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| The '''Przyszowice massacre''' |
The '''Przyszowice massacre''' is the translation from ] of the term ''"Zbrodnia przyszowicka"'' which along with ''"tragedia przyszowicka"'' (the tragedy of Przyszowice) applies to the events in ] village of ] in ] during the period ] to ], ]. The event is covered exclusively in the ] where it is alleged that a ] against civilian inhabitants of the village was perpetrated by the ]. Polish sources vary on the number of victims, which range from 54<ref name="Hartman">{{pl icon}} {{cite web | author=Sebastian Hartman | title=Tragedia 27.01.1945r | publisher= | date=2007-01-23 | work=przyszowice.com | url=http://www.przyszowice.com/index.php?module=IPage&id=16 | accessdate=2007-04-13 }}</ref> to over 60<ref name="IPN"/> – and possibly as many as 69<ref name="Krzyk">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author =Józef Krzyk | date =2007-01-24 | title =Dokumenty z Moskwy pomogą w rozwikłaniu zbrodni z 1945 roku | journal =] | volume = | issue = | pages = | id = | url =http://miasta.gazeta.pl/katowice/1,35019,3874503.html | format = | accessdate =2007-04-13 }}</ref> and claim that men, women and children aged between 10 days and 78 years were killed, although most of the victims were adult males.<ref name="IPN"/> The ], the Polish governmental institution with investigative and prosecutoral functions has declared that the Przyszowice massacre is a ].<ref name="IPN"/><ref name="Semik"/> | ||
| == History == | == History == | ||
| After the start of the Soviet ] in early 1945, the ] broke through from the line of the ] well into German-held territory in occupied Poland. By late January, the scattered forces of the ] were withdrawn to the line of the ], which was on the pre-war territory of the ]. However, several German units were ordered to prepare tactical counter-attacks, notably in the region of ], on the Polish-German borderland. On ], Soviet forces seized the town of ] (Gliwice), one of the major industrial centres of the area. On the following day, the Germans counter-attacked, precipitating a three-day-long battle for the area. Eventually victorious, on ] the Russians entered the village of Przyszowice, the last Polish village before the Polish-German border. | After the start of the Soviet ] in early 1945, the ] broke through from the line of the ] well into German-held territory in occupied Poland. By late January, the scattered forces of the ] were withdrawn to the line of the ], which was on the pre-war territory of the ]. However, several German units were ordered to prepare tactical counter-attacks, notably in the region of ], on the Polish-German borderland. On ], Soviet forces seized the town of ] (Gliwice), one of the major industrial centres of the area. On the following day, the Germans counter-attacked, precipitating a three-day-long battle for the area. Eventually victorious, on ] the Russians entered the village of Przyszowice, the last Polish village before the Polish-German border. | ||
| Polish sources claim that during the following two days a massacre of local inhabitants ensued as the Soviet soldiers set several dozen houses in flames and began shooting at the civilians trying to extinguish the flames. It is believed that over 60<ref name="IPN"/> and possibly up to 69 civilians lost their lives.{{dubious}}<!---dubious source---><ref name="Krzyk"/> Among the victims were four former prisoners of the ] who had escaped from a ] the previous day.<ref name="IPN"/> Except for two of the escapees who were ] and ], the rest of the victims were Polish civilians – including two former soldiers of the ], who had recently been freed by the Soviets from a ] camp.<ref name="IPN"/><ref name="Krzyk"/> According to Polish media, in addition to the mass murder of civilians, the Soviet forces looted the village and raped an unknown number of women.{{dubious}}<!---dubious source---><ref name="Krzyk"/> | |||
| The reason for the massacre remains unknown. Some authors believe that the Soviet soldiers wanted to take revenge for the losses suffered by the Red Army during the recent skirmishes with the Wehrmacht in the area.<ref name="Krzyk"/> During the fighting for Przyszowice, the Soviets suffered 101 casualties and lost roughly 40 tanks.<ref name="Krzyk-Kutz">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author =Józef Krzyk, ] | date =2005-01-28 | title =Wieś w morzu krwi | journal =] | volume = | issue =23 | pages =1 | id = | url =http://szukaj.gazeta.pl/archiwum/1,0,4284728.html?kdl=20050128KAK&wyr=Przyszowice%2Bwe%2Bkrwi%2B | format = | accessdate =2007-04-13 }}</ref> It is also likely that the Soviet soldiers did not know they were still on Polish soil and instead believed they had finally entered the territories of Nazi Germany; Przyszowice was one of the western-most villages of the ], on the pre-war border between Poland and Germany.<ref name="IPN"/><ref name="Krzyk"/><ref name="Semik">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author =Teresa Semik | date =2005-10-06 | title =Zbrodnie wojenne Armii Czerwonej na Ślązakach - pierwsze śledztwa | journal =] | volume = | issue = | pages = | id = | url =http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/wiadomosc.html?wid=8022929&ticaid=138fb | format = | accessdate =2007-04-13 }}</ref> | The reason for the massacre remains unknown. Some authors believe that the Soviet soldiers wanted to take revenge for the losses suffered by the Red Army during the recent skirmishes with the Wehrmacht in the area.<ref name="Krzyk"/> During the fighting for Przyszowice, the Soviets suffered 101 casualties and lost roughly 40 tanks.<ref name="Krzyk-Kutz">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author =Józef Krzyk, ] | date =2005-01-28 | title =Wieś w morzu krwi | journal =] | volume = | issue =23 | pages =1 | id = | url =http://szukaj.gazeta.pl/archiwum/1,0,4284728.html?kdl=20050128KAK&wyr=Przyszowice%2Bwe%2Bkrwi%2B | format = | accessdate =2007-04-13 }}</ref> It is also likely that the Soviet soldiers did not know they were still on Polish soil and instead believed they had finally entered the territories of Nazi Germany; Przyszowice was one of the western-most villages of the ], on the pre-war border between Poland and Germany.<ref name="IPN"/><ref name="Krzyk"/><ref name="Semik">{{pl icon}} {{cite journal | author =Teresa Semik | date =2005-10-06 | title =Zbrodnie wojenne Armii Czerwonej na Ślązakach - pierwsze śledztwa | journal =] | volume = | issue = | pages = | id = | url =http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/wiadomosc.html?wid=8022929&ticaid=138fb | format = | accessdate =2007-04-13 }}</ref> | ||
| Following the massacre, the victims were buried in a ] in a local cemetery.<ref name="Krzyk-Kutz"/> Two other civilians were also killed in the summer of that year, after the end of the war, when Red Army troops were returning from Germany. One was a man strafed by a Soviet plane in June, and the other a |
Following the massacre, the victims were buried in a ] in a local cemetery.<ref name="Krzyk-Kutz"/> Two other civilians were also killed in the summer of that year, after the end of the war, when Red Army troops were returning from Germany. One was a man strafed by a Soviet plane in June, and the other a woman killed in July by a group of Soviet soldiers stealing a cow.{{dubious}}<!---dubious source---><ref name="Hartman"/><ref name="Semik"/> During the years of Communist rule in Poland (which lasted until 1989), factual knowledge of these events was censored by the propaganda ministry of the ],<ref name="Krzyk-Kutz"/> and the mass grave was kept anonymous<ref name="Krzyk"/>. It was not until the 60th anniversary of the event in 2005 that a memorial stone was erected at the cemetery.<ref name="Krzyk"/> The commemorative ceremony was performed by the ] of ], ], who was personally an eye-witness to the events, as well as a relative of one of the victims.<ref name="Krzyk"/><ref name="Hartman"/> | ||
| Around that time, the ] branch of the ] (IPN) started an investigation into the events,<ref name="IPN"/> as well as on similar massacres carried out in ] and ]-].<ref name="Krzyk"/> During the investigation, various documents provided by the ] were examined,<ref name="Krzyk"/> however, there was insufficient information to determine which units of the Red Army participated in the massacre or who was responsible for the killings.<ref name="Krzyk"/> In reporting the results of its investigation, the IPN declared the 1945 events in Przyszowice a ].<ref name="IPN"> ], Case S 15/04/Zk; page 83. Last accessed 11 April 2007</ref><ref name="Semik"/> It is estimated that at least a thousand civilians were killed by the Soviets in Silesia, many of whom were ethnic Poles and Silesians; most of these deaths, about 800, occurred in the ].<ref name="Semik"/> | Around that time, the ] branch of the ] (IPN) started an investigation into the events,<ref name="IPN"/> as well as on similar massacres carried out in ] and ]-].<ref name="Krzyk"/> During the investigation, various documents provided by the ] were examined,<ref name="Krzyk"/> however, there was insufficient information to determine which units of the Red Army participated in the massacre or who was responsible for the killings.<ref name="Krzyk"/> In reporting the results of its investigation, the IPN declared the 1945 events in Przyszowice a ].<ref name="IPN"> ], Case S 15/04/Zk; page 83. Last accessed 11 April 2007</ref><ref name="Semik"/> It is estimated that at least a thousand civilians were killed by the Soviets in Silesia, many of whom were ethnic Poles and Silesians; most of these deaths, about 800, occurred in the ].<ref name="Semik"/>{{dubious}}<!---dubious source---> | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
Revision as of 05:13, 9 May 2007
The Przyszowice massacre is the translation from Polish of the term "Zbrodnia przyszowicka" which along with "tragedia przyszowicka" (the tragedy of Przyszowice) applies to the events in Polish village of Przyszowice in Upper Silesia during the period January 26 to January 28, 1945. The event is covered exclusively in the Polish historiography where it is alleged that a massacre against civilian inhabitants of the village was perpetrated by the Red Army. Polish sources vary on the number of victims, which range from 54 to over 60 – and possibly as many as 69 and claim that men, women and children aged between 10 days and 78 years were killed, although most of the victims were adult males. The Institute of National Remembrance, the Polish governmental institution with investigative and prosecutoral functions has declared that the Przyszowice massacre is a crime against humanity.
History
After the start of the Soviet January offensive in early 1945, the Red Army broke through from the line of the Vistula River well into German-held territory in occupied Poland. By late January, the scattered forces of the Wehrmacht were withdrawn to the line of the Oder River, which was on the pre-war territory of the Third Reich. However, several German units were ordered to prepare tactical counter-attacks, notably in the region of Upper Silesia, on the Polish-German borderland. On January 23, Soviet forces seized the town of Gleiwitz (Gliwice), one of the major industrial centres of the area. On the following day, the Germans counter-attacked, precipitating a three-day-long battle for the area. Eventually victorious, on January 26 the Russians entered the village of Przyszowice, the last Polish village before the Polish-German border.
Polish sources claim that during the following two days a massacre of local inhabitants ensued as the Soviet soldiers set several dozen houses in flames and began shooting at the civilians trying to extinguish the flames. It is believed that over 60 and possibly up to 69 civilians lost their lives. Among the victims were four former prisoners of the Auschwitz concentration camp who had escaped from a death march the previous day. Except for two of the escapees who were Italian and Hungarian, the rest of the victims were Polish civilians – including two former soldiers of the Polish Army, who had recently been freed by the Soviets from a prisoner of war camp. According to Polish media, in addition to the mass murder of civilians, the Soviet forces looted the village and raped an unknown number of women.
The reason for the massacre remains unknown. Some authors believe that the Soviet soldiers wanted to take revenge for the losses suffered by the Red Army during the recent skirmishes with the Wehrmacht in the area. During the fighting for Przyszowice, the Soviets suffered 101 casualties and lost roughly 40 tanks. It is also likely that the Soviet soldiers did not know they were still on Polish soil and instead believed they had finally entered the territories of Nazi Germany; Przyszowice was one of the western-most villages of the Second Polish Republic, on the pre-war border between Poland and Germany.
Following the massacre, the victims were buried in a mass grave in a local cemetery. Two other civilians were also killed in the summer of that year, after the end of the war, when Red Army troops were returning from Germany. One was a man strafed by a Soviet plane in June, and the other a woman killed in July by a group of Soviet soldiers stealing a cow. During the years of Communist rule in Poland (which lasted until 1989), factual knowledge of these events was censored by the propaganda ministry of the People's Republic of Poland, and the mass grave was kept anonymous. It was not until the 60th anniversary of the event in 2005 that a memorial stone was erected at the cemetery. The commemorative ceremony was performed by the bishop of Legnica, Stefan Cichy, who was personally an eye-witness to the events, as well as a relative of one of the victims.
Around that time, the Katowice branch of the Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) started an investigation into the events, as well as on similar massacres carried out in Gliwice and Ruda Śląska-Halemba. During the investigation, various documents provided by the Defence Ministry of the Russian Federation were examined, however, there was insufficient information to determine which units of the Red Army participated in the massacre or who was responsible for the killings. In reporting the results of its investigation, the IPN declared the 1945 events in Przyszowice a crime against humanity. It is estimated that at least a thousand civilians were killed by the Soviets in Silesia, many of whom were ethnic Poles and Silesians; most of these deaths, about 800, occurred in the Gliwice massacre.
See also
Notes and references
- ^ Template:Pl icon Sebastian Hartman (2007-01-23). "Tragedia 27.01.1945r". przyszowice.com. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ Informacja o działalności Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej – Komisji Âcigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w okresie 1 lipca 2003 r.–30 czerwca 2004 r. Institute of National Remembrance, Case S 15/04/Zk; page 83. Last accessed 11 April 2007
- ^ Template:Pl icon Józef Krzyk (2007-01-24). "Dokumenty z Moskwy pomogą w rozwikłaniu zbrodni z 1945 roku". Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ Template:Pl icon Teresa Semik (2005-10-06). "Zbrodnie wojenne Armii Czerwonej na Ślązakach - pierwsze śledztwa". Dziennik Zachodni. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
- ^ Template:Pl icon Józef Krzyk, Kazimierz Kutz (2005-01-28). "Wieś w morzu krwi". Gazeta Wyborcza (23): 1. Retrieved 2007-04-13.
Further reading
- Template:Pl icon Krystyna Gordoń (2005). Trzy dni z dziejów Przyszowic. Przyszowice: Towarzystwo Miłośników Przyszowic. p. 104.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|chapterurl=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)
- Template:Pl icon Krystyna Gordoń (2005). Trzy dni z dziejów Przyszowic. Przyszowice: Towarzystwo Miłośników Przyszowic. p. 104.