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The '''Insular Japonic languages''' or '''Japonic-Ryukyu languages''' are a subdivision of the ], as opposed to the hypothetical ] languages ​​formerly spoken in central and southern ]. This grouping, originally proposed by ], has been taken up several times subsequently.<ref>Vovin (2017)</ref> The '''Insular Japonic languages''' or '''Japonic-Ryukyu languages''' are a subdivision of the ], as opposed to the hypothetical ] languages formerly spoken in central and southern ]. This grouping, originally proposed by ], has been taken up several times subsequently.<ref>Vovin (2017)</ref>


== History == == History ==
Currently, most scholars agree that the Japonic languages ​​were brought to the ] between the 7th and 3rd centuries BC by wet rice farmers of the ] from northern ], replacing the indigenous ].{{sfn|Serafim|2008|p=98}} Toponyms indicate that the ] ​​were formerly spoken in eastern ].<ref>Patrie (1982), p. 4.</ref><ref>Tamura (2000), p. 269.</ref><ref>Hudson (1999), p. 98.</ref> Later, Japonic speakers settled on the ].{{sfn|Serafim|2008|p=98}} Currently, most scholars agree that the Japonic languages were brought to the ] between the 7th and 3rd centuries BC by wet rice farmers of the ] from northern ], replacing the indigenous ].{{sfn|Serafim|2008|p=98}} Toponyms indicate that the ] were formerly spoken in eastern ].<ref>Patrie (1982), p. 4.</ref><ref>Tamura (2000), p. 269.</ref><ref>Hudson (1999), p. 98.</ref> Later, Japonic speakers settled on the ].{{sfn|Serafim|2008|p=98}}


Linguistically, there is disagreement over the location and date of separation from the continental branch. ] argues that the two branches of the "Japonic" (Japonic) family split when their speakers moved from ] around 1500 BC to central and southern Korea. According to her, the Insular Japonic languages ​​entered the archipelago around 700 BC, with some remaining in the southern ] and ] confederations.{{sfn|Robbeets|Savelyev|2020|p=4}} This theory has little support. Vovin and Whitman instead argue that the Insular Japonic languages ​​split from the Peninsular Japonic languages ​​upon arriving in Kyūshū between 1000 and 800 BC.<ref>Whitman (2011), p.157</ref> Linguistically, there is disagreement over the location and date of separation from the continental branch. ] argues that the two branches of the "Japonic" (Japonic) family split when their speakers moved from ] around 1500 BC to central and southern Korea. According to her, the Insular Japonic languages entered the archipelago around 700 BC, with some remaining in the southern ] and ] confederations.{{sfn|Robbeets|Savelyev|2020|p=4}} This theory has little support. Vovin and Whitman instead argue that the Insular Japonic languages split from the Peninsular Japonic languages upon arriving in Kyūshū between 1000 and 800 BC.<ref>Whitman (2011), p.157</ref>


There is also disagreement regarding the separation of ] and the Ryukyu languages. One theory suggests that when taking into account innovations in Old Japanese not shared with the Ryukyu languages, the two branches must have separated before the 7th century,{{sfn|Pellard|2015|p=21-22}} with the ] migrating from southern Kyushu to the Ryukyus with the expansion of the ] around the 10th–11th century.{{sfn|Pellard|2015|p=30-31}} Old Japanese is thought to have emerged during the ].<ref>Shibatani 1990, p. 119.</ref> Robbeets proposes a similar theory, but places the separation date in the 1st century BC.{{sfn|Robbeets|Savelyev|2020|p=6}} Boer proposes that the Ryukyu languages ​​are descended from the Kyushuan dialect of Old Japanese.<ref name="x1">de Boer (2020), p. 52.</ref> One theory also suggests that Ryukyus remained in Kyushu until the 12th century.{{sfn|Pellard|2015}} There is also disagreement regarding the separation of ] and the Ryukyu languages. One theory suggests that when taking into account innovations in Old Japanese not shared with the Ryukyu languages, the two branches must have separated before the 7th century,{{sfn|Pellard|2015|p=21-22}} with the ] migrating from southern Kyushu to the Ryukyus with the expansion of the ] around the 10th–11th century.{{sfn|Pellard|2015|p=30-31}} Old Japanese is thought to have emerged during the ].<ref>Shibatani 1990, p. 119.</ref> Robbeets proposes a similar theory, but places the separation date in the 1st century BC.{{sfn|Robbeets|Savelyev|2020|p=6}} Boer proposes that the Ryukyu languages are descended from the Kyushuan dialect of Old Japanese.<ref name="x1">de Boer (2020), p. 52.</ref> One theory also suggests that Ryukyus remained in Kyushu until the 12th century.{{sfn|Pellard|2015}}


== Internal classification == == Internal classification ==
The relationship between Japanese and the Ryukyu languages ​​was established in the 19th century by ]<ref>Basil Hall Chamberlain, Yokohama, Kelly & Walsh, coll. “Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan” ( no . 23, supplement), 1895.</ref> in his comparison of Okinawan and Japanese.<ref>John Bentley, , dans Patrick Heinrich, Shinsho Miyara et Michinori Shimoji, , Berlin, De Mouton Gruyter, 2015 {{ISBN|9781614511618}}, ] 10.1515/9781614511151.39), {{p.|39-60}}</ref> The relationship between Japanese and the Ryukyu languages was established in the 19th century by ]<ref>Basil Hall Chamberlain, Yokohama, Kelly & Walsh, coll. “Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan” ( no . 23, supplement), 1895.</ref> in his comparison of Okinawan and Japanese.<ref>John Bentley, , dans Patrick Heinrich, Shinsho Miyara et Michinori Shimoji, , Berlin, De Mouton Gruyter, 2015 {{ISBN|9781614511618}}, ] 10.1515/9781614511151.39), {{p.|39-60}}</ref>


=== Standard classification === === Standard classification ===

Latest revision as of 07:58, 28 December 2024

Branch of the Japonic languages
Insular Japonic
Japonic-Ryukyu, Japonic proper
Geographic
distribution		Japan, Taiwan (Yilan) and formerly South Korea (Jeju Island)
Linguistic classificationJaponic
  • Insular Japonic
Subdivisions
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
GlottologNone
Map of the modern Japonic languages, including Insular Japonic languages.

The Insular Japonic languages or Japonic-Ryukyu languages are a subdivision of the Japonic languages, as opposed to the hypothetical Peninsular Japonic languages formerly spoken in central and southern Korea. This grouping, originally proposed by Vovin, has been taken up several times subsequently.

History

Currently, most scholars agree that the Japonic languages were brought to the Japanese archipelago between the 7th and 3rd centuries BC by wet rice farmers of the Yayoi culture from northern Kyushu, replacing the indigenous Jōmon people. Toponyms indicate that the Ainu language were formerly spoken in eastern Japan. Later, Japonic speakers settled on the Ryukyu Islands.

Linguistically, there is disagreement over the location and date of separation from the continental branch. Martine Robbeets argues that the two branches of the "Japonic" (Japonic) family split when their speakers moved from Shandong around 1500 BC to central and southern Korea. According to her, the Insular Japonic languages entered the archipelago around 700 BC, with some remaining in the southern Mahan and Byeonhan confederations. This theory has little support. Vovin and Whitman instead argue that the Insular Japonic languages split from the Peninsular Japonic languages upon arriving in Kyūshū between 1000 and 800 BC.

There is also disagreement regarding the separation of Old Japanese and the Ryukyu languages. One theory suggests that when taking into account innovations in Old Japanese not shared with the Ryukyu languages, the two branches must have separated before the 7th century, with the Ryukyus migrating from southern Kyushu to the Ryukyus with the expansion of the Gusuku culture around the 10th–11th century. Old Japanese is thought to have emerged during the Nara period. Robbeets proposes a similar theory, but places the separation date in the 1st century BC. Boer proposes that the Ryukyu languages are descended from the Kyushuan dialect of Old Japanese. One theory also suggests that Ryukyus remained in Kyushu until the 12th century.

Internal classification

The relationship between Japanese and the Ryukyu languages was established in the 19th century by Basil Hall Chamberlain in his comparison of Okinawan and Japanese.

Standard classification

This classification below is the most widely used. Vovin classifies the Tamna language as part of the Insular Japonic branch. · Hachijō, spoken in the Southern Izu Islands and formerly in the Daitō Islands iss sometimes considered a separate language due to its divergence from modern Japanese. Robbeets (2020) treats the Fukuoka and Kagoshima dialects as independent languages. Dialects are indicated in italics.

Alternative classification

Map of the Japanese dialects.

Another classification based on pitch accents has been proposed. According to this, Japanese is paraphyletic within Insular Japonic.

  • Insular Japonic Languages
    • Old Japanese
      • Izu
        • Hachijo/South Izu
        • North Izu
      • Kanto-Echigo
        • Kanto
        • Echigo
      • Nagano-Yamanashi-Shizuoka
    • Old Central Japanese
      • Ishikawa-Toyama
      • Gifu-Aichi
      • Kinki-Totsukawa
      • Shikoku
      • Chūgoku
    • Izumo-Tohoku
      • Conservative Izumo-Tohoku
        • Shimokita/Eastern Iwate
        • Peripheral Izumo
      • Innovative Izumo-Tohoku
        • Tohoku
        • Central Izumo
    • Kyushu-Ryukyu
      • Northeastern Kyushu
      • Southeastern Kyushu
      • Southwestern Kyushu-Ryukyu
        • Western Kyushu
        • South Kyushu-Ryukyu
          • South Kyushu
          • Ryukyuan

Japanese - Ryukyu lexical comparison

The first ten letters of the alphabet according to this source.

English Insular Proto-Japonic Old Japanese Japanese Hachijō Proto-Ryukyuan Okinawan Miyakoan
one *pitə pitötu ichi tetsu *pito tiːtɕi pi̥tiitsɿ
two *puta putatu ni ɸu̥tatsu *puta taːtɕi fu̥taatsɿ
three *mi(t) mitu san mittsu *mi miːtɕi miitsɿ
four *jə yötu shi, yon jottsu *yo juːtɕi juutsɿ
five *itu, *etu itutu go itsutsu *etu itɕitɕi itsɿtsɿ
six *mu(t) mutu roku muttsu *mu muːtɕi mmtsɿ
seven *nana nanatu shichi, nana nanatsu *nana nanatɕiː nanatsɿ
eight *ja yatu hachi jattsu *ya jaːtɕi jaatsɿ
nine *kəkənə kökönötu ku, kyuu kokonotsu *kokono kukunutɕi ku̥kunutsɿ
ten *təwə tö juu tou *towa tuː tuu

References

  1. Vovin (2017)
  2. ^ Serafim 2008, p. 98. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSerafim2008 (help)
  3. Patrie (1982), p. 4.
  4. Tamura (2000), p. 269.
  5. Hudson (1999), p. 98.
  6. Robbeets & Savelyev 2020, p. 4.
  7. Whitman (2011), p.157
  8. Pellard 2015, p. 21-22. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPellard2015 (help)
  9. Pellard 2015, p. 30-31. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPellard2015 (help)
  10. Shibatani 1990, p. 119.
  11. ^ Robbeets & Savelyev 2020, p. 6.
  12. ^ de Boer (2020), p. 52.
  13. Pellard 2015. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPellard2015 (help)
  14. Basil Hall Chamberlain, Yokohama, Kelly & Walsh, coll. “Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan” ( no . 23, supplement), 1895.
  15. John Bentley, , dans Patrick Heinrich, Shinsho Miyara et Michinori Shimoji, , Berlin, De Mouton Gruyter, 2015 ISBN 9781614511618, DOI 10.1515/9781614511151.39), p. 39-60
  16. Vovin (2013), pp. 236–237.
  17. Vovin (2010), pp. 24–25.
  18. Iannucci (2019), pp. 100–120.
  19. Shibatani (1990), pp. 187, 189.
  20. Chien, Yuehchen; Sanada, Shinji (2010). "Yilan Creole in Taiwan". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages. 25 (2): 350–357. doi:10.1075/jpcl.25.2.11yue.
  21. ^ "Family: Japonic". Glottolog. Retrieved 2024-12-17.
  22. Pellard 2015, p. 18-20. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPellard2015 (help)
  23. Shimabukuro (2007), pp. 2, 41–43.
  24. "JAPONIC LANGUAGES". YouTube (in French). 28 June 2022. Retrieved 2024-12-16.

Bibliography

Japonic languages
Japanese
Ryukyuan
Northern
Amami
Okinawan
Southern
Miyakoan
Macro-Yaeyama
History
Languages of Japan
National language
Indigenous languages
Non-Indigenous languages
Creole languages
Sign languages
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