siege of San Sebastian
Fortifications at San Sebastian (early 19th century)
The defences at San Sebastian in 1813 were a combination of natural and man-made features, with the city's fortifications and La Mota castle on Monte Orgullo being distinct but interconnected defences. Thus, the city's location on a narrow peninsula provided some natural protection, with the estuary of the River Urumea to the east and to the west, "a tiny bay about sixteen hundred yards across at its broadest," further limiting access. Its man-made fortifications included a high wall, eight feet thick, with the bastion of St. Elmo at the north-eastern angle, and the two small towers of Los Hornos and Las Miguetas towards the southern end with a bastion in the centre, "covered by a hornwork, with the usual counterscarp, covered way and glacis; but these works were dominated throughout by the neighbouring heights which were in range of cannon". The hornwork further strengthened the defences on the landward side. The bastions, projecting outward, allowed for flanking fire.
Monte Orgullo itself was protected from assault from the north by deep water and cliffs. Although the castle also had seaward-facing batteries, the landward battery of La Mota, together with two batteries to the right and left of it, "were able from their great elevation to sweep the isthmus from end to end", thereby providing artillery support to the city's defences, while the city walls helped protect the lower slopes of Monte Orgullo. On 8 September, sixty-one British guns and mortars began their bombardment of the castle defences and after two hours, in which all the defences had been levelled to the ground, the French governor, General Louis Emmanuel Rey, surrendered his garrison of some 1,300 troops, plus 450 wounded and the almost 350 Portuguese and British prisoners captured on previous assaults.
Barracks
Between 1863 and 1866, the bombproof Santiago barracks, sleeping 200 men, plus sergeants and four officers, were built. They were partially demolished with the demilitarisation of Monte Urgull in 1921.
Spanish–American War
Main article: Spanish–American WarDue to the threat of a US naval attack during the Spanish–American War in 1898, works were carried out to reinforce the fortress.
20th century
References
- ^ Sáez García, Juan Antonio (2020). Las fortificaciones del Monte Urgull (San Sebastián). Guia para perderse, pp. 57, 72, 112-113, 115, 132-140, 228, 232, 252-255. Sociedad Instituto Geográfico Vasco "Andrés de Urdaneta" - Euskal Geografi Elkargoa (INGEBA). Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ^ INGEBA. "Prohiecto de un Almagacen aprueba Para el Castillo de Santa Cruz de la Motta, de la Ziudad de San / Dn Anto Alvarez Barba". Cartografía Antigua en el Archivo General de Simancas.] Sociedad Instituto Geográfico Vasco "Andrés de Urdaneta" - Euskal Geografi Elkargoa (INGEBA). Retrieved 25 December 2024.
- ^ Echarri Iribarren, V. (2008). "Territorio y sistemas defensivos de frontera: El proyecto de Isidro Próspero Verboom para las fortificaciones de San Sebastián en 1726". Studia Historica: Historia Moderna, 40(1), 361–403. Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- Juan Carrillo de Albornoz y Galbeño"Gabriele Tadino di Martinengo".
- "Tiburzio Spannocchi". Diccionario Biográfico electrónico (DB~e). Real Academia de la Historia. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- INGEBA. "Cartografía Antigua en el Archivo General de Simancas".Sociedad Instituto Geográfico Vasco "Andrés de Urdaneta" - Euskal Geografi Elkargoa (INGEBA). Retrieved 25 December 2024.
- Carrillo de Albornoz y Galbeño, Juan (2012). "La edad de oro de la fortificación abaluartada en España y ultramar". Revista de Historia Militar, p. 84. Instituto de Historia y Cultura Militar. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- ^ Fortescue, J. W. (1920). A History of the British Army, Vols. IX and X. 1813-1814, p. 225. MacMillan and Co. Ltd.
- Oman, Charles (1922). A History of the Peninsular War, Vol. 6, September 1, 1812-August 5, 1813, pp. 562-3, Footnote 780. Project Gutenberg. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
- Oman, Charles (1930). A History of the Peninsular War, Volume VII: August 1813 to April 14, 1814. Google Books. Retrieved 24 December 2024.
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