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Revision as of 19:31, 18 May 2007
According to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and other denominations, the Book of Mormon is a 19th century translation of a historical record of the inhabitants of the American continents, part of which was written in a script which the book refers to as "reformed Egyptian." Both critics and proponents of the Book of Mormon have used linguistic methods to analyze the text. Proponents claim to have discovered stylistic forms that Joseph Smith and contemporaries are unlikely to have known about (including chiasmus), as well as similarities to Egyptian and Hebrew.
Chiasmus is a poetical or rhetorical form used by many languages, including Sumero-Akkadian , Ugaritic , Biblical Hebrew, Aramaic, the Talmud, the New Testament, Greek, and Latin. It is a form of parallelism, in which related or contrasting ideas are placed in juxtaposition for emphasis. Chiasmus uses "inverted parallelism," and takes its name from the Greek letter chi (χ) which looks like an English "X". This name was chosen to reflect the pattern of chiasmus.
Because chiasmus relies, to an extent, on relationships between ideas or concepts, as well as on words (e.g. on rhymes or meter) it can survive translation remarkably intact, even if the translator is unaware of its presence.
Discovery
John W. Welch was the first to notice chiastic structures in the Book of Mormon.
Examples
The following are suggested examples of Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon.
Outline of First Nephi
A) Lehi's dream leads him to prophesy warnings to the Jews (Ch. 1) B) The departure from Jerusalem (2) C) Nephi accomplishes a great feat in obtaining the Brass Plates and the brothers are confounded (3-5) D) The Brass Plates, a source of spiritual guidance as they travel through the wilderness of this life towards the spiritual promised land: Heaven E) Ishmael joins the group with his daughters (7) F) The Tree of Life (8) G) Lehi prophesies about the Old World and the Coming of the Lamb (10) H) Nephi and the Spirit of the Lord (11) G') Nephi prophesies about the New World and the Coming of the Lamb (12-14) F') The Tree of Life interpreted (15) E') The sons of Lehi marry the daughters of Ishmael and Ishmael Dies (16) D') The Brass Ball, the Liahona, a source of physical guidance as they traveled through the wilderness on their way to the promised land: America C') Nephi accomplishes a great feat by building a ship and the brothers are confounded (17) B') The departure from the Old World (18) A') Nephi warns the Jews and quotes the prophecies of Isaiah (19-22)
Outline of the Book of Mosiah
A) King Benjamin exhorts his sons (1:1-8) B) Mosiah chosen king to succeed his father (1:10) C) Mosiah receives the records (1:16) D) Benjamin's speech and the words of an angel of the Lord (2:9-5:15) E) People enter into a covenant (6:1) F) Priests consecrated (6:3) G) Ammon leaves Zarahemla for the land of Nephi (7:1-6) H) People Limhi in bondage, Ammon put in prison (7:15) I) The 24 gold plates (8:9) J) The record of Zeniff begins as he leaves Zarahemla (9:1) K) Zeniff prevails against the Lamanites (9:14-10:20) L) Noah and his priests (11:1-15) M) Abinadi persecuted and thrown in prison (11-12) N) Abinadi reads Isaiah's prophecies of Christ (13-14) N') Abinadi make his own prophecies of Christ (15-16) M') Abinadi persecuted and killed (17:5-20) L') Noah and his priests (18:32-20:5) K') Lamanites threaten the people of Limhi (20:6-26) J') Record of Zeniff ends as Limhi's people leave the land of Nephi I') The 24 gold plates (21:27, 22:14) H') People of Alma in bondage (23) G') Alma leaves the land of Nephi for Zarahemla (24) F') The Church organized by Alma (25:14-24) E') Unbelievers refuse to enter covenant (26:1-4) D') The words of Alma and the words of an angel of the Lord (26-27) C') Alma the Younger receives the records (28:20) B') Judges chosen instead of a king (29:5-32) A') Mosiah exhorts his people (29:5-32)
Outline of Book of Alma Chapter 36
A) My son give ear to my words (v 1) B) Keep the commandments and ye shall prosper in the land (v 1) C) Do as I have done (v 2) D) Remember the captivity of our fathers (v 2) E) They were in bondage (v 2) F) He surely did deliver them (v 2) G) Trust in God (v 3) H) Supported in trials, troubles and afflictions (v 3) I) I know this not of myself but of God (v 4) J) Born of God (v 5) K) I sought to destroy the church (v 6-9) L) My limbs were paralyzed (v 10) M) Fear of the presence of God (v 14-15) N) Pains of a damned soul (v 16) O) Harrowed up by memory of sins (v 17) P) I remembered Jesus Christ, a son of God (v 17) P') I cried, Jesus, son of God (v 18) O') Harrowed up by memory of sins no more (v 19) N') Joy as exceeding as was the pain (v 20) M') Long to be in the presence of God (v 22) L') My limbs received strength again (v 23) K') I labored to bring souls to repentance (v 24) J') Born of God (v 26) I') Therefore my knowledge is of God (26) H') Supported under trials and troubles and afflictions (v 27) G') Trust in him (v 27) F') He will deliver me (v 27) E') As God brought our fathers out of bondage and captivity (v 28-29) D') Retain in remembrance their captivity (v 28-29) C') Know as I do know (v 30) B') Keep the commandments and ye shall prosper in the land (v 30) A') This according to his word (v 30)
Mosiah 5:10-12
A) whosoever shall not take upon him the name of Christ (man) B) must be called by some other name (divine) C) therefore, he findeth himself on the left hand of God (man) D) And I would that ye should remember also, that this is the name that I said I should give unto you (divine) E) that never should be blotted out, except it be through transgression (divine) E') therefore, take heed that ye do not transgree, that the name be not blotted out of your hearts (man) D') I say unto you, I would that ye should remember to retain the name written always in your hearts (man) C') that ye are not found on the left hand of God, (divine) B') but that ye hear and know the voice by which ye shall be called, (man) A') and also, the name by which he shall call you (divine)
This chiasmus is interesting because it alternates the roles of man and God throughout the structure - except at the center, where those roles are reversed.
Notes and references
- John W. Welch, "Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon," Brigham Young University Studies 10:1 (1969): 69–84.
See also
External links
- Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon A number of examples of chiastic structures in the Book of Mormon are illustrated.
- Chiasmus in the Book of Mormon, A Remarkable Literary Art