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Robert Smith
6th United States Secretary of State
In office March 6, 1809 – April 1, 1811
President	James Madison
Preceded by	James Madison
Succeeded by	James Monroe
United States Attorney General Acting
In office March 2, 1805 – August 7, 1805
President	Thomas Jefferson
Preceded by	Levi Lincoln
Succeeded by	John Breckinridge
2nd United States Secretary of the Navy
In office July 27, 1801 – March 4, 1809
President	Thomas Jefferson
Preceded by	Benjamin Stoddert
Succeeded by	Paul Hamilton
Baltimore City Council
In office 1798–1800
Maryland House of Delegates
In office 1796–1800
Maryland State Senate
In office 1793–1795
Personal details
Born	(1757-11-03)November 3, 1757 Lancaster, Pennsylvania, British America
Died	November 26, 1842(1842-11-26) (aged 85) Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.
Political party	Democratic-Republican
Spouse	Margaret Smith
Education	College of New Jersey (BA)
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States
Branch/service	Continental Army
Rank	Private
Battles/wars	American Revolutionary War

Robert Smith (November 3, 1757 – November 26, 1842) was an American politician, diplomat, and admiralty lawyer. He served as the second United States Secretary of the Navy from 1801 to 1809 and the sixth United States Secretary of State from 1809 to 1811. He was the younger brother of Senator Samuel Smith.

Smith was a veteran of the American Revolutionary War and later graduated from Princeton University, then known as the College of New Jersey. As a respected lawyer, Smith became part of Baltimore's political elite, launching his political career under Thomas Jefferson and later James Madison.

After a forced resignation from the Cabinet in 1811, Smith served as president of the American Bible Society and the Maryland Agriculture Society. Retired from public office, Smith died in 1842.

Early life

Smith was born in Lancaster, Province of Pennsylvania. During the American Revolutionary War, Smith enlisted as a private in the Continental Army, later participating in the Battle of Brandywine.

Legal practice

He graduated from Princeton in 1781 and was admitted to the Maryland Bar. In private practice, Smith specialized in admiralty law. Smith flourished as a maritime lawyer, establishing the "largest admiralty practice of his time."

Political career

Smith was well-respected from his legal career. Due to his public profile, Smith was selected as an elector to the Electoral College representing Maryland during the 1788–89 United States presidential election.

Elected office

After Smith's entry to partisan politics, he was elected to the Maryland State Senate from 1793 to 1795 and to the Maryland House of Delegates from 1796 to 1800. While serving in the Maryland House, Smith was also elected to the Baltimore City Council in 1798.

Cabinet Secretary

As a legal expert in admiralty law, Thomas Jefferson appointed him as Secretary of the Navy in July 1801, after William Jones declined the position. On March 2, 1805, the Senate confirmed the appointments of Smith as United States Attorney General and Jacob Crowninshield as Secretary of the Navy. However, Crowninshield declined his appointment, so Smith briefly served as both Attorney General and Secretary of the Navy.

Eventually, President Jefferson appointed John Breckinridge to replace Smith as Attorney General and Smith resumed his role as a full-time Secretary of the Navy.

Smith left the office of Secretary of the Navy at the end of President Jefferson's administration on March 4, 1809. President James Madison appointed Smith to serve as Secretary of State on March 6, 1809, and he served in this position until his forced resignation on April 1, 1811.

Policies

During his time as Secretary of State, Smith pursued an assertive policy to claim the Spanish-controlled West Florida. In October 1810, Smith lied to General Louis Marie Turreau, claiming the United States would not support rebellion in the territory. Later the same month, Smith received word from David Holmes that West Florida declared its independence. American forces subsequently invaded West Florida.

In personal correspondence, Smith pushed for an amendment to ban persons with foreign titles from serving in the New Hampshire legislature, though the amendment failed.

Resignation

Smith was closely allied with his brother, Maryland Senator Samuel Smith, and bitterly opposed Treasury Secretary Albert Gallatin. In March 1811, Gallantin threatened to resign if Madison didn't dismiss Smith.

Madison thought that Smith could be his own Secretary of State, but Smith so often pursued opposite policies that Madison finally demanded his resignation. In Madison's April 1811 "Memorandum on Robert Smith," the president offered a laundry list of Smith's shortcomings. Madison questioned Smith's loyalty; found Smith's diplomatic correspondence wanting, and noted that Smith had been indiscreet in conversations with the British and had opposed the administration's efforts to secure concessions from Britain and France by limiting trade.

Apparently, Smith was bewildered by these and other charges leveled by Madison and published an exoneration of himself, "Robert Smith's Address to the People of the United States," which was an attack on Madison's foreign policy. Madison offered Smith the post of Minister to Russia, which was currently held by John Quincy Adams. Smith considered the offer, but in the end, he refused the post.

Personal life

Smith became the president of the not-yet-fully-organized American Bible Society in 1813. In 1818, he became the founding president of the Maryland Agriculture Society and afterwards retired to a more private life where he enjoyed his wealth.

Robert Smith died in Baltimore, Maryland, on November 26, 1842, aged 85.

Legacy

The USS Robert Smith was named for him.

References

1. ^ "Biographies of the Secretaries of State: Robert Smith (1757–1842)". Office of the Historian, Department of State. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
2. ^ Bemis, Samuel Flagg; Tansill, Charles (1928). The American Secretaries of State and their Diplomacy. Vol. 3. New York City: Pageant Book Company (published 1958). p. 152.
3. ^ Bemis, Samuel Flagg; Tansill, Charles (1928). The American Secretaries of State and their Diplomacy. Vol. 3rd. New York City: Pagaent (published 1958). pp. 182–187. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
4. Smith, Robert (January 15, 1811). "Letter written by Robert Smith forwarding a proposed constitutional amendment". Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History. Adam Matthew Digital: 1. Retrieved April 12, 2024.
5. Andrew Burstein and Nancy Isenberg. Madison and Jefferson, New York: Random House (2010), p. 495.
6. "Robert Smith (Destroyer No. 324)". NHHC. Retrieved 2024-04-12.

• Clifford Egan, "Robert Smith" in Edward S. Mihalkanin, ed. American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell, Greenwood Press 2004, pp. 478–83.

External links

• Robert Smith at Find a Grave
• Robert Smith at the Naval Historical Center
• Robert Smith at the United States Department of State
• Robert Smith at the Hall of the Secretaries of State

v t e United States secretaries of the Navy
Secretaries	Cabinet-level Stoddert Smith Hamilton Jones Crowninshield S Thompson Southard Branch L. Woodbury Dickerson Paulding Badger Upshur Henshaw Gilmer Mason Bancroft Mason Preston Graham Kennedy Dobbin Toucey Welles Borie Robeson R Thompson Goff Hunt Chandler Whitney Tracy Herbert Long Moody Morton Bonaparte Metcalf Newberry Meyer Daniels Denby Wilbur Adams Swanson Edison Knox Forrestal Dept. of Defense Sullivan Matthews Kimball Anderson Thomas T. Gates Franke Connally Korth Nitze Ignatius Chafee Warner Middendorf Claytor Hidalgo Lehman Webb Ball Garrett O'Keefe Dalton Danzig England Winter Mabus Spencer Braithwaite Del Toro
Under Secretaries	Forrestal Bard A. Gates Sullivan Kenney Kimball Whitehair Thomas T. Gates Franke Bantz Fay BeLieu Baldwin Baird Warner Sanders Middendorf Potter Macdonald Woolsey Murray Goodrich Garrett Howard Danzig Hultin Pirie Livingstone Aviles Work Davidson Modly Raven
Assistant Secretaries	Pre–1954 Fox Faxon Soley McAdoo T. Roosevelt Sr. Allen Hackett Darling Newberry Satterlee Winthrop F. Roosevelt G. Woodbury T. Roosevelt Jr. Robinson Jahncke H. Roosevelt Edison Compton Bard Hensel Kenney Andrews Koehler Askins Fogler Post–1954 Financial Management and Comptroller Energy, Installations and Environment Manpower and Reserve Affairs Research, Development and Acquisitions General Counsel of the Navy defunct: Air Installations and Logistics Material Research and Development Research, Engineering and Systems Shipbuilding and Logistics

v t e United States secretaries of state
Secretary of Foreign Affairs 1781–1789	R. Livingston Jay
Secretary of State 1789–present	Jefferson Randolph Pickering J. Marshall Madison Smith Monroe Adams Clay Van Buren E. Livingston McLane Forsyth Webster Upshur Calhoun Buchanan Clayton Webster Everett Marcy Cass Black Seward Washburne Fish Evarts Blaine Frelinghuysen Bayard Blaine Foster Gresham Olney Sherman Day Hay Root Bacon Knox Bryan Lansing Colby Hughes Kellogg Stimson Hull Stettinius Byrnes G. Marshall Acheson Dulles Herter Rusk Rogers Kissinger Vance Muskie Haig Shultz Baker Eagleburger Christopher trips Albright trips Powell trips Rice tenure trips Clinton tenure trips Kerry trips Tillerson trips Pompeo trips Blinken trips
List of international trips made by secretaries of state of the United States

v t e Cabinet of President Thomas Jefferson (1801–1809)
Secretary of State	James Madison (1801–1809)
Secretary of the Treasury	Samuel Dexter (1801) Albert Gallatin (1801–1809)
Secretary of War	Henry Dearborn (1801–1809)
Attorney General	Levi Lincoln Sr. (1801–1805) John Breckinridge (1805–1806) Caesar Augustus Rodney (1807–1809)
Secretary of the Navy	Benjamin Stoddert (1801) Robert Smith (1801–1809)

v t e Cabinet of President James Madison (1809–1817)
Secretary of State	Robert Smith (1809–1811) James Monroe (1811–1817)
Secretary of the Treasury	Albert Gallatin (1809–1814) George W. Campbell (1814) Alexander J. Dallas (1814–1816) William H. Crawford (1816–1817)
Secretary of War	William Eustis (1809–1813) John Armstrong Jr. (1813–1814) James Monroe (1814–1815) William H. Crawford (1815–1816)
Attorney General	Caesar Augustus Rodney (1809–1811) William Pinkney (1811–1814) Richard Rush (1814–1817)
Secretary of the Navy	Paul Hamilton (1809–1813) William Jones (1813–1814) Benjamin Williams Crowninshield (1814–1817)

• 1757 births
• 1842 deaths
• American people of the War of 1812
• Burials at Westminster Hall and Burying Ground
• Continental Army soldiers
• Jefferson administration cabinet members
• Maryland state senators
• Members of the Maryland House of Delegates
• Politicians from Lancaster, Pennsylvania
• People of Maryland in the American Revolution
• Princeton University alumni
• United States secretaries of the navy
• United States secretaries of state
• Madison administration cabinet members
• American slave owners
• 18th-century members of the Maryland General Assembly