| Revision as of 17:25, 14 December 2024 editPeoplelikeyou1234567 (talk | contribs)253 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 18:30, 26 December 2024 edit undo2407:d000:f:e9c9:7cb4:f82c:556:6d66 (talk) Added dialectal marginal consonants, along with explanatory notes, Gurmukhi, Shahmukhi, romanization, and English equivalentsNext edit → | ||
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| ! colspan="5" |Marginal consonants | ! colspan="5" |Marginal consonants | ||
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| | <big>{{IPA link|bʱ}}</big>{{efn|Considered a native sound in ], ], ], and ]. Although written in standard varieties, its pronunciation is only present in loanwords; while in native words, it is replaced with /]/; same is the case in all other dialects apart from the ones mentioned above.}} | |||
| | ਭਰਾ | |||
| | {{nq|بھرا}} | |||
| | '''''bh'''rā'' | |||
| | clu'''bh'''ouse | |||
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| | <big>{{IPA link|dʱ}}</big>{{efn|Considered a native sound in ], ], ], and ]. Although written in standard varieties, its pronunciation is only present in loanwords; while in native words, it is replaced with /]/; same is the case in all other dialects apart from the ones mentioned above.}} | |||
| | ਧੁੱਪ | |||
| | {{nq|دُھپ}} | |||
| | '''''dh'''up'' | |||
| | a'''dh'''ere (but dental) | |||
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| | <big>{{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}}</big>{{efn|Considered a native sound in ], ], ], and ]. Although written in standard varieties, its pronunciation is only present in loanwords; while in native words, it is replaced with /]/; same is the case in all other dialects apart from the ones mentioned above.}} | |||
| | ਝਾੜੂ | |||
| | {{nq|جھاڑو}} | |||
| | '''''jh'''āṛū'' | |||
| | he'''dgeh'''og | |||
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| | <big>{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}</big>{{efn|Considered a native sound in ], ], ], and ]. Although written in standard varieties, its pronunciation is only present in loanwords; while in native words, it is replaced with /]/; same is the case in all other dialects apart from the ones mentioned above.}} | |||
| | ਢੋਲ | |||
| | {{nq|ڈھول}} | |||
| | '''''ḍh'''ōl'' | |||
| | American bir'''dh'''ouse | |||
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| | <big>{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}</big>{{efn|Considered a native sound in ], ], ], and ]. Although written in standard varieties, its pronunciation is only present in loanwords; while in native words, it is replaced with /]/; same is the case in all other dialects apart from the ones mentioned above.}} | |||
| | ਘੱਗਰਾ | |||
| | {{nq|گھگرا}} | |||
| | '''''gh'''agrā'' | |||
| | lo'''gh'''ouse | |||
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| |<big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>{{Efn|Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in ], hence are represented with Gurmukhi characters paired with the ] - unlike ], for which the original letters from ] (derived from the ]) are used) and present only in loanwords or words derived from loanwords. The phonology is, however, retained in urban speech.<ref name="Bhardwaj2016">{{cite book |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Mangat |title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar |date=25 August 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-64326-5 |page=390 |language=English|quote= Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words with {{IPAlink|k}} instead of {{IPA link|q}}.}}</ref> | |<big>{{IPA link|f}}</big>{{Efn|Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in ], hence are represented with Gurmukhi characters paired with the ] - unlike ], for which the original letters from ] (derived from the ]) are used) and present only in loanwords or words derived from loanwords. The phonology is, however, retained in urban speech.<ref name="Bhardwaj2016">{{cite book |last1=Bhardwaj |first1=Mangat |title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar |date=25 August 2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-64326-5 |page=390 |language=English|quote= Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words with {{IPAlink|k}} instead of {{IPA link|q}}.}}</ref> | ||
Revision as of 18:30, 26 December 2024
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Punjabi on Misplaced Pages.It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Punjabi in Misplaced Pages articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between , / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | Shortcut |
This page contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.
This page contains the Shahmukhi character lam with tah above. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Punjabi, specifically Standard Punjabi, pronunciations in Misplaced Pages articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Misplaced Pages articles, see Template:IPA and Misplaced Pages:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.
See Punjabi phonology, Gurmukhi, and Shahmukhi for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Punjabi.
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Notes
- ^ Punjabi contrast dental and with apical postalveolar and (as well as aspirated variants). Both sets sound like /t/ and /d/ to most English speakers although the dental and are used in place of the English /θ/ and /ð/ for some speakers with th-stopping.
- /ɾ/ can surface as a trill in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill (/rː/).
- occurs as an allophone of when /व و/ is in an onglide position between an onset consonant and a following vowel while , which may phonetically be , occurs otherwise.
- Bhardwaj, Mangat (25 August 2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 390. ISBN 978-1-317-64326-5.
Almost all Panjabi speakers (and many Urdu speakers as well) pronounce the first two of these words with k instead of q.
- ^ Long vowels are shortened in closed syllables.
- ^ /iː/ and /uː/ are neutralised to at the end of a word.
- In Gurmukhi, ih and uh are usually read as /éː/ (ē with rising tone) and /óː/ (ō with rising tone) respectively.
- In some dialects, word-initial and intervocalic /j/ is pronounced as /d͡ʒ/ (only in native words), equivalent to Devanagari ॺ.
- ^ In some dialects, the voiceless aspirates /pʰ/, /t͡ʃʰ/ and /kʰ/ shift into fricatives /f/, /ɕ/ and /x/ respectively.
- ^ Often considered an allophone of l and n in the Shahmukhi alphabet, though pronounced.
- ^ /ɾ/ can surface as a trill in word-initial and syllable-final positions. Geminate /ɾː/ is always a trill .
- In some dialects, /ʋ/ can shift to /b/ (only in native words). This is more common word-initially.
- Considered a native sound in Derawali, Multani, Riasti, and Thali. Although written in standard varieties, its pronunciation is only present in loanwords; while in native words, it is replaced with /p/; same is the case in all other dialects apart from the ones mentioned above.
- Considered a native sound in Derawali, Multani, Riasti, and Thali. Although written in standard varieties, its pronunciation is only present in loanwords; while in native words, it is replaced with /d/; same is the case in all other dialects apart from the ones mentioned above.
- Considered a native sound in Derawali, Multani, Riasti, and Thali. Although written in standard varieties, its pronunciation is only present in loanwords; while in native words, it is replaced with /t͡ʃ/; same is the case in all other dialects apart from the ones mentioned above.
- Considered a native sound in Derawali, Multani, Riasti, and Thali. Although written in standard varieties, its pronunciation is only present in loanwords; while in native words, it is replaced with /ʈ/; same is the case in all other dialects apart from the ones mentioned above.
- Considered a native sound in Derawali, Multani, Riasti, and Thali. Although written in standard varieties, its pronunciation is only present in loanwords; while in native words, it is replaced with /k/; same is the case in all other dialects apart from the ones mentioned above.
- ^ Not considered a native sound (nor a native letter in Gurmukhi, hence are represented with Gurmukhi characters paired with the Nuqta - unlike Shahmukhi, for which the original letters from Persian (derived from the Arabic script) are used) and present only in loanwords or words derived from loanwords. The phonology is, however, retained in urban speech. In rural dialects, /ɣ/ is sometimes substituted with /ɡ/; /f/ with /pʰ/; /q/ with /k/; /ʃ/ with /s/; /x/ with /kʰ/; and /z, ʒ/ with /d͡ʒ/. In some cases, words may shift to develop these non-native phonemes, e.g. phir > ਫ਼ੇਰ / فیر fer, supnā > ਸੁਫ਼ਨਾ / سُفنا sufnā, rākśas > ਰਾਖ਼ਸ਼ / راخش rāk͟haś.
- /ʃ/ is considered a native sound in Lahnda dialects and Western Majhi, used in words like śī̃h which otherwise would become sī̃h.
- The sound /ʒ/ in Punjabi is very rare so most speakers do not pronounce it correctly (especially in India as Gurmukhi lacks a standard symbol to represent it) and opt to replace it with /d͡ʒ/, /z/ or even /s/.